Validity College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

The concept of validity was first originated by Stanley and Campbell in 1966 and later elaborated further by Campbell and Cook in 1979. The concept of validity has a significant impact on how researchers evaluate their work. Validity refers to the extent to which to which a given test measures that which it claims to measure. It is important to evaluate the validity of a test to ensure accurate interpretation and application of test results. There are four main types of validity; construct validity, statistical validity, external validity and internal validity. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the characteristics of external, ...

Independent and Dependent Variables

Measuring the current competency in the provision of vital public health services and training is crucial to enhancing competencies. The effort helps to ensure reliable leaders in the provision of health services. Hence, the Council on Linkages has undertaken the task of establishing various Core Competencies for public health personnel (Council on Linkages, 2001). In addition, the Council on Linkages (COL) has established a set of competencies for assessing the staff in public health (Council on Linkages, 2005).

The COL Core Competency set has eight substantive areas:

• Communication
• Cultural Competency
• Policy Development and Program Planning
• Community Dimensions of Practice
• Basic Public Health Science
• Financial ...

Description of assessment methods

The administration of exams in schools and institutions is based on the ability of that particular exam to measure the content and learn-ability of the learner without any bias or prejudice. Therefore the validity and reliability of a test is of pertinent importance to the proper analysis of the student’s understanding of a particular area of specialization. There are a variety of methods used in determining the validity and reliability of a test or exam. Some of them as advanced by Heffner (2004) rely on the ability of the genre of exam to follow specific format and criterion.
There are a number ...

Introduction

Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis. In an experimental design or design of experiment (DOE), participants are assigned to variable conditions in an experiment. Usually, experiments are designed in such a way that participants are divided into two groups, i.e. a control group and an experimental group, and then a change is introduced in the experimental group to determine the outcome. There are two important types of experimental design; True experiments and Quasi-experiments. Both types of experimental designs are used to check the cause of some particular phenomenon.

Types of each design

True Experiments
In a true experiment, subjects or participants are randomly assigned to ...

Introduction

Heart disease is one of the leading global killer diseases. Owing to this fact, it is important that proper research is conducted so that enough data is obtained. Obtaining enough data enables the proper analysis, which can then unearth several critical characteristics that are useful in addressing the heart disease.

Calculations

Maximum Value point= 100
Highest Score = 92%
Lowest Score = 0
Median = 88
Mean = Sum of all Scores (X'S)Number of Scores (N)
= 0x2+75x3+80x4+88x5+(92x6)20
= 0+225+320+440+55220
= 76.85
Standard Deviation = √ 1Ni=0nX-X2
= 17.71
Test ...

This paper provides examples of internal and external validity from empirical qualitative peer-reviewed academic articles relating to project management in the oil and gas industry. The paper is divided into four sections highlighting internal validity, inferential external validity, theoretical external validity, and a discussion.
Internal validity refers to the ‘truth value’ of the research, allowing the researcher to demonstrate a level of truth or believability in their research (Newman & Benz, 1998), specifically referring to “the causal relationships between variables and results” (Gibbert, Ruigrok, & Wicki, 2008, p. 1466). Olsen et al. (2008) address internal validity as follows:
Regarding internal validity, ...

Psychology

Introduction
Validity of tests refers to the ability of the extent to which a test, which can be either intelligence or music or mathematics measures what it purports to measure. On the other hand, validity implies Extent to which evidence and concept support the understanding of the test scores occasioned in the suggested use of tests (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturman, 2010). This essay intends to examine the validity test evidence that supports the music aptitude test.

Concurrent validity Evidence
This type test validity evidence gives a description of the association between scores on a test and a benchmark, the test is destined ...

Research in the criminal justice follows the steps for other social sciences. In this regard, one has first to select a research topic, define it, carry out literature survey, assess the current state of the problem in question and formulate hypotheses (Rajasekar, Philominathan, and Chinnathambi, 2013 p. 11). Hypotheses are tentative statements about the problem accounting for facts for testing in the research. It follows that the research hypotheses are the focal point of the study, and the processes of arriving at them need the active attention of the scientist(s).
The above proposition places the hypotheses as the ...

Psychological testing was developed to examine the cognitive and behavioral aspects of a patient. A variety of tests have been created to evaluate the individual to determine either the diagnosis of the individual or simply to attain an assessment or evaluation of the individual. Each test discussed below can provide advantages to the forensic setting. The validity and reliability of these tests have been extensively evaluated and are discussed.
1. Mental Status Exam
The Mental Status Exam (“MSE”) is used to evaluate a patient’s mental functions and behaviors. The MSE was created as a tool for clinical psychologists ...

Current Status and Future Directions of School Based Interventions

Frank Gresham (School Psychology Review, 2004)A study guide
(1 Pt. ea unless noted otherwise).
1. How do school administrators typically view the cause of students’ behavior problems and what impact does this have on interventions used in the schools?School administrators often view students' behavioral problems as stemming from factors outside the school and therefore do not view schools as proactive agents in the process of prevention and/or behavior change, as a result, schools often utilize interventions that are either patently ineffective or, in some cases, harmful. (Gresham 2004, Current Status and Future Directions of School-Based Behavioral Interventions).
2. ...

3.1. As a care worker in a specific care setting:

3.1.a. Explain what you understand by reliability of information during complementary therapies.

As a care worker in a specific care setting such as geriatric care or cancer care, there has to be more than enough information needed to support any decision to turn to complimentary therapies for relief. Although some of the unconventional therapies are said to have originated from ancient practices, it is still not enough to justify its effectiveness and reliability. Some health clinics offering alternative healing advertise their services through the internet, newspaper or magazine. There is still a need for ...

Introduction

The current paper critically evaluates the research study conducted by Zenobia Chan and Joyce Ma (2003). The purpose of the paper is to attempt to develop an understanding of qualitative assessment provided in the selected journal article by critiquing and appraising the research. Chan and Ma (2003) explored the patient’s subjective experience of anorexia nervosa and assessed that how people with anorexia nervosa exhibit certain expressions of annoyance, apprehension, and nervousness. The study of Chen and Ma proves that anorexia nervosa is an affecting disorder in a human being that is characterized by an obsessive desire to lose ...

Research Method and Design

Given the seriousness of rape and sexual assault as crimes and the subsequent psychological trauma that perpetrators of these crimes visit on their victims, it is important for investigators and prosecutors in such cases to come up with an effective instrument for data collection. For, it is through this data collection tool that enough and cogent evidence may be gathered to help in the proper prosecution of such cases to ensure justice to victims. A research instrument chosen should be one that takes into account the emotional state of the victims of rape and seeks to elicit only that ...

Assignment 2: RA: Test Retest Assessment Analysis

Assignment 2: RA: Test Assessment Analysis

The selected mental health exam is the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV).
Test Purpose:
The Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition is designed to measure of various memory and working memory abilities designed for individuals ages 16-90. More specifically the test is even more widely used to measure episodic, declarative memory functioning and working memory

Uses

Mental health professionals use the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition and “It is most likely to be used within the clinical, neurological, forensic and educational fields as well as a work rehabilitation setting”.

Test Development and History

The first version of the Wechsler Memory Scale ...

External validity

Experimental research is a rigorous process that is significantly used in the testing of the cause and the effects of relationships of variables. The experimental research involves a plethora of processes that include testing research hypothesis, measuring and description of variables, designing and interpretation of research. The findings obtained in the experiment help in the drawing of conclusion, and are categorized into internal validity (the cogent conclusion) and external validity (the generalized inference). The external validity of research findings is an indispensable facet of any psychological research that should, by all means, be tested through replication before any generalized conclusion is ...

Validity in Research Design

Validity in Quantitative Research Designs
Validity refers to the degree to which physical evidence supports an experimental concept or conclusion. In statistics, it refers to the level of confidence that researchers hold on a particular causal effect of an experiment. The most common challenges to internal validity in the research design occur from the selection process of target population as well as the sample size (Yuan et al., 2009).In particular, the selection process in the article reflects only persons who have volunteered for the research. Ideally, this represents a threat to internal validity since the individuals used in ...

Evaluation is the systematic process of determining the worth of a program. It utilizes scientific methods to assess program design, implementation, and final outcomes. Evaluation is conducted for various reasons. Funders dedicate huge financial resources to various programs and as such, they want to know how effective the programs are in solving various problems. Evaluation is also by the need to improve the implementation of the program. This is done by identifying the flaws in program implementation and correcting them. At the end of the program, the stakeholders do also need to know what the program accomplished so as ...

There are two tests that have been used over time to analyze and test an individual’s psychopathology and characteristics. The first test is called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The second test is known as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and was designed to assess and analyze thought process disorder. Both of these types of psychological testing have had different views and opinions. There has been great praise in the resourcefulness of these tests in many findings. In contrast to the positive reviews, there have been negative reviews as well. The findings of these tests have been controversial ...

Test Evaluation Report

(Insert Institution)
Test Evaluation Report

Introduction

The report is going to address a number of issues in relation to the test meant for administration. The paper will evaluate whether the content covered through the questions asked will attain the intended purpose. It will identify the level that the exam will be relevant either by use of the age or grade levels. It will determine the test’s appropriateness to the candidate’s capability. It will evaluate the practicability of administering the test in terms of its affordability, period, space requirements, specialized supervision and invigilation, and specialized materials and equipment. The ...

There are several assumptions in psychological testing. For example, behaviorist assumption that psychology is a science and hence ought to be tested using scientific methods is one of the major assumptions. In addition, there is an assumption that people are born blank and learn all the traits they portray. The mind acquires and outputs information jus as machines and that the brain is in sections that can be identified separately. Another assumption is that behavior is acquired during childhood and can be influenced by hormones the person secretes.
In psychological testing, the test seeks to establish a verdict on a given ...

Overview

The following paper provides a critique of the study on “Long-term retention of older adults in the cardiovascular health study: Implications for studies of the oldest old.” The paper utilizes epidemiology and biostatistics concepts to analyse the study. Some of the important concepts discussed include identification of the research problem, research questions, generation of hypothesis, research design used and its validity to the study, justification of research methods, and suitability of data analysis procedure. Epidemiology and biostatistics concept provides an individual with skills to design and implement fundamental and practical research healthcare (Texas A&M Health Science Centre, 2014).

In which paragraph(s) of the study is a research problem stated?

The research ...

The reliability, validity, as well as the utility of psychological testing and assessments can be argued on the basis of the correct choice of the right test or assessment tool. With in mind that psychological assessment and testing are a series of tests processes that employs the use of several techniques to help in the arrival of particular information regarding one’s behavior, the choice of a psychology test or assessment should be a well guided process as one of the means of ensuring that accurate information relating to the intended hypotheses are arrived at. In this regards, there exists several resources ...

The most important thing in carrying out research is to avoid confusing the concept of research vigor with concepts like the quantification, measurement precision and generalizability. The researcher must be cautious before making claims that data collection and data analysis techniques are rigorous than other methods or techniques (Noble, & Smith 34). Therefore, rigorous or the trustworthy in any research implies the need to use appropriate tools that meet the goals and objectives of investigation done. For the investigator to determine whether there was rigorous in data collection, he or she will ask some questions on data collection procedures or ...

There is the need for taking into account the key concepts which will determine whether a particular study that has already been done is useful and can be incorporated into practice. The primary components that will make a particular study helpful for use in a certain research process determine how such information can be incorporated into the nursing process. As such, determining the validity of different forms of study is an important step towards achieving evidence-based care (Fineout-Overholt et al., 2010).
The first reason for conducting a critical appraisal on a particular study is to determine whether there are ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]}
{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

“Social determinants of health”

Where a person resides, gets the education, and works these conditions mutually impact the health of that person in determining health risks and outcomes. Such conditions are considered as social determinants of health (SDOH) (Social Determinants of Health | CDC, 2016). It is evident that a high education and rich background provide more awareness and opportunities of better nutrition and lifestyle, thus, these are considered as a predictor of better health. Force Field and Well-Being Paradigms of Health model by Blum emphasized on three main components mental, physical ...

Chapter 9

[Student ID]
[Submission Date]

Q1: A study has an internal validity:

Internal validity is important for any research in which the researcher is giving focus on the variables, which he is studying. The basic reason behind the purpose to study internal validity is to understand that the one variable always left an effect, which can be positive as well as negative on another variable. In most researches, always certain causes and affect are present and hence the research based on variables. These variables are dependent and independent and in a research where both are present the researcher, usually, name it as causation. However, the researcher who ...

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II:

Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II:
Issues Related to Result Interpretation and Test Validity
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II (Vineland-II; Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2004) is a psychometric test used to measure adaptive behavior. Adaptive behavior is defined as the ability to achieve a level of personal independence and social responsibility consistent with expected levels from individuals cultural and age group (Perry & Factor, 1989). The Vineland-II test is comprised of four domains of adaptive behavior: (1) Communication, (2) Daily Living, (3) Socialization, and (4) Motor Skills. The Maladaptive Behavior Index measures maladaptive behaviors, ...

Team Members:

Under the supervision of
- DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- INTRODUCTION
Training and development is involved with activities carried by an organization that are focused on improving the performance of employees. Training and development falls under the human resource department of any organization. These training and development activities include educational programs such as mentorship programs, training, coaching and workshops. They help to motivate and inspire employees and to bring the best out of them. Training and development have for long been understood to be only focused on looking developing new ways of production and ...

Data reliability is a concept used to explain the consistency or uniformity of a measure (Tracy, 2008). For instance, in a research with five respondents and each is given a test, the results should be the same no matter the number of times the test is repeated. Data validity refers to the extent to which a research accurately assesses or reflects the specific claim that the researcher is trying to measure (Tracy, 2008). In other words, reliability ensures the accuracy of a procedure or measuring instrument, whereas validity ensures the success of the research at measuring or determining what the investigator intend to measure.
...

Q1. Example of interaction is drug dosage vs. task (simple or complex). In the case above, for the simple task, the higher the dosage, the shorter the time to accomplish the task, while for the complex task, the higher the dosage, the longer the time to accomplish the task. The statistical display of the effect of interaction between two or more variables is termed “factorial designs”.

Factorial design

Q2. Interaction occurs if the effect of one or more variables differs depending on the level of the other variable(s).

Q3. Examples of threat to internal validity

- Maturation effects: This occurs when changes in a score over time are ...

Contact Address:

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
The concept of social marketing has been a significant force driving the market, particular in such 21th century that is market by the developed technology. As part of its characteristic, social marketing is based on the relevant connection that is established among the targeted group in the market (Gates, Copeland, Stevenson, & Dillon, 2007, p.143). Indeed, selling of behaviors, ideas, and attitudes is currently considered as the key principles of social marketing perspective. Social forces can generally be clarified into three forms: Obedience, Compliance and Conformity in which social norm factor is the key drivers for young ...

Problem Statement

Most medical scientist and psychiatrists have defined depression as a mood disorder that often results to incessant feeling of extreme sadness and loss of interest in most activities that one used to enjoy. Depression has various references; the condition could be referred to as major depression, major depression disorder or clinical depression. Depression results to a variety of emotional and physical problems because the condition affects one’s thinking and behavior. Depressed people find difficulty in doing everyday tasks and experience severe hopelessness.
Depression affects 19 million adult Americans, meaning it is the leading mental disorder in the U.S. Studies ...

Reliability and validity are two terms commonly used in statistics and research. The two terms generally refer to the truthfulness of something. Reliability refers to the repeatability of research findings while validity refers to the believability and credibility of those findings (Litwin, 1996). In order for research data to be of use it must be both valid and reliable. Validity and reliability are therefore mutually dependent.
In the case of reliability, questions to be asked include: if the same study was to be done a second time would it still yield the same results? If indeed, the study was ...

Various concepts are crucial in conducting and understanding test statistics. For a scholar or even a social worker to understand how the test statistics are applied in the assessment process, an in-depth understanding of interpretation of test data comes in handy (Neukrug & Fawcett, 2013). The four factors of test worthiness that are accorded ultimate attention are validity, reliability, cross-cultural fairness and practicality.
Validity entails investigating the test statistics to ensure they measure what they are supposed to measure. It is often imperative that the accumulated evidence support the intended interpretation and purpose of the test scores. Validity can be ...

Personality tests have been used for a long period to evaluate the psychological makeup of individuals. The validity and reliability of the various personality tests has been the subject of protracted debates especially along the lines of objective and projective tests. Objective tests have been thought to be more reliable than projective ones (Gregory, 2007). Overall, personality tests have been criticized because the individual undertaking them can give ambiguous generalizations that could apply to any person. MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Technique are among the most prominent personality tests.

Comparison and Contrast

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test is a self-report ...

3.1 Define and explain social conformity.
According to the book Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism (2003), Feldman defined the term social conformity as a sort of social impact that come up with the change of conduct or belief so as to fit in a group. Social conformity is divided into two parts: Normative conformity and informational Conformity (p.44). Normative Conformity, take place due to the need of one being accepted or liked; while informational conformity, happens due to the need of being corrected.
3.2 Explain the conformity experiments of Sherif, Asch, and Zimbardo.
Participants of the Sherif's ...

Arbitrations, having their seat in England, are governed by the Arbitration Act of 1996, which is based on the UNCITRAL model law. The major international arbitration bodies affected by this jurisdiction are the London Maritime Arbitrators Association and the London Court of International Arbitration. However, it is also common for arbitrations that fall under the rules of other international bodies to base their cases in England. Based on a number of mandatory rules, the disputing parties are always at liberty to agree on the procedure for their arbitration or to employ institutional rules. Unless the parties agree otherwise, the provisions ...

Comments

Paragraphs lack coherence. The paragraphs do not flow with same ideas as they should. If you look at your last paragraph, it has started with a description of what validity is, then the next sentence brought out the different types of validity. This is too much squeezing and the work should be more organized so that related ideas are brought out in the same paragraph and avoid scattering of ideas to avoid confusion. You did not tackle the question according to the instruction. The question had clearly stated that you were to use one of the case examples in chapter ...

There exist four levels of measurement as deduced by Stanley Smith Stevens. He came up with the four levels based on all available forms of data. These levels of measurements are Nominal, Ordinal, ration and Interval. The four levels classify all available forms of data, based on various aspects of the data under classification. Stanley Smith S. came up with this typology at around 1946, in a science article entitled, "On the theory of scales of measurement" (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 2013) All scientific measurements, according to Stevens, were based on these four levels of measurement. In the levels of measurement, ...

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1 Introduction
Since the 1930s a new philosophical direction developed almost without recognition of the public. Since then it gained in importance, till it has reached quite recently the predominant role. While this philosophical movement was in the beginning described as Logical Empiricism, or Neopositivism it is nowadays much more accurately described bas Analytical Philosophy. It conducts language and notion analysis on the basis of logic. Gaining popularity in the last years it has altered and even erased some old concepts of classical philosophy.
- Vienna Circle
...

Research is an important tool in the identification of a problem, collection of data, data analysis, problem justification and solutions. The type of data collection tool that a researcher decides to use needs to be trustworthy, useful, quality and rigorous. The paper would discuss validity and reliability, which are the tools used in measuring trustworthiness, usefulness, quality and rigor of a data collection tool (Nieswiadomy, 2012).

Reliability

The quality of data collection tool is a critical part of qualitative research, one of the most important elements used when gauging quality is reliability. It is concerned with consistency, dependability and reproducibility Halloway & wheeler (2010). Reliability ...

Inductive theory of research – involves a researcher starting from very specific data and then proceeding towards more general information about the research. For example, studying the culture of a person to understand the culture of the clan from which the person comes.
Deductive theory of research – works in reverse to the inductive theory. I.e. the research begins from a broad perspective and narrows down to individuals as it proceeds.
Epistemological considerations of research try to define the origin nature and scope of knowledge. It uses both positivist approach (scientific study of knowledge) and interpretive approach which deals with how a person ...

Summary of Thinking, fast, and slow by Daniel Kahneman

George Mason University
Summary of Thinking, fast, and slow by Daniel Kahneman
Introduction The author, Daniel Kahneman, hopes that the readers would benefit from the reading of his book, which is about biases of intuition. According to the author, it can be a tough choice between what we believe and what we want. Friends and colleagues help us in making and evaluating choices. The thinking process is one conscious thought leading to another. The mental work creates impressions and intuitions silently in our minds. We allow our beliefs, feelings and preferences to feel confident about our decision, even if ...

Introduction

While others believe that weather does not have an effect when it comes to mood. These researchers have found that people simply change their daily routine when unexpected weather hits. This potential study analyzes whether or not the weather has an effect on negative comments an individual posts on their social media page. This study believes an individual will post more negative comments on their social media page(s) on days with rain and overcast than days with sunshine.
The two methodologies that will be used for this study are cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. A cross-sectional study will allow ...

Discussion 1

Indeed, the author is very accurate in his observations that self-biases have affected the independence and validity of examining personal data. In fact, these biases have resulted due to the need by an individual to generate a very fair opinion of him, while compromising on the real measures of his parameters. Furthermore, I tend to agree by the fact that validity of measures is determined by both the sensational and cognitive factors. Therefore, independence and accuracy of self-generated data could only be guaranteed when the intervention of an external and impartial person is invoked (Ellis, Hartley, & Walsh, 2010). Tests ...

[Institution’s Name]

Methods Online Discussions 2

Example 5.2 Grover's Corner DOT;
Objective;
"Discuss the challenges of determining external validity for one of the case examples presented in this chapter [Chapter 5]. What about the research problem might make the results externally valid? AND, what factors might limit the external validity of the findings?
An analysis to determine the challenges of the external validity over the referred case can be observed from the multiple dimensions of extraneous variable that influence the variables of people, setting, time and places for accurate calculation. In particular, the presented case study, exhibit the readings ...

Research and nursing are inseparable. Different health issues will arise from time to time leading to confusion among practitioners. Some conditions will only be understood through execution of ample research. Research is mainly carried out when the professionals in a given field are not aware of a given element that arises. Nursing research is usually sensitive, and it requires consideration of unique procedures known as paradigms and methodologies. The paradigms must be defined in line with the cultural safety of the chosen methods. The paradigms address cultural safety in different ways through excellent consideration of philosophical, ethical, and cultural biases available ...

Ashford University

The theories of Jeremy Bentham and Sigmund Freud explained many societal phenomena. Every theory strongly applies on Skills and Techniques, Communication, Basic Problem-Solving, Ethnic Diversity, and Establishing and Using the Helping Relationship. The psychoanalytic theory is initially laid out by renowned philosopher Sigmund Freud in the nineteenth century. Freud advanced the recognition of childhood happenings that could possibly influence on the mental functioning of grownups. Psychoanalytic theoreticians do not trust in free will but trust that human conduct is deterministic. It proposes that human beings have both aggressive and sexual drives. The psychoanalytic theory provides a basis for therapeutic treatment ...

Midterm IQ test

- Describe Sternberg and Gardner’s theories of intelligence. Explain how Sternberg’s theory differs from previous models of intelligence?
Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligence, which insisted that numerical expression of human intelligence is impossible and does not provide a holistic measure of human intelligence and ability. According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, eight types of intelligences were described(Gardner, 1985).
- Visual-spatial intelligence
- Verbal-linguistic intelligence
- Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
- Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence
- Intrapersonal intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Naturalistic intelligence
Robert ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

‘Subject’
Acemoglu (2010) emphasizes that theory has a central role to play in empirical economic research. He argues that the role of theory is particularly significant in the areas of general equilibrium analysis and external validity. Economic theory, according to him, should be employed to formulate and define ‘structural parameters,’ and should be used as a motivating force for empirical work.
He further adds that without theory, economic estimates would not have a proper external validity, without which we would not able to find out whether a particular model or theory is an accurate estimate of reality. They also cannot explain ...

Introduction

Beck Depression Inventory II is multi-choice self-report inventory with 21 questions that is used to measure levels of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was created in 1996 as an improvement over the Beck Depression Inventory I (BDI-I). BDI-II is used to evaluate the occurrence and magnitude of depression in adolescents and adults. The changes to BD-II were initiated because of the new guidelines for diagnostic criteria redefined by the American Psychiatric Association’s publication. BD-II follows the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders. BD-II is not used as a definite diagnosis of depression. ...

Quantitative Research

This paper will identify the quantitative research design employed as well as threats to validity in a study by Weng et al. (2012). The study is entitled “Is there any relationship between dietary patterns and depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents?” It sought to determine the link between major dietary patterns and the risk for symptoms of anxiety and depression among adolescents.
The study employed a correlational research design. Correlational research designs are quantitative research designs where the researcher has no control over variables. In addition, participants are not assigned randomly to treatment conditions. These designs are used to infer ...

ID Number

Business Technology

One standard for teaching Business Technology in Pennsylvania is to teach, support, and challenge every learner to appreciate and achieve his or her maximum potential and to obtain the skills and knowledge needed in understanding the influence of emerging technologies. From this standard, the three learning activities are as follows:
- Identify the different kinds of technologies used at home and in the classroom
- Identify emerging technologies employed for personal and educational success
- Examine the influence of emerging technologies in people’s daily life

In teaching the same standard for grade levels 10 to 12, the following will be the learning objectives:

- Apply the productive and creative use of ...

Importance of Laws in Employment

Employment does not only allow us to pay our bills, but is the fundamental outlet in which we express ourselves to the broader community. It defines our daily schedules and also shapes our futures. Anyone who has ever been laid off or spent years without work knows how bad it feels losing work or having nothing to do. There is a lot that goes on in workplaces that can have serious effects on the lives of workers and hence making it necessary to have employment law in place.
The broad definition of employment law is the negotiated relationship between ...

The article “Offender profiling: Psychological and methodological issues of testing for behavioural consistency” by Salfati (2008) summarized the research results of various studies in the field of offender profiling with specific attention to using the concepts of offender profiling to linking serial crimes and offender consistency. The article aimed to discuss key methodological issues, mainly focusing on validity and reliability of offender profiling and its development as a field of science, in three interlinked areas of recent profiling research, which included individual differentiation, behavioral consistency, and inferences about offender characteristics.
The first key point was to discuss shortcomings in ...

Literature review

Kaasa, S. (2015). Is Cancer Pain Control Improved by a Simple WHO Pain Analgesic Ladder Approach Combined With Tumor-Directed Treatment?.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO647537.

Article summary

This article takes into consideration the role that the WHO analgesic ladder plays in addressing cancer pain in palliative care patients. The authors identify that cancer pain occurs in 90% of cancer patients but only half them are under proper pain management. To this effect, therefore, there is the need for applying opioids under the WHO ladder guidelines as a way of addressing cancer pain in oncology care patients.

This is a narrative qualitative research ...

The article Empowering Frontline Nurses: A Structured Intervention Enables Nurses to Improve Medication Administration Accuracy mainly focuses on the precautionary safety measures that should be adhered to when providing patients with the medications. The primary area of interest was to improve the accuracy with which drug is administered to patients through the development and deployment of process improvement skills and nurse leadership in a surgical inpatient unit. Medical errors have always taken a toll on the quality of services that patients receive in most hospitals. Such errors have long been documented in the form of surveys and studies. The ...

Research Design

A research design is a plan and procedures for research that include broad assumptions as well as detailed methods for data collection and data analysis. They entail development of a plan as well as a structure for an enquiry. Research designs provide a framework via which researchers can carry out a study whilst reducing certain types of errors and at the same time obtain empirical evidence on variables of interest. This paper will describe the factors considered when choosing a research design.
Factors considered when selecting a research design include the nature of research problem or issue or research ...

For a sample to be suitable it must be representative of the relevant population. When a sample fails to include all the characteristics available in the population it is said to be biased. Selection bias a rises when the sampling procedures are insufficiently random resulting in a sample that is not representative of the relevant population, the result is a sample that over represents or under represents certain characteristics of the population (Lucey, 2003). The data set of Little Town café has a sample size of 57 observations of its guests over a three year period. Since the data ...

Differences between measurement and observation

Observation relates to a situation where a researcher is interested in the traits of the participants involved in the study. In such a scenario, a researcher can decide to interact with participants and become part of them so as to understand their behavior. Apart from interacting with the participants, a researcher can also decide to record behavior of participants without interacting with them making it is possible to analyze the characteristics of the participants. For example, a researcher could be interested in identifying the traits among university students on their preferred refreshment brands. To record the observations, the researcher ...