Annotated Bibliography
Chilingar, G. et al.Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect. Environmental Geology, Vol. 58
No. 6 (Sep2009) p1207-1213. Web 05 July 2013.
The source is a journal article about environmental geology that seeks to give different views on the relationship that exists between the greenhouse effect and global warming. In this source, Chilingar et al argue that increased levels of greenhouse gases within the atmosphere does not lead to global warming. However, their argument is limited to one greenhouse gas that easily condenses on cooling. They fail to consider the effects of carbon dioxide on average temperatures of the earth, and moreover, excess of carbon dioxide leads to minimal changes in agricultural yields compared to the effects of rising temperatures. This source is ideal for the research because it backs arguments for positive effects of global warming thus compounding this controversy.
Delworth, L. Thomas and Knutson, R. Thomas. Simulation of Early 20th Century Global
Warming. Science. New Series, Vol. 287 No. 5461 (Mar. 24, 2000) pp. 2246-2250. Web 05July 2013.
This source is from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of the world’s largest multi-disciplinary scientific societies with an aim of advancing, innovation in science and technology. Throughout the article, Delworth and Knutson blame global warming on increase in human activities, and formation of fossil fuels from decomposition of the ocean atmosphere system. Their study of climate change into two distinct twenty year period shows a continuous increase in the average temperature of the earth. In their apparent ocean-atmosphere climate model, the levels of toxic emissions within the atmosphere is both human induced, and from the decomposition of the ocean atmosphere occurring over long periods of time. However, periods of global warming before the twentieth century are unclearly explained because they cannot be entirely anthropogenic. This source is crucial in this research because it shows us some of the factors that have contributed to global warming in the past centuries, and major causes of climate change in the modern world.
Deutsch, A. Curtis, Tewksbury, J Joshua, Huey, B. Raymond , Sheldon, S. Kimberly,
Ghalambor, K. Cameron, Haak, C David, and Martin, R. Paul. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 105 No. 18 (May 6, 2008) pp. 6668-6672. Web 05 June 2013.
This source is from the National Academy of Sciences, a nonprofit making organization in the USA that plays an advisory role on issues related to science, medicine, and engineering. Deutsch et al illustrate the influence of anthropogenic climate on ecological systems on land particularly terrestrial organisms. The researchers conclude that global warming is higher in low latitudes compared to high altitudes. However, their research is limited to ecological systems, and is influenced by uncontrolled factors that are common amongst species. Moreover, the impact of global warming in the tropics will be disastrous because it has a wide range of biodiversity.
Fuchs, Ralph. Global Warming: Impacts and Consequences of global Warming. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2007.
This is a credible source from GRIN Verlag, a publishing company based in Munich, Germany. In this source, Fuchs concurs industrial revolution ushered in myriad changes in the world, and the environment had its share of these transformations. He differentiates that various greenhouse gases have different effects in the atmosphere, with carbon dioxide having the longest effects on climate. His critical analysis of the effects of global warming gives us an insight about the varying effects of global warming in various regions. His objective research about rise in sea levels gives the serious consequences of global warming. I can use this article to argue for or against global warming because its effects depend on people’s geographical location.
Haines, Fiona and Reichman, Nancy. The Problem That Is Global Warming: Introduction. Law
and Policy, Vol. 30 No. 4 (Oct2008) -393. Web 05 July 2013.
This is a source of law and policy that aims to harmonize global warming with appropriate legislations in order to protect the environment and people. Throughout this article Haines and Reichman insist that the concentration of the carbon economy in contemporary methods of industrialization, and development means that climate protection is at once a problem of the environment, the global economy, and human rights. They argue that before we decide a regulatory measure to global warming, we tease apart the intricacies of international law and governance to find ways to turn economic, legal, and cultural norms toward creating climate justice. This source is ideal for the research because it attempts to arrive at a holistic approach to solving climate change.
Kemp, David. The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: A Canadian Perspective.Geography, Vol. 76, No. 2 (April 1991). Web 05 July 2013.
The source originates from a United Kingdom based, independent subject association, Geography Association, which aims to improve further understanding of geography. In this source, the researcher, Kemp, illustrates that even though global warming results due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, its impact varies across different latitudes. The tropics will be badly affected as temperatures continue to rise while countries such as Canada will feel the positive effects of climate change since they are located in lower latitudes. However, such countries have engaged in researchers to comprehend the aforementioned benefits without engaging in collective action to solve the controversy. This source is relevant for this research since it is useful in outlining the positive impacts of global warming.
Lubell, Mark, Zahran Sammy and Vedlitz Arnold. Collective Action and Citizen Responses to Global Warming. Political Behavior, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sep., 2007), pp. 391-413. Web 04 July 2013.
This source is an article of political behavior from the Springer Publishing Company based in The United States of America, and specializes in publishing academic journals from different scholars. In this article, Lubell et al point out that global warming is a collective problem that can be easily solved by mass political action. Even though mass political action against such global issues require collective action by individuals of a nation or by nations, their interest model approach gives empirical evidence on how efforts of collective action such as citizen policy support, environmental political participation, and environmental behavior related to issues of global warming can be explained by elements such as perceived risks, personal efficiency, and environmental values.
These elements positively support government policies and personal behaviors that affect global warming. This is a credible source accompanied by empirical facts that can bolster options of solving global concerns of climate change. Comparison with other approaches can lead to informed policies on solving global warming
McCright, M. Aaron and Dunlap, E Riley. Challenging Global Warming as a Social Challenge:An Analysis of the Conservatives movement Counter claims. Social Problems, Vol 47 No. 4 (2000). Web 04 July 2013.
This source is from the University of California Press, a publisher of books and journals in every field of inquiry for general readers. In this source, MCcright and Dunlap clearly demonstrate how collective action can be achieved through social movements. From their arguments, social movements have shifted people’s notions on global warming by insisting that this phenomenon is a fallacy due to weak evidentiary basis, can lead to positive effects if it occurs, and controlling global warming will have detrimental effects without considering its positive consequences.
They also offer a platform for solving the global warming controversy. This source is useful because it explains another facet of climate change that many researchers ignore in their analysis of this phenomenon. Moreover, it gives an insight on the role played by social movements in collective action towards global warming.
Venkataramanan, M. Causes and Effects of Global Warming. Indian Journal of Science and
Technology, Vol 4 No. 3 (2011): 226-229. Web 04 July 2013.
This source is from the Indian Journal of Science and technology, the leading open access online journal in India providing scholars with an opportunity to publish their original and explorative articles. These articles come from a wide range of scholars interested in issues related to science and technology, and would like to share their opinions across a large forum. In this article, Venkataramanan helps to give a brief and succinct definition of global warming, and insists that the various physical changes occurring in the earth’s atmosphere are a representation of unusual changes in the earth’s average temperature. Human activities such as the smoldering of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil and gasoline, deforestation have led concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming with detrimental consequences such as injury, death or disease. Finally, he calls for wise energy use by limiting the use of fossil fuels. I can use this source to offer arguments against the phenomenon of global warming. Moreover, it may give readers a broader understanding of climate change, and its consequences.
Vitousek, M. Peter. Beyond Global Warming: Ecology and Global Change. Journal of Ecology:
Ecology Society of America.Vol 75 No. 7 (Oct. 1994). Web 04 July 2013.
This ecological journal article is a copy from the Ecological Society of America, a professional organization of ecological scientists based in the U.S. It publishes a variety of topics in agro ecology and marine diversity in past, present, and future environments. In this source, Vitousek ascertains that global warming is not a fallacy but an ongoing activity in the earth’s atmosphere with serious consequences on our biological diversity on land and ecosystems. He further asserts that as much as it is anthropogenic, it leads to high carbon dioxide concentrations, alteration in the global nitrogen cycle, and land cover change.
These components of global environmental change are the main causes of expected changes in climate, and are primarily caused by increased human population. Therefore, he insists on a focus shift in order to respond to these environmental changes. This source is suitable for it reinforces the consequences of climate change, due to global warming on our biological diversity.
