Gene Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterium. It can be used as a biological pesticide, since it produces specific parasporal crystalline inclusions that have proven to be toxic for some widespread insect pests. That is why currently the main aim of the researches concerning these bacteria is creation and examination of new more effective strains to be used for control of the insect pest populations and development of insect resistant plants. The restriction enzymes are widely used for genome analysis of the different strains.
Valicente and da Silva have used restriction enzymes in their study to investigate the genetic ...

Literature Review

Literature Review

Briefly, describe the purpose and the main outcome of this study?

The purpose of this study was to constitute a rather unique DNA methylation analysis of concerning the very point’s humanity at a single-nucleotide resolution level. The outcome of this particular study consisted of original data generated from the cord plasma of a neonatal male Caucasian- NB and from centenarian, 103-y-old male Caucasian- Y103 by means of DNA removed from CD4+ T cells administered through an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Methodically, the use of the Illumina, Human Omni5-Quad Bead Chip, that of which covered 4,301,332 SNPs, validated the nonexistence of aneuploidy inside the examples studied.
Factually, there were ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?"
In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

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Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

How absentee fathers affect teen pregnancy in daughters

Introduction
The family is the basic unit of society. From this structure, individuals learn the tenets of how to integrate into society and cope with other members. Most mammal species live in the family unit, be it nuclear or extended. Within the family, members learn to bond, share and assist each other with difficulties. The human species shows the most sophisticated form of human organization. When children get born, they only get taught how to survive as adults, but there are certain values that parents must pass on to their children. Each family and society have different values and ...

The term biological marker or biomarker refers to a quantified characteristic which may act as a key indicator of a biological condition or a biological state. It can also allude to a substance whose existence indicates the presence of living organisms. In medicine the term can be used for a traceable substance introduced into the system of an organism as a way to examine aspects of health for example organ function. Clinical trials often employ the use of biochemical biomarkers chiefly by deriving them directly from bodily fluids. In genetics biological markers play quite a pivotal role as they are a sequence of DNA associated with disease causation ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...

Introduction

Cilia are ancient and evolutionarily conserved organelles which are found on cell surface. This organelle project from those cell surfaces to provide multifunctional biological roles in the organism. An important role that cilia has been known to perform for cells are the locomotion, sensation and reproduction. The implication of the defect in the cilia is that the cell that tend to depend on the organelles for proper performance will be limited in it role. There are many diseases that have been found to be associated with cilia defects. Since cilia occurred as important organelles of many cells, majority of ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background:
Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate gene expression (Wiemer, 2007; Garzon et al., 2009). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006). Currently, 4167miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007).
MicroRNAs are crucial for the development of vertebrates due to the fact that depletion of the components of the miRNA processing pathway, or interfering with maturation of miRNAs, is not compatible with life (Wiemer, 2007).
The miRNA ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into dormancy ...

Introduction

Every year, new records on different sports are broken by athletes. That is, they set new records on the previous limits of human performance in their respective sports. For example, a previous lap record in a sprint may easily get broken by another individual who can simply run faster and complete the same lap in a significantly shorter length of time. This is, in fact, one of the reasons why most people and experts in the field of sports ask if there is ever a limit to human performance. Some would answer yes and some would answer the opposite.
This also raises ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion.
There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

What are the causes of muscular dystrophy in the elderly?

1.0 Introduction
Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of degenerative disorders that are hereditary and progressive which result in the weakening of the skeletal muscles. There is a variety of muscular dystrophy which differ in terms of onset, degree of severity, penetrance and pattern of muscles that are affected. The main types of muscular dystrophy include: facioscapulohumeral, congenital, myotonic, Duchenne, limb girdle and oculopharnygeal and distal. Some of these disorders manifest during the formative years of life but some only manifest later on. This therefore implies that muscular dystrophy is a group of degenerative disorders that affects people of all ages; ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Factors such as race, sex and age may be significant benchmarks in the analysis or understanding of epidemiological details such as incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer.1 For instance, the incidence and mortality rates in men are twice more than in women.1 Based on race, African American males have a higher incidence rate than White males.1 This also applies between a comparison between African American females and White females respectively.
Despite the occurrence of new cases of oral cancer, the overall incidence rate trend over the last 30 years has been declining.2 The incidence rate of oral cancer among ...

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Introduction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a very influential technique that helps in amplifying the specific segments of DNA. This biochemical procedure is performed in-vitro that is quite different from cloning. This technique is a fusion of synthesis protocol of distinct repeated segments of DNA and thermostable DNA polymerase application that has given scientists a very potent analytical, immunological and molecular technique used prevalently in clinical laboratory science (Garibyan & Avashia, 2013). PCR is based on three primary steps that include denaturation of the template into single strands, annealing ...

Its role in Microglia causing dopamine cell death

This assignment is being submitted on June 18, 2015
Introduction
The list of prominent neurodegenerative disorders has Alzheimer’s at the topmost level and closely following it is the Parkinson’s disease. The latest researches pertaining to the Parkinson’s pathogenesis have narrowed down to the crucial relevance of Neuroinflammation and establishment of microglia. Thus there has to be a concrete substantiation to prove that Neuroinflammation has a significant contribution in causing Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Another approach to ratify the same can be done by proposing that genetic deficiency is not the sole cause for ...

Abstract

The purpose of this discussion is to determine the relationship between human papillomavirus type 16 and the incidence of cervical cancer in adult women. As such, prevalence and distribution of cervical cancer will be discussed, as will the current literature regarding the correlation between and potential causative effects of human papillomavirus type 16 on cervical cancer. Some of the studies examined in this discussion focus almost entirely on specific populations, but this discussion will focus on a more global, universal approach to the correlation between HPV-16 and cervical cancer. The literature reviewed in this discussion focuses primarily on discoveries and ...

Needless to say that having a phobia is normal for every sane person, as everybody with a healthy mind is afraid of something. He or she could be afraid of some creature (fictional and/or real), of some event, some situation etc. Every fear or phobia of something is a kind of anxiety disorder, which is generally being defined as uncontrollable and prevalent fear of a situation or an object, which is needed to be avoided by a person. It is identified by the person’s mind as a real danger to his/her existence, even when a situation or an object appears to be objectively safe; therefore, ...

Melanomas are tumors that arise from the melanocytes or the pigment cells (Mihajlovic et al. 739). A common form of melanoma is the primary mucosal melanoma that is found in the mucosal lining of the urogenital tract, respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract (Mihajlovic et al. 739). Primary malignant vaginal melanoma is one such type of mucosal malignant melanoma that is very rare (Lin et al. 376) and very aggressive in nature (Androutsopoulos et al. 1). The first case of primary malignant vaginal melanoma was reported in 1887 and modern literature has noted about 500 cases, globally (Chen et ...

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Introduction of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are highly diverse set of enzymes in bacteria that are used to identify specific 4- to 8-bp sequences referred to as restriction sites and cleave DNA strands internally at this site. These enzymes protect the bacteria from foreign DNA molecules such as those of phages. Restriction enzymes identify specific nucleotide sequences to differentiate between the “domestic” and “foreign” DNA. It attaches to the “recognition site” and breaks both strands of the DNA (Kufe et al.). Restriction enzymes may include EcoRV, EcoRI, and HindIII. EcoRV belongs to the type II restriction/modification system ...

Captive Breeding of Marine Mammals: Challenges and Mitigating Measures

Introduction
The growing demand to sustain the current lifestyle of the human population puts an added strain to the natural resources of the world. The increase in the exploitation of tropical forests and marine communities leads to a series of habitat destruction thereby leaving thousands of species of both terrestrial and marine animal homeless (Soule et al., 1986). Since 1986, there are already about nineteen percent and nine percent of the world’s mammals and birds respectively that are bread by zoos as per the International Zoo Yearbook Census. Based on the International Species Inventory System, there are about ...

Stress has been a common “illness” among professional’s alike and ordinary people. Several have been claiming that they are stress out. This claim has resulted to numerous drugs that are available over the counter to reduce stress. In addition, stress reliever sessions and classes have also been put up by psychologists or even gym instructors just for the purpose of reducing the stress that a person is feeling. What is stress and what causes it? Psychologically speaking, stress is defined as a reaction to a stimulus that can affect both the physical and mental equilibrium. As a result, it can cause numerous disturbances ...