Cells Critical Thinkings Samples For Students

Compare and Contrast On IPS Papers

All the four papers Takahashi-miPS, Takahashi-hiPS, Park-hiPS and Yu-hiPS respectively induced the four genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC) and reprogramming the differentiated somatic cells to produce IPS pluripotency cells. In the first paper, the authors found a combination of factors to make the IPS cells. The authors selected the 24 genes for factors that induce pluripotency in somatic cells. Afterwards, all the 24 genes were inserted into the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) by using retroviral transduction. The cells were cultured on STO feeder cells in ES cell medium containing G418. The authors obtained 24 colonies, and then the authors ...

Bone marrow is that part of long bones and spongy bones in the medullar cavities which is highly vascular. It produces blood cells ranging from red cells to white cells and platelets. Hence, cellular, active bone marrow is referred to as red marrow. As an individual ages, the red marrow is turned into yellow marrow.

Red marrows are composed of quite a number of capillaries, red cells, white cells, platelets, little fat cells, lymphocytes, water and some minerals.

The red marrow contains both pluripotent stem cells and committed stem cells. The pluripotent cells have the ability to produce various cell ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a type of disease where certain breast cells develop abnormally mostly in the milk ducts and lobules leading to formation of tumors. The exact cause of breast cancer is a topic that has flavored many debates and researches but still remains unknown. However a plethora of research has established that certain risk factors have a direct linkage with breast cancer. Breast cancer related risk factors are wide and varied and may include lifestyle choices like smoking/ diet or factors that are beyond the control of a person like gender, age or family history. It is however worth noting from the start ...

The Role of Diet in Human Health

The human immune system is highly developed and complex to ensure that it fights with a wide range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, particles and other foreign objects that may affect the body in any way. The system is made up of various components within the body, and all are in some relation with each other to ensure that there is an effective immunity against any foreign body capable of causing some pathological conditions in the body. The major components of the human immune system include a group of immune cells such as the T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, memory cells, and ...

CREATING FORMULAS IN EXCEL

Overview.
Formulas are one of the most commonly used features of Excel. They can be used to carry out simple addition and subtraction or far more complex mathematical calculations. This guide is a primer on adding formulas to an Excel spreadsheet and performing basic calculations with them. Formulas perform calculations on data that is stored in the cells in a spreadsheet. The whole reason formulas exist in Excel is that they are used to perform calculations dynamically, in other words, they make life easier for users. Say, you have a spreadsheet with a column that has 100 rows and ...

Cancer and Mitotic Rate

There are basically four types of tissues in the body namely; connective tissues, epithelium, nervous tissue and muscle. Admittedly, these types of tissues have differing mitotic rates perhaps due to the type of the role they perform in the body. Even though the type of tissue that has the lowest rates cannot be accurately pinpointed, it is openly believed that epithelial tissues have the highest mitotic rates. Quite notably, neuron and muscle cells do not always undergo mitosis.
Epithelial tissues are the tissues made up of cells that form the external surfaces that cover the body. The tissues, ...

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“Molecules Of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine” is a book written by Candace B. Pert, a molecular biologist having an important role in the discovery of the endorphin molecule. She is also considered as the mother of psychoneuroimmunology, a field of science dealing with different aspects of brain, immunology, and neurology. Her work on the biochemistry of the brain at the National Institute of Mental Health helped in giving new insights about mind and body (Candace Pert, n.d.).
Main theme of the book is that peptides, which are present throughout the body, are “molecules of ...

Human Development:

Abnormal Genes and Chromosomes, and Teratogens
Human development involves the growth of a zygote to maturity in a gradual process. A series of complex changes occurs within human bodies as development takes place. For instance, cells multiply either through meiosis or mitosis. The genetic makeup of cells also replicates. Normally, chromosomes will be separated to allow for replication of genes within cells. This process is very important during development. However, some abnormalities occur to genes and chromosomes due to teratogens. Teratogens are substances that interfere with the normal fetus or embryo growth and development, whereby they lead to their ...

In Tissenbaum and Guarente's research study, they concluded that increasing the dosage of a SIR2 gene is associated with extended lifespan of roundworms, Caenorhabditis elegans (Tissenbaum & Guarente 228). To easily understand their research study, let us discuss a little background abound longevity of C. elegans. In 1997, a research study headed by Kimura, Tissenbaum, Liu and Ruvkun found the gene that potentially regulates the longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans, their life cycle after the initial larval stage can proceed to two different stages: either the reproductive stage, or the dauer diapause stage (Hu). In their ...

OVERVIEW

The two theorists we chose for our research are Robert K. Merton and Peter Blau. Two famous American sociologists of XX century. Their theories will be applied to the article named Should we worry about gene editing which apparently exposes the author`s opinion upon the new biological researches and the ability of biologists to influence our body artificially.
The credibility of an article is proved by the fact that the author of the article is Robert Klitzman, a renown professor of psychology at Columbia University.
There are several ways of approaching the problem, but first of all, we ...

The lung cancer is of primary concern among western population in the western world by virtue of exaggerated rate of smoker compared to non smokers. The pathology of lung cancer comprises of genomic instability resulting in abnormalities over a long span. The variations occur at gene level via process called as gene silencing mediated methylation; amplification of DNA, sequence changes in DNA along with looses and gains of whole chromosome. The genetic alterations observed in cell lung cancer contain a loss of regions which are in turn part of the genome especially chromosomes 9p and 3p and it is also observed ...

Nanog

The paper describes how modern molecular biology methods are applied to identify a new protein called Nanog. They found the sequence of this new protein and determined that it is directly involved in the controlling mechanisms for self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. The authors were able to demonstrate that Nanog, as opposed to other previously described proteins that are also involved in self-renewal, works independently an in the absence of external factors like cytokines. Their results also showed that Nanog is not always being produced in the cell; its production is restricted to the events of cell generation. ...

INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
Objective of discussion
The aim of this essay is to critically review the reliability of the legal registration and protection system as it relates to protection of innovation ideas. The essay will specifically discuss about national and international protection system. Innovation as per Thumm (2013) is basically developing a new idea and putting it into practice. May (2013) states that it is crucial to restrict and protect innovations so as to develop a unique new value to customers. Innovations are protected by the legal registration and protection system. However, a number of innovations have failed to receive a ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article entitled “Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial” by Allen, et al., (2013) will be critically reviewed. The article investigates about Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) which occurs more often in older patients who are 65 and above and are treated with antibiotics that provide immunity against a wide range of bacterial diseases. Clostridium difficile is a dangerous bacteria which can cause AAD, and it can be very harmful to the patient’s health. The researchers “did a multicentre, ...

Critical Thinking

Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli is certainly not one of those disappointing textbooks that lack conviction and are uninspired. The inclusion of this textbook in coursework will undoubtedly ensure that students have a tremendous enlightening learning experience. Moreover, concepts have been simplified to an introductory level, which makes the content easy to understand and interesting for the reader. Unlike dry and rushed textbooks, keywords have been defined on the side of the textbook, which has proven to be helpful when studying for a test. Ciccarelli’s book is ingenious and insightful, and not only do her topics come to life, but ...

The movement of cholesterol, which is unestrified, is largely due to the activation of the NPC 1 protein. In cases where inactivation of mutation of this protein occurs, one may be suffering from Niemann-Pick type C disease. So what is this disease? Niemann-Pick Type C disease is a serious but rare nuerogenerative disorder. It is very common to children at or approaching adolescence. The disease is estimated to infect one out of every 160,000 children (Patterson 2009). NPC is regarded as a malfunction in the body’s cholesterol metabolism. NPC is also is sometimes referred to as childhood Alzheimer. This ...

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum is the parasite responsible for the deadly disease, malaria. The parasite is transmitted through the injection of sporozoites into the human blood stream. These sporozoites are transported in the blood stream to the liver. The sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and differentiate into merozoites. The merozoites invade the RBCs of the host; starting the blood stage of infection. The trophozoite stage ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell. The hemoglobin is broken down into peptides due to enzymatic action by a metalloprotease and cysteine and aspartic proteases. Haematin is first released as a byproduct of ...

Describe the Hemoglobin Digestive Process

P. falciparum, is the parasite responsible for the malaria, a disease that causes approximately one million deaths annually. It undergoes the process of erythrocytic schizogony which is responsible for the clinical manifestations of malaria. The trophozoite ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell (Brayl 2005). As the trophozoite continues to develop, its endolysosomal system takes up the cytoplasm of the host cell using cytosomes which contains host hemoglobin. Cytosomes are formed by an invagination formed from the PVM (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) and PPM (parasite plasma membrane) from which transport vesicles are pinched off. These vesicles ...