Protein College Essays Samples For Students

Protein degradation is a regulatory process of all living beings that helps to weed out proteins that are faulty in nature. The fault maybe in their sequence or folding. The proteins are degraded via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The proteasome is made up of an outer activating module and an inner core particle (CP), which in turn is made up of outer α subunits and inner β subunits. The α subunits guard a N-terminal gates pore, which open up when proteasome activators (PA) binds to it. The β subunits have the active sites that can broadly accommodate different faulty proteins for degradation. ...

The experiment aimed to show that Blm10 protein elevates the turnover of proteasomal substrate through an active gating mechanism. This was to be done by showing that Blm10 enhances degradation that is proteasome-mediated in vitro using hypophosphorylated unstructured tau-441 as the substrate.

The objective was achieved using various stains such as BY4741, yMS63, yMS94, yMS122b, yMS131, yMS152, yMS159, and yMS476 among others. To start with, the proteasomal activity was assayed by determining gate opening in yeast CP/20S proteasome by the C terminal peptides. Phenotypic analysis was also done by growing the stains overnight in YPD and diluted to a density ...

Protein synthesis is the process through which the biological cells produce new protein molecules. The process helps in balancing the cellular proteins that are lost through export or degradation. The synthesis of proteins occurs through a series of processes known as translation where the ribosomes are the organelles that are involved in the creation of proteins. Translation is a part of gene expression using the messenger RNA or mRNA that is produced through transcription of the DNA molecule. The produced mRNA is then decoded to produce a chain of specific amino acids using the ribosome complex. The amino acid chain produced is ...

Re-uptake involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by any of the neurotransmitter receptors or transporters. The transporters involved are usually of pre-synaptic neurons. Re-uptake occurs after the neurotransmitter has transmitted a neural impulse. Re-uptake is very crucial in order for the normal functioning of synapses to take place. This is because it allows the neurotransmitters to be recycled, thereby regulating their levels in the synapse. This in turn dictates the length of time it takes for a signal - generated by neurotransmitter release - to last. Neurotransmitters are usually large hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the neuronal membranes. For this reason, ...

- The stromal cells that are found in the developing gonads of tetrapods begin from the medulla from the peritoneal wall and the cortex from inter-renal blastema or mesonephric. Hence the gonads have a dual origin.
- Spermatogenesis occurs in a syncytial complex because it involves the formation of sperm from undifferentiated cells that are first attached to rachis. Syncytial cell complex or syncytium result when cells with single nuclei fuse to for a cell with nucleus. Syncytial cell complex is vital in oogenesis in that it assists in the differentiation of cells. One other developmental model is vitellogenesis.
- ...

Consumption of 17g of arginine for two weeks has been found to enhance collagen production, according to a recent study (Crowe & Brockbank, 2009). But, what is a wound? Brown (2013) suggests that wounds are injuries on tissues or the skin, and are prominent in bony areas. Various factors contribute to the development of wounds, but this paper will evaluate the role of calorie malnutrition. This paper examines how high calorie diet promotes wound healing.
Enteral and oral nutritional support is of vital significance according to Crowe and Brockbank (2009). A randomized study that was centered on arginine analyzed how nutritional ...

There are more than 5000 genetic disorders up to date. These genetic disorders are most evident at birth or during the onset of early childhood. This results to admission in different programs in rehabilitation centers, school programs in order to help the victims affected by such conditions. These disorders can primarily affect the body system, muscles and the respiratory system.
One such disorder is the Rett syndrome. Rett Syndrome is a phenotypically distinct progressive X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females (Volkmar et al, 2007). There are different types of Rett syndrome. These include the classical Rett syndrome, provisional ...

Recorded intake of macronutrient. Based on my daily intake of recorded foods, foods that provided proteins include chicken, beans, dairy (including yoghurt and milk), egg, bread etc. Carbohydrates were provided by bread, pasta, cereal, dairy, beans and fruits. Lipids or fats were provided by chicken and dairy, eggs and the oil that was used in preparation of food.
Based on the three day recorded protein intake the amount of carbohydrate and protein (approximately 55 gm protein and approximately 180-200 gm carbohydrates) compared well with the recommended dietary reference intake for an adult. However the level of lipids or ...

- Cell Culture and Cell Lines:
Three breast cancer cell lines: CAL120, EVSAT and MDA-MB-231, were cultured individually, in RRMI 1640 supplemented with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 100U/ml Penicillin, 100U/ml Streptomycin and L-Glutamine. The cells were cultured and maintained in an incubator at 370C supplied with 5% CO2. For subsequent experiments, the cells were further cultured till confluence, in 6 well and 96 well plates using RPMI+20%FBS.
1.2 Treatment of Cells:
For treatment, 1x106 cells were seeded in 6 well culture plates, and incubated for 24 hrs. After 24 hours, the old media ...

With reference to Biological studies, homology is the presence of shared pedigree between living organisms in terms of evolution. The homology might be in terms of genetical constitution, or physical constitution, to name a few. Here, I have described the evolutionary homology between various phyla supporting the description with a phylogenetic tree.

Genetic code is the combination of DNA and RNA sequences that constitute the amino acid sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and generally, protein coding amino acids is very similar in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The principle differences occur ...

Introduction

The study explored the homological characteristics of 22 species. The organisms were human, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, white-handed gibbon, macaque (Cercopithecine monkey), horse, bison, cat, dog, bird, bat, frog, rattlesnake, alligator, fish, whale, wolf, pig, bacteria, and cow. The species were categorized as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, or amphibians. However, humans and apes were further classified as primates. Moreover, the research sought to determine whether the species share characteristics that link them to a common ancestor. The research hypothesis was that if the evolutionary path of the 22 organisms were traced, then a common ancestor would be observed.

Universal Genetic Code

The ...

Introduction

One of the most important part of protein assay is the determination of protein concentration. There are diverse methods used for protein concentration determination, but the most widely used are the spectroscopic methods of analysis or spectroscopy. Spectroscopy usually involves the determination between the correlations of the degree of interaction of light with the analyte, which is the proteins in this particular experiment. There are different types light to analyte interactions and one of these is the absorbance of light or electromagnetic radiation by the analyte. This type of spectrometry is called absorbance spectrometry.

Principle involved in absorbance spectrometry and spectrometers

The majority of substances absorb ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Introduction

Enzymes are proteins which have the ability to facilitate metabolic reactions without being used up in the reaction. The enzyme amylase is responsible for facilitating the hydrolysis of starch to form sugars that are then assimilated by the body. Amylase is an enzyme needed for the digestion of carbohydrates for nutritional purposes. Starch is one of the most important sources of energy in the body. Starch is a polymer made up of several monosaccharide and disaccharide monomers. However, starch cannot be absorbed and used in the body as it is (Cornish-Bowden, 134). Consequently, it has to be digested into smaller ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

Organization:

The term biotechnology refers to any process that involves biology and technology. Though the term was coined as far back as 1919 by Karl Ereky (Verma et al., 2011), biotechnology was established as a field of applied science only in the late twentieth century with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the generation and application of recombinant DNA molecules or rDNA. In a nutshell, recombinant DNA technology involved the cutting of a fragment of DNA and its insertion into a specific circular DNA molecule called a vector. The DNA is cut by enzymes called restriction endonucleases, and joined to a vector ...

(Author)

Regulation of Xiap Protein in Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. Two most commonly reported types of breast cancer are “ductal carcinoma” and “lobular carcinoma”. Ductal carcinoma is initiated in the lining of the milk ducts, which are thin tubes involved in carrying of milk from lobules of the breast to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma can be in the form of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as well as Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). IDC is the most commonly found type of breast cancer ...

- Describe the role of the following in protein synthesis - DNA, nucleotides, RNA, ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded hereditary molecule containing the genetic code from which specific protein molecules are synthesized. First step in protein synthesis is synthesis of single stranded complementary RNA. RNA also contains all the components of DNA except a ribose sugar. Special RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message to ribosomes. Under mRNA’s direction, transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) attaches each amino acid to form the final ...

Introduction

As a multi-functional protein, Cytoplasmic Actin can be found in all eukaryotic cells at higher concentration levels of over 100 μM. It is the most abundant protein found in most eukaryotic cells, which makes it a critical player in different cellular functions, such as maintaining cell shape and polarity to transcription regulation. The structure of Cytoplasmic Actin is distinguished by a large number of polymorphic proteins which form the filaments. In eukaryotic organisms, such as archaea and eubacteria, actin-like proteins activities are related to sub-cellular organization, motility, cell shape maintenance and cell cycle progression; they are either associated to cell membrane or ...

Structure and Functions of Cytoplasmic Actin

Cytoplasmic actins refers to the conserved proteins. Actin can be found in all eukaryotic cells, and are involved in variety of cell motility. Protein structure is formed by combination of variety of amino acids by losing the molecule of water. Proteins get involved into variety of biological functions, and proteins have different types of structures depending upon the requirements. This paper intends to discuss different types of protein structures, their functions and other related aspects.
The structure of proteins can be divided into three categories i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. The structures of proteins are polypeptides-sequences that get ...

Investigating the Functions of Proteins

The steps made so far in the process of gene mapping has opened up ways in which more studies are done on the human DNA. ENCODE and Genome researchers have so far sequenced more than 90 genomes. With the understanding of genes and their loci, it has been easier to locate and carry out studies on a single gene. Most genes code for various proteins in the body of an organism; it has become paramount that the roles of these genes be identified and prescribed out. The knowledge of the functions of each gene, or the protein it codes for, ...

Introduction

Proteomics is the study of proteins in terms of their structures and functions. The term proteome refers to the entire set of proteins modified of produced by the organism. However, the interactions and modifications tend to vary with time and their distinct requirements and environmental stresses that the organism undergoes. This is an interdisciplinary domain based on research studies originally on yeast, then mice. Experiments have been forwarded describing the ways of investigating genetic interactions and various aspects of different functional proteins in genes. This essay proposes experiments that would be used to investigate a particular gene (named Without Kicking ...

1. Introduction
Opioids such as codeine and morphine, are the active pharmaceutical ingredients of many drugs such as pain relievers (analgesics), cough suppressants, sedatives, etc. Opioids are derivatives of opium and bind to the μ-opioid receptor (μOR). The coupling of the μOR to Gi, the inhibitory subunit of the G-protein, blocks the activation of adenylyl cyclase and results in the analgesic effect. The opioid receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and specifically to the rhodopsin-like family A. These receptors consist of two closely related members, namely, δOR and κOR (Manglik et al. 2012, p. 322). ...

Part 1: Summary

Signaling pathway is a series of biochemical events initiated, after a cell receives extraneous stimuli, by factors such as hormones. The activation of the adapter proteins turns on the connections among the pathways and allows the signal transfer (Flynn). The adaptor protein Crk, for example, influences the physiology of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Many proteins regulate the off and on states by shifting between the trans and cis configurations of a proline switch. In Crk, the cis-trans isomerization modulates the proline switch. The switch is off in the cis state, and the Crk protein is inactive. The switch, however, is on in ...

Abstract:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is hereditary material found in most organisms and carries the genetic information required to build and maintain a living organism. DNA was first discovered in the late 1800's, but it was not until scientists unraveled its structure in the 1950s that its importance in genetics and the whole field of biological sciences became realized. This paper assesses the structure, history and applications of DNA into solving real world problems in medicine, agriculture, biochemical research and forensics. DNA can replicate itself which ensures that genetic information and consequently biological traits can be passed on from one generation to ...

The title of the study says it all and is quite descriptive. It reflects enough about the content.
Scientists have identified botulinum neurotoxin A to be able to sneak into the cells. Botulinum neurotoxin A is a potentially harmful toxin of the bacteria for the humans. It can cause life threatening infection.
According to the author, this new finding will help in the development of new kind of treatment against this toxin. Well, though toxin has been found to sneak into the cell, it does not mean, it will help a lot in the making of new treatment. Possibility ...

Question: what does this tell you about this fragment?

The illustration is a 3D structure of E2F4-DNA-DP2 complex. the green fragment is the transcription factor E2F4 protein and it also equates to one out of the four chains that the complete protein has

The fragment functions as a bride between DP-2 and the sequence of DNA.
The fragment has the potential of being involved in the process of transcription like functioning as a regulator factor in the cell cycle.

Can you think of a Reason why this stretch is so homologous?

The Yellow fragment corresponds to the DNA-binding domain which is a high homologous sequence of fragment between the E2F series. this portion determines serves as the functional unit of the molecul and ...

I’m particularly interested in the study of protein localization in parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. This phylum consists of many parasites that have a great potential to cause serious illnesses in human beings as well as animals.

The plan interested to reveal concrete facts by analyzing the following:

- How do this parasites export proteins from their own cells into strategic positions within their hosts?
- What reasons enhance the intra or inter protein transfer?
- Which categories of protein are transferable and what are their effects on both the host and the parasite?
- What can be done to easily identify the subcellular locations of ...

Introduction

Personal diet analysis is the essence of is the scenario of nutrition of evaluating to concern of the personal determination of the healthfulness. My personal for the last three day should entail all the food categories in ensuring that the content consumed and get myself kind of treatment that is safe for my health. The food to be balanced diet entail as portion of carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins as recommended by the doctor.
My profile entails the following, I am a female athlete playing tennis every three hours a day, I am 22 years old, weighting 117.0 lbs., my BMI ...

In the last three days, my meals have consisted of my own version of a balanced diet. I took a total of about one gram of fruits, half a kilogram of vegetables, seven liters of plain water, two liters of vegetable soup, a handful of Brazilian nuts and one and a half kilograms of meat. Additionally, the meals consisted of three bananas, two oranges, a piece of pineapple, three large potatoes, two large carrots, half of a cabbage, a handful of Brazilian nuts, five hundred grams of chicken and one kilogram of beef. This constituted the three daily meals and also in between meal snacks.
The ...

Salmeterol is part of a broader group of drugs known as adrenergic agonists; it works specifically by binding to β2 receptors of the adrenergic receptor family, which are activated by the binding of the endogenous neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine. The adrenergic receptors are as well part of a broader group of receptors known as G-protein coupled receptors. The G-protein receptor family is composed of a single peptide with seven trans-membrane regions that are attached to a G protein, Gs, Gq, or GI (Harvey & Champe, 2008). The G protein has 3 subunits; the α, β, and γ subunits; the α subunit in the resting state is bound to ...

Part ABriefly discuss the signalling process which occurs when salmeterol binds to its targetReceptor

The receptor to which salmeterol binds
The drug salmeterol binds to the active sites of beta-2-adrenergic receptor . This is a category of G protein-coupled receptors. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have specific actions in the body. They are responsible for the relaxation of smooth muscles relaxation of a non-pregnant uterus, dilation of arteries in the skeletal muscles, contraction of the sphincter muscles and anabolic processes in the skeletal muscle. The receptor has a three dimensional crystallographic structure. The receptors work by ensuring rapid and specific signaling. The receptors couple with Gs G protein, the result being the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The receptors have ...

Extended Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats Results in a Selective Reduction of Dopamine Transporter Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum Not Accompanied by Marked Monoaminergic Depletion [Article Summary]

Abstract

The study sought to unravel whether prolonged self administration of methamphetamine interferes with the level of dopamine and serotonin in rats. The rats were place in a lit chamber in which they were allowed to self administer meth. The researchers regulated the duration of the self administration session to achiever long and short access which the main variables in the experiment. The researchers discovered that long and short access to meth result ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

39 A. When a female tortoise shell cat mates with a black male cat, the resulting offspring that could be produced have the following genotypic frequency: XBXb: XBY:XbXb:XbY with a 1:1:1:1 ratio.
39 B. This is the result of mosaic expression. Female tortoise shell cats have a mixed coat color in heterozygous individuals. This due to the expression of both the dominant allele (XB) resulting in patches of their coat being orange and the recessive allele (Xb) which results in patches of their coat being black. This is a result of one of the X chromosomes being inactivated during development. So some epithelial ...

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year 2012 was awarded to two people that is Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka who demonstrated in detail that G-protein-coupled receptors enables the cells to be sensitive. The two clearly proofed before the panel how the receptors buildup, their functions, and how they can be regulated. Professor Sara Snogerup Linse a member Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is the one who read the speech in Nobel Prize ceremony and she is a member of the Nobel committee for Chemistry.
The winners discovered that that the whole family of receptors that build up and ...

The G- protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) include a group of receptors that still undergoes intense research. Such research occurs at both academic levels and in the pharmaceutical industry. Several advancements occurred recently in the structure of the G- protein coupled receptors. There appeared new crystal structures as well as ground states and active states. Such advancements in the structure of these proteins helped in the further understanding of the receptors especially in the therapeutic fields. It also possesses an immense impact on the GPCR field (Andrew, 2008, pp.6).
Several fundamental factors help in the understanding of these receptors. Such ...

Prions are infectious proteins that are usually linked with the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders in humans as well as many other mammals. They belong to the class of misfolded proteins and are the causative agents for the different transmissible diseases, mainly encephalopathy that can be defined by the changes in the anatomy accompanied by Pathophysiological origin that follow Mendelian genetics. The main characterization of the disease is the aggregation of proteins in the neurological system leading to degenerative brain diseases that are fatal and are incurable at present.
Murray et al. (2004, p.37) have stressed that the transmissible ...

Biology: Scientific Representation

Biology: Scientific Representation: Expression and purification of His-GFP

Figure 1 depicts the results from the expression and purification of histamine-green fluorescent protein (GFP), a molecule that is used as a molecular tag because it can be inserted into genes. Zeyton (et al., 2003) explained that GFPs are good for studying variant genes because of their “intrinsic fluorescence, high stability, expression and solubility” (p. 1473). The GFP can glow with green fluorescence under ultra-violet making it useful for identifying the reactions of variant genes with bacteria. Zeyton (et al., 2003) called them ‘”fluorobodies’ (which) have been used effectively in enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays ( ...

Aim: The aim is to determine the effect of temperature on the rate in which pepsin digests albumen.

Research Question: What is the effect of temperature on the rate in which the enzyme pepsin digests protein (albumen)?
Background Information:
Enzymes are globular proteins acting as catalysts of chemical reactions. An enzyme has an active site: region on the surface of an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction involving the substrates and to which substrates bind.
The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape; therefore, the enzymes can only catalyze certain reactions since solely substrates of the same size can fit. The enzyme is therefore specific to its substrate; consequently, the enzyme is seen as ...

The cDNA that was used in the experiment is the transfer tRNA. The coding region refers to the gene portion (DNA or RNA) that has axons in it and they code proteins. It’s also known as the coding sequence or the coding DNA sequence. The coding region sequence is surrounded near the 5th end of the start codon and the 3rd end with a stop codon. Therefore, the total addition of the genome of a living thing consists of the gene coding regions. The identification of the cDNA coding region sequence is not straight forward because the existing cells only ...

This essay critically examines the nature of duchenne muscular dystrophy. The condition, affecting 1 out of 3,600 boys, is an inheritable disorder arising due to mutation of the dystrophin gene. To a great extent, duchenne muscular dystrophy can be effectively managed by controlling the symptoms that lead to its development. However, currently, there is no cure for the condition, but with advances in medical technology there is hope for a complete control of the disease through gene therapy.

Clinical Presentation

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease which causes weakening of muscle and leads to eventual death. The condition appears in the ...

Set 1

Part A.
1. BLAST - This algorithm compares the various pieces of primary biological sequence information, such as the nucleotides of DNA sequences or the amino acid sequences of different proteins, in order to identify the library sequences that bear similarities with the query sequence above a certain threshold.

2. ORF Finder – This tool is used when searching for open reading frames (ORFs) in the DNA sequence that the user enters where the information provided includes the protein translation and the range of each open reading frame.

3. Compute pl/Mw tool – This tool computes the isoelectric point (pl) and ...

Prac Group:

Prac Date:

Partners:

A. Analysis of practical results

1. Produce a Standard Curve that enables you to quantify the amount of protein present in the diluted skim milk, diluted whey and deproteinate whey samples.
Draw a graph of the standard curve for BSA. Use Excel to graph a scatter plot and draw a linear regression curve using absorbance values vs concentration (in µg/mL) for each standard. Give the graph a title and label the axes.

2. Report concentrations and percentages of the various protein fractions in undiluted skim milk as determined in the practical.

Protein fraction

Protein concentration
(µg mL-1)

Percentage protein in each of the fractions

Casein protein

Whey protein

...

Self Diet Assessment

The following table represents my dietary intake for a single day and reflects my normal diet.

(g)

Carbs

(g)

Fiber

(g)

Sugar

(g)

Protein

(g)

Breakfast

Low-fat yogurt, vanilla, 1 cup

Canadian bacon, 2 ounces

Oatmeal, cooked, 3/4 cup

Peanut butter, natural, 1 tablespoon

Lox (smoked salmon), 2 ounces

Whole-wheat bagel (95 g)

Banana, 1

Portabella Mushrooms, cooked, 1/2 cup

Onions, cooked, 1/2 cup

Zucchini, cooked, 1 cup

Tomatoes, 1 med.

Filet mignon, grilled, 100g

Red wine, 147.5g

RECOMMENDED TOTAL
http://www.healthcalculators.org/

JAMA, 2000

Note: Nutritional values were as provided in the food labels of each product.

My day’s intake of calories, fiber, sugar, ...

There are four bases forming part of the DNA: cytosine, adenine, thymine, and guanine. The bases link to form a nucleotide. This comprises of a pentose sugar, an organic base and a phosphate group. Each combination of these nucleotides is a codon. The sequencing of nucleotides affects the amino sequence since each codon is translated into a different amino acid. This means that each combination represents a different amino acid (McConkey 24).

Addition or deletion of a single nucleotide somewhere in the sequence results in formation of different amino acids from the point of addition. This is because the addition or deletion affects the polypeptide-coding segments. ...

On Whey Protein Isolates

The hardness and brittleness are key characteristics of protein molecules that can be used in determining the nature of the proteins. The hardness of the protein molecules refers to how well the molecules are bonded together making it more difficult for the denaturation of the protein molecule (Vardhanabhuti, & Foegeding, 1999).On the other hand, the brittleness of the protein molecule refers to the character of the protein molecule that prevents breakage in the bond linkage when subjected to different conditions.
A major function of proteins among the food systems is the process of gelation. The process constitutes a ...

Chapter 11: Disordered Eating

Question 1:

People with anorexia nervosa have deficits in their dietary intake. They do not take in the proper amount of nutrients and mineral and thus have abnormal bone density levels, which can affect the healing of bone and connective tissue. Studies have connected bone loss to injuries and diseases of the skeletal system later in life. When she gets old she will be at higher risk of breaking her bones and of developing osteoporosis.

Question 2:

The teen-aged girl is very active both in and out of school. She is taking advanced classes, is ...

1. What happens to glucose or galactose when the Cu2 in Benedict’s is reduced?
The glucose and galactose both monosaccharaides are oxidized. The cyclic structures of both sugars are opened resorting to an aldehyde group at the end of the aliphatic compound. The aldehyde group is the one that reduces benedict’s solution and oxidizes the sugars.
2. Would you expect fructose or glucose to form a red color rapidly with Seliwanoff’s reagent?
Fructose is a ketose therefore, a deep red color will form quickly with Seliwanoff reagent, while glucose an aldose with form a light pink color ...

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of the discovery or the invention of Blue-Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Blue Native PAGE). As well, the paper undertakes to find out the people who were behind the discovery. The paper is besides devoted to highlighting the functions or rather the reasons that prompted the inventors to come up with Blue Native PAGE.
Blue-Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Blue Native PAGE) was at first described by von Jagow and Schägger. They initially discovered Blue Native PAGE in 1989 as a simple technique to isolate membrane protein complexes immediately from purified mitochondria. ...

Prof:

This report describes the experiment carried out to analysis unknown mixtures using paper chromatography. The physical properties of those mixtures are taking into considerations while certain known were used as controls. The result of the analysis amino acid was found to be similar to alanine while the second spot was unknown when compared to others.

Introduction

How can mixtures be separated using paper chromatography techniques based? The factor that influences this experiment is that which considered the physical properties of the mixtures to be separated. The theoretical concept to be followed is that which depict movement of fluid in a capillary ...

Introduction

Nowadays society is very concerned about health and there are different approaches to lead a healthy life style. Nutrition is an important component of life, and therefore researches keep calculating impact of different nutrients and designing healthier food. A poor diet can cause deficiency diseases, even leading to chronic metabolic illnesses and threatening conditions. It is advisable to know about those nutrients and balance how much you consume every day. The US Food and Drug Administration started to enforce labeling on packaged products since 1994 and now there are many regulations for different types of foods.

Applications

After reading the article ...

My recommended calorie intake is 2472 kcals; my intake for the three days was 2327. As a result, I was consuming fewer calories than I needed to and was recommended. I believe that the recommendation was realistic; it allowed me to eat a fair amount of food without exceeding the requirements, allowing me to burn off a few calories. Since I wasn't putting in as many calories as I was roughly requiring, my body had to burn some calories from fat in order to make up for the shortage.

My recommended intake for protein was 46 grams, while I personally had 88 ...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container of the consumer. ...

Technology: Leavening Process

Leavening is a substances that is used to ensure rising or alternatively fermentation occurs in grain products. Therefore the leavening process is purely based on knowledge of how best to retain gas within flour products or grain products for an acceptable amount of time. There are several factors which are involved and determine the level of gas retention in dough which include; applied yeast, sugar and salt concentration, amount of temperature involved in baking and the time duration taken in baking the dough products (Figoni, 2011). There also exists other element that affect the malleability hence deformation and viscosity of ...

Cover Letter

We appreciate your request to our consulting team for developing the marketing plan of one of your popular products. We respect Bodybuilding.com activity and its operation. It was very interesting and fruitful cooperation. Please, be kindly informed that upon your request on creating the marketing plan for one of your popular products, you are provided with the comprehensive plan below.
The marketing plan consists of the description of current situation on the fitness market, competition level, formation of SWOT-analysis, recommended strategy for Bodybuilding.com, map of competitors and marketing mix details.

Thank you very much for your support.

In case any questions arise, please, contact us ...

Cover Letter

We appreciate your request to our consulting team for developing the marketing plan of one of your popular products. We respect Bodybuilding.com activity and its operation. It was very interesting and fruitful cooperation. Please, be kindly informed that upon your request on creating the marketing plan for one of your popular products, you are provided with the comprehensive plan below.
The marketing plan consists of the description of current situation on the fitness market, competition level, formation of SWOT-analysis, recommended strategy for Bodybuilding.com, map of competitors and marketing mix details.

Thank you very much for your support.

In case any questions arise, please, contact us ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

Introduction

Cloning is a term used to describe different methods of duplicating biological materials. Plasmids can be used to ‘clone in a gene’ and then express a given protein in mammalian cells. The type of protein used here is called AWP1 protein which is associated with PRK1. This type of protein is a universally expressed protein and the AWP1 gene is switched on during the early development of a being. The AWP1 may play a regulatory role in the mammalian signal transduction pathways. The AWP1 posses a conserved zf-A20 zinc finger domain at its C-terminal. When it is expressed in COS – 1 cells, the Myc-tagged ...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly deals with the functions ...