Layer Literature Reviews Samples For Students

INTRODUCTION

The protocols at the transport layer of the OSI reference model provides an end-to-end data delivery service for application processes to exchange messages over the Internet. Protocols operating in the Transport layer use the services of the Internet Protocol (IP) to deliver messages. Many protocols exist at his layer and one of the most important protocols at this layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for the delivery of data between the Application Layer and the Internet Layer. The shortcoming of IP to guarantee the delivery of datagrams is overcome by TCP by setting up a virtual circuit between the communicating ...

Literature Review

Abstract
Innovations and modifications that produce cost reductions and enhance performance have driven the evolution of the classic solid rocket and the liquid bipropellant rocket into hybrid models that integrate the predominant solid and liquid model features into more sensical, more economical fabrications of design. The commercial spacecraft demands for aerospace propulsion have also evolved to include a market for environmentally sustainable hybrid rocket engines that has yet to fully mature to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Numerical modeling has been used as a tool to test the feasibility of new solid fuel types. ABS has been considered as ...

Abstract

PEBAX (Polyether Block Amide) is essentially a copolymer that offers the most comprehensive range of advantages among the several thermoplastic elastometers (TPE) that are available today. TPE is popular by the trade names of Vestamid E and Pebax as they are manufactured by two companies namely Evonik Industries and Arkema respectively. There are a number of favorable properties that Pebax use and because of such properties, it is currently being extensively used in a plethora of applications like industrial and medical as well. . Remarkable elastomeric properties, a wide range of service temperature, and in several cases, exceptionally great resistance ...

Introduction

Tensile testing is usually conducted to select a material for its application, quality control, and to forecast how the material is likely to react on deployment of different types of forces. The properties evaluated through the tensile test include the ultimate tensile strength, the maximum elongation, X-area reduction and so forth. These evaluations facilitate determination of such properties as Young’s Modulus, yield strength, Poisson’s ratio, and the characteristics of strain hardening [1. 2]. Tensile testing on glass fibre is, thus, performed to determine the quality of the material it contains, and to ascertain its suitability for various applications.

History of Fibre Glass

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Abstract

This paper aims at identifying and elaborating the development and functions of the human placenta, an organ that supports growth and development of the fetus. The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ that supports the development of a growing embryo by providing nutrients and gas from the mother to the embryo. Notably, the human placenta facilitates nutrients and gas exchange between the fetus and the mother which helps in maintaining fetomaternal tolerance. The placenta can release metabolic products into fetal and maternal circulations and it also metabolizes various substances. It also protects the fetus against maternal diseases, infections, and certain xenobiotic ...

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview
- Body Armor: Introduction
- History

In modern times, security forces and military personnel use body armor to mitigate the likelihood of serious injury while engaged in their professional activities. However, the use of body armor is by no means a new phenomenon. From the earliest times that man developed weapons, he has also produced means of providing protection against weapons wielded by others, including the use of body armor. Early man used comparatively primitive methods, but as civilizations developed and techniques advanced, body armor evolved. Whilst the soldiers of ancient Greece ...

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

Literature Review: Body Armor Overview

- Body Armor: Introduction

- History

In modern times, security forces and military personnel use body armor to mitigate the likelihood of serious injury while engaged in their professional activities. However, the use of body armor is by no means a new phenomenon. From the earliest times that man developed weapons, he has also produced means of providing protection against weapons wielded by others, including the use of body armor.
Early man used comparatively primitive methods, but as civilizations developed and techniques advanced, body armor evolved. Whilst the soldiers of ancient Greece used shields ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into dormancy ...

Env.S . (Day) , (Time) .

Topical Summary Assignment.

Industrial Ecology.
INFORMATIONAL ABSTRACT.
For various commodities to be produced, raw materials have to undergo various processes in their specific industries until the final output is produced. This process takes place in industries. Industries need to regulate their manufacturing processes so that they take part in maintenance of the environment since lately it has been noted that the key factor destroying our environment is the industries through the manufacturing process. The emissions from the production of these commodities by the chimneys of factories pollute the air by releasing dangerous gases into the atmosphere. These ...

Mythological criticism attempts to explore the different cultural myths that lie in a given form of literature. It is an extremely critical approach that is developed under a combination of anthropological, historical, psychological, as well as religious insights. Through the combinations of these insights mythological criticism has gained an extremely strong base. This is following the extensive contribution of each of these elements. Through psychological approach, mythological criticism aims at exploring an individual’s imagination or way of thought through an analysis of symbols and situations that a party is involved. This analysis is fundamental for conscious and unconscious mind. Historical approach analyzes ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

Literature Review of Security of RFID and GPS Devices

Introduction
The deployment of radio frequency identification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) is on the rise across several industries. RFID is used in traditional applications such as assets and inventory tracking. Presently, RFID technology is used in security services such as RFID embedded credit cards and electronic passports (Plunkett, 2012). RFID technology uses radio waves to identify objects and people. RFID devices read information contained in a wireless device commonly known as ‘tags’ from a distance without any physical contact. In a typical RFID communication, a clear line of sight is required. Although RFID technology was available from ...

Kathyann

Abstract
Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Management

Goss (2005), in Building a Contingency Menu: Using Capabilities-Based Planning for Homeland Defense and Homeland Security, says that Homeland Defense and Security planners need to develop a contingency plan to neutralize potential terrorist threats. Because of their shrewd and adaptive strategies, the Department of Homeland Defense and Security agency has come up with the concepts of ‘lines of operation’ ‘capabilities’ as the dynamics to define and explain potential and likely interactions. Moving from the more rational idea of, ‘who is the threat?’ to ‘what could the threat do?’ has given Homeland Defense and Security planners a broader spectrum of possibilities to explore ...

Introduction

During the creation of the world, the world contains some amount of resources to produce energy. The need for light during dark period forced many scientists to invent the flow of energy called electricity. The need for electricity forced humans to use non renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum etc. The Human fails to understand the non renewable energy resources are depleting in nature and it will diminish after some years. Now all of them are searching for renewable energy resources, among them solar energy is the good renewable energy resources that can be obtained from sun. The suns ...

The term biological marker or biomarker refers to a quantified characteristic which may act as a key indicator of a biological condition or a biological state. It can also allude to a substance whose existence indicates the presence of living organisms. In medicine the term can be used for a traceable substance introduced into the system of an organism as a way to examine aspects of health for example organ function. Clinical trials often employ the use of biochemical biomarkers chiefly by deriving them directly from bodily fluids. In genetics biological markers play quite a pivotal role as they are a sequence of DNA associated with disease causation ...

Lehn defines the concept of Supramolecular chemistry as 'chemistry beyond the molecule'; chemistry of the intermolecular bond that includes the functions and structures of the entities resulting from the bonding between multiple chemical species. According to Vogtle and Alfter (1991), supramolecular chemistry, contrary to molecular chemistry, is based on intermolecular bonding or interactions, while the later is predominantly based on the covalent bonding of atoms. In other words, supramolecular chemistry deals with the bonding between two or more building blocks that are bound together by means of intermolecular bonds.
The aforesaid concept bears on the organized entities of ...

Literature Review

In contrast to the male body armor, problems are encountered with the manufacture of female body armor due to the curvaceous shape of the female body (Chen and Yang, 2010a). This garment has the purpose of protecting women’s torsos, particularly the women who are involved in military or law enforcement activities.
In the female body armor that Sirvart Mellian invented (Mellian, 1980), the contoured front protective armor panel was composed of multiple superposed layers of ballistic-resistant plies of fabric that was made of aramid polymer yarns. The contour was obtained through the overlap of the seams that ...