Cyber Crimes Research Papers Samples For Students

Cyber and Technology Enabled Crime

Introduction
Cybercrime or technology related crime has been on the rise with the advent of technology and the continued sophistication of life in this digital era. Besides the benefits that have flowed therefrom, technology has also brought along numerous challenges, key among them cybercrime (Sieber & Brunst, 2007). This paper is written with the main aim of examining the concept of cybercrime and the war against the vice, in a bid to ensure that online operators are safe and secure from all ills that technology engenders. In the first section, we discuss the term cybercrime and what it constitutes so ...

With the growing security threats in the United States such as the 9/11 attacks, which claimed the lives of many Americans and foreigners the National Security Agency put in place measures that ensure that the United States government monitors the communications of its citizens. Despite the security concerns, the American constitution defends the rights and freedoms of speech. Consequently, there have been varied reactions on the government’s efforts to monitor the communication in the interests of national security. These opponents of the governmental monitoring believe that most of the government’s enemies are outsiders. Nevertheless, proponents argue that ...

Abstract

Passwords are the most commonly used authentication system primarily because they are free not because they are superior to other authentication processes. However, when properly managed through the adoption of good password management practices, passwords are capable of guaranteeing the security of our online accounts and information stored in electronic gadgets such as computers. The human factor has been blamed for compromising efforts towards enhancing computer security particularly so because of general password mismanagement. While past research has recommended good password management systems, the reason behind continued password mismanagement despite the knowledge of good password management practices has not ...

Disease Surveillance Requirements in Australia

While much has been hypothesized regarding disease surveillance, it is of the essence to note that this occurs as one of the fundamental components of animal health services. This may be attributed to the fact that disease surveillance offers a comprehensive platform that provides warning on impending disease outbreaks. On a similar note, disease surveillance offers a viable platform that allows for planning, implementation and monitoring of a wider array of disease control programs. In a nutshell, disease surveillance is important for emergency preparedness for any animal disease. A close analysis of the Australian contexts depicts the existence of a robust animal disease surveillance program, ...

I. Introduction
Ever since National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden leaked a cache of documents detailing the NSA’s comprehensive electronic reconnaissance program in June 2013, mass electronic surveillance and the ability of the government to intercept and access communication around the world have been of the hottest public policy topics in the nation. The focus of the debate centers on the tension between privacy and security. On the one hand, privacy advocates argue that while the Founding Fathers had not explicitly stated that Americans had a “right to be left alone,” various rights at common law and provisions ...

In any conversation regarding dystopian literature, there are works that cannot be ignored due to their importance in the landscape not only within the genre, but also within the enormous oeuvre of English literature. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, where American society has outlawed books and other written works, is perhaps one example. Another would be Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, where the year 2450 is marked by extreme class government, where citizens born into the lower class are enslaved through drugs and other nefarious substances. More recently, the recent spate of young-adult dystopian novels, such as Suzanne ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Since the conception of the internet, the intentions of users have grown more devious. In the beginning, what appeared to be toy is now often used to commit crimes. When the internet first arrived in homes across America, it was not often used as a tool to hurt others. At most, it was a novelty. However, as time progressed, individuals began to see all the potential held within the internet. A person could go anywhere, do anything, and be anybody. While this must have been exhilarating, it has also proved dangerous. It is difficult to believe at times that some once ...

A whistleblower can be defined as an individual who chooses to expose an injustice or misconduct that occurs in an organization (of which he is typically a member). There are many different types of misconduct that can be exposed in a way that can be construed as whistleblowing – typically, this involves knowing breaking of the laws or defrauding of an individual or interest, or some other kind of corruption. Whistleblowing typically occurs either internally (within the company, for example), or externally (to a larger regulatory body, like law enforcement or the media) (Faunce and Jefferys, 2007).
In one recent prominent case ...

As the technology takes root in the society, it is becoming hard for the intellectuals to protect their products from online injustices. One attempt to tame these vices have been to bring in board the Internet Service Providers (IPSs) to board under the international copyright legislation to limit the pirate activates. Legal action has been taken as a remedy to this problem to the IPSs who fails to corporate with this legislation.
Australia is a leading nation in the online piracy activities with over 11.6 % of illegal downloads of the season four of Game of Thrones movie that has just ...

Introduction

Measles is “a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the measles virus” (CDC, 2014). Another term for this is rubeola, as opposed to rubella, which is a term for German measles. Measles can lead to fever, a runny nose, cough and rashes all over the body. One out of ten individuals with the disease also develop an ear infection, while one out of 20 individuals with the disease will contract pneumonia. For every 1000 children with measles around one or two children will succumb to the disease and/or its complications. Adults can contract measles if they were not vaccinated earlier in life ( ...

PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011 allows for roving wiretaps similar to the ECPA, effectively enabling spies to intercept a suspect’s electronic and wire communications associated to suspect conduct under the PATRIOT Act 2000, regardless of their location. This helps track suspects who move from phone booth, handset or computer to computer multiple times in order to foil tacking efforts. Roving wiretapping necessitates interception of email communications (without naming the communications carrier and other third parties involved in the tap). Section 209 allows stored voice mail to be treated as data as defined under section 2703 as against intercepts ...

Introduction

Technology plays a major role in the development of any country and also the human civilization. From battery-operated missiles for the defense authority to processor-run laptops in a common man’s home, technological developments have shaped and influenced the lifestyles across all types of organizations and touched many human lives. One such bright facet currently trending is the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which represent a sector of aerospace and defense organization. Piloted remotely by human operators, these automated aircraft systems are mainly used in the military to launch missiles, deliver intelligence and surveillance reports across the borders, and provide real-time imaging and ...

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Hacking means any practice of changing the characteristics of any system to achieve a motive besides the original purpose of the system. While computer hacking is the process of manipulating the course of the function of networks and systems. In past, hacking means constructive and technical work not restricted to computer networks and systems. But today hacking is referred to as destructive attacks on computer and networks for different motives. In 2012, the ...

Cyber security

Cyber security focuses on protecting the information, network, data and programs stored in the computer from unexpected or intended interferences, known as cybercrime.

Prevent, detect, respond, control, and deter attacks

Prevention is always the best way to solve a problem. For cyber security, updating softwares and using a business class antivirus which is complete and up to date to scanning the computer on regular basis keeps the system protected, as well as, creating an upper hand for the user.
Detection that involves taking measures like system auditing by an IT expert is the most important approach. This helps to detect signs like, slow command activation, undirected commands ...

Introduction

The National Security Agency (NSA) is the largest intelligence agency of USA that gathers information to detect any potential threat to USA. Recently in 2013, it created a lot of buzz when Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor, revealed to the media about the clandestine surveillance programs of the NSA (NCPA 2014). According to the documents leaked by Snowden, the NSA spies on over a billion of people worldwide by intercepting their calls. Not only that, the NSA has access to the phone records of all the American citizens for the purpose of mass surveillance. It was also revealed that PRISM, the ...

Information System Security

Information System Security
Customers, business, as well as, the government, rely on web service and the internet to communicate and get information. Very institution has a responsibility to manage data and at the same time transfer and access data in a reliable way. Therefore, it is their duty to ensure that the cyber café they make use of are secure to ensure privacy is upheld (Chew, 2007). The world at the present generation has become digital, and attacks on computers have, therefore, increased. Attack on a single computer, may affect many other systems within his institutions which may in turn result ...

In today’s world that is marked by heavy usage of computers, gadgets, and wireless networking technologies, as perfectly exemplified by the World Wide Web or simply the internet, digital crime or cybercrime has been becoming a more and more common occurrence. Digital crime can be committed by one person against another person and can be as simple as the act of hacking a person’s password and using it to commit fraudulent acts. It may also be committed by one country against another, or in this case, one country against the United States, the subject country for this paper and ...

The Impact of CyberTerrorism on the U.S Economy

In the US today, it is disturbing to think how computers are targeted to be used as weapons by politically motivated international and national groups. This is done with an intention to cause violence or instill fear to the government and its people. It has involved activities such as shutting down of critical infrastructures nationally and internationally. This may include the government operations, transportation, and communication among others. Consequently, the government and the civilian populations are coerced or intimidated. This has often led to making adjustments on some government policies. Cyberterrorism is a subject situated in an equally new research ...

George Orwell’s novel 1984 opens with the protagonist, Winston Smith, lounging around his grey depressing apartment in London. He is alone in the first scene, and throughout much of the novel remains that way. Essentially, everyone within the dystopian society within the book is separated from the society they are a part of. Winston lives in a dingy apartment where his government constantly monitors him.
There is essentially no freedom, and ceaseless war. Orwell was not just writing a fictional dystopian thriller, but was making important political statements about where culture could be headed if the people of a society allowed ...

Annotated Bibliography of Steve Mann’s Articles

Mann, Steve Manders, Corey Belmellat, Billal Kansal, Mohit and Chen, Daniel. “Steps towards “undigital’ intelligent image processing: Real-valued image coding of photoquantimetric pictures into the JLM file format for Compression of Portable Lightspace Maps.”
This article examines file formats employed in image compression by offering a solution to address the need for real coding and file formats. The author recognizes the recent advancement in the intelligent signal processing which have enabled capture of high dynamic images. These images are as an array of real numbers instead of the current convention of integers. Further, the author argues that the real ...

Law

Based on the article of Cerf (2012), he stated that internet access is not either a civil right or a human right. Internet access is powered by technology and technology is a means to enable rights, but cannot be considered as a right in itself. Cerf (2012) equates human right to one that refers to critical freedom or liberties guaranteed under the Constitution such as the freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of access to information among others. Internet access is only a precondition for enjoying a number of human rights. The transformative nature of the internet does not only enable the individuals to ...

LAW ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES

LAW
Law Enforcement Challenges 2
Abstract
The computers and Internet made a revolution in our world and everyday lives. We perform almost all necessary actions like paying bills, banking, shopping, booking tickets, etc. through Internet. Our relationships and the connected with that communications are realized through Internet.
Since our life is more and more computerized, the possibility to become victims of cybercrimes as fraud, harassment, all kinds of cyber-stalking, obscenity, robbery, etc. very often, is a reality.
Together with the positive influence over today’s realities, the collateral change in accomplishment of crimes mutated which caused ...

Utilizing ADS

Alternate data streams are used to hide data. End users can hide data using ADSes in that the information that they contain does not contain any information that can be seen to be changed. One example in which this is done is that when there is a change in one of the fields of the information, there will be no change in the size of the file. The functionality of the file will not be changed also. This makes the ADS hidden. This is a destructive feature that ADS has because attackers will make use of this feature to hide their ...

Introduction

The world is growing at an alarming rate where technology has taken over almost every operation. Information and communication technologies play a greater role in supporting the economic growth of a country in order to reach higher levels of competitiveness. Technology assists in many ways ranging from production in industries, for security purposes, farming, and many other operations occurring in the day-to-day living. One of the areas where technology has a great impact is on surveillance. As many countries go digital, many security concerns have been raised. The mass adoption of technology is a disruptive wave that has overtaken almost every industry globally. ...

Introduction

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, sometimes known as FISA, is a federal law enacted in the United States, designed to allow surveillance of individuals who are perceived to be a threat to the United States (Breglio, 2003). First enacted in 1978, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act was originally intended for use during the Cold War. Because that particular war depended so much on intelligence regarding what foreign nations were doing and how they were planning on using the information they obtained about the United States to undermine her security, the government felt the need to enact a piece of legislation that allowed ...

Introduction

Hacking is a cybercrime which is on a rise with every passing year. Due to the lack of policies and proper law against cybercrimes in many countries, hackers roam around freely even after committing crimes. The main problem with hacking is that a hacker can easily trespass into the systems of other countries while sitting in a remote location. Many terrorist networks have hackers operating in countries where it is difficult to nab and arrest them. For example, east European countries are the safe havens for hiding and launching attacks on computers from. Some of the countries have collaborated together to create security ...

Nosocomial infections are infections that occur within forty-eight hours of being admitted in hospital, three days of discharge or thirty days of a surgery. Most prominent ones are pneumonia, urinary-tract infection, surgical and bloodstream infection. In the previous years, research indicated that at minimum 5% of patients develop nosocomial infections. With the increased use of invasive procedures, current research shows that more than 8% of patients now acquire nosocomial infections. Acquisition of the infection causes the patient to stay in hospital 2.5-times longer than expected and consequently incur extra costs (Ken & Alison, 2013). In extreme cases, the infections lead to ...

Substance abuse in Durham

Over 20,000 people living in Durham are affected by the substance abuse, which has become a common problem in the community. 19,500 residents are regular users of substance, including middle school and high school students. In this county, the common illicit drugs include cocaine, marijuana and heroin. Smoking and alcohol abuse are widely exercised by the residents of Durham County (Kleiman, & Hawdon, 2011). Durham County is ranked among the top three counties that are mostly affected by the drug abuse in the state.
Substance abuse and use has resulted to more than 30% cases of domestic violence ...

1.0 Background Information on SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged febrile lower respiratory viral disease that has been described in Asia, Europe, North America and recently Middle East. The disease was first reported in Asia, specifically in Guangdong Province of Southern China, in late 2002. It then spread to Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, Canada, Taiwan, Thailand, Canada, the U.K, U.S and Slovenia at an unprecedented rate, so that in a period of weeks it had spread to 37 countries and was thus a pandemic of global concern in 2003. SARS is reported to be the first global ...

Books, music videos and several other pieces of art often comprise the word ‘copyright’ on its product. Being commonly understood as a legal concept, copyright is the right of ownership given to the person behind an original piece as enacted and implemented by the government. It is a category of Intellectual property rights which gives the originator exclusive rights to decide who benefits or adapts the work along with other rights associated with the product. In other words, it gives the sole authority and right to the person for his original work (Mark, 2012). The idea of copyright dates back to ...

Introduction

We are in the middle of a fast growing internet age. Internet, social networking, VOIP, teleconferencing and cloud computing are growing phenomenally. Though the growth of technology is on fast track, the security system is yet not full-proof enough. This lapse in security measures provides an opportunity to a group of people to intrude private networks and system illegally, resulting in the creation of a new brand of criminals called cyber criminals or hackers. Internet is a virtual space not restricted by any country boundary. Often vulnerability in the network of one country can be used to attack a neighboring country. In UAE, first ...

Facilitator:

Abstract
Cybercrime marks one of the swiftly increasing crimes on the globe, with more people using the computers to fake identity and loot other people. With the crime on the rise, methods of controlling and minimizing the crimes deem necessary in all sectors. However, in the health sector, some methods can apply to the best and combat the cybercrime completely. The paper explores the best business planning and disaster recovery practices that can be applied in the healthcare sector to address cybercrimes.
A digital world is characterized with the adoption of new strategies for executing various activities. ...

Digitized Society: A Reflection

Some might say the crime of the 21st century will be white collar. If that is true, what will be the major types of cybercrime? How can we safeguard against it?
The FBI defines white collar crimes in a nutshell as lying, cheating and stealing where the target usually is to get or avoid something from a company or person or gain some business advantage. (2013). I agree with their perception that this type of crime is the 21st century type of crime. Based on data by the FBI, in 1999, 42% of the crimes they recorded can be considered ...

Regarding cybercrime law, the argument by Kristoffer is sufficient as the most important crime that has the potential to bring damage to information within an organization is that which deals with fraud. Computer fraud is taking shape and is being experienced in different organizations. The proliferation of the internet and the increase in computer access has heightened computer fraud. Computer fraud cybercrime law is therefore the most important law that has been put in place. Computer fraud act has been changed and amended several times to adapt to the changing face of computer fraud. There has been the need ...

The most important cybercrime law that is available today is that pertaining substantive cybercrime. These are the laws that do prohibit individuals in undertaking online identity theft. This is the section 18 U.S.C & 1028A (Casey, 2011). The law states that this is the laws that is concerned with fraud or related activities like documents that are used for identification, features that are used for identification, and information (Casey, 2011). This is an important cybercrime law because, if implemented well, will help fraudsters from using other people information and identification to defraud the internet users. Many of the cybercrime is ...

Influenza can be introduced in correctional institutions like prisons, rehabilitation centers or in long term care facilities by newly admitted prisoners, civilians or even by health care providers. An outbreak of influenza in such institutions can lead to severe and fatal illnesses. Confirmed or suspected cases of influenza in prisons are therefore taken with a lot of seriousness, control and prevention measures are initiated immediately.
Prevention of influenza virus in prison requires a multi – faceted approach that includes vaccination, surveillance, testing, infection control, and treatment and anti viral chemoprophylaxis.

Vaccination – this should be provided routinely to inmates, civilians and caregivers ...

How serious is the threat from abuses in the use of new technologies?

The recent days have realized new technology gradually becoming part of our daily lives. Many sectors have not been left out as the nations of the world consciously or unconsciously strive to be modernized. The sad part of this is that alongside this cutting edge conveniences and technology comes a number of downsides. Today, many nations have embraced the new surveillance technology such as the recently developed HD closed –circuit television (CCTV) that has gone overboard, interfering with the many attempts to monitor infringement of individual’s privacy. Such is the case that high definition cameras with the ability to ...

In 1938, German engineer, Zuse Conrad, assembled the first computer called the Z1. The computer was created to work and calculate mathematical problems. As the years went by, computers became electronically enabled and extremely functional to the level that programs and software offered people the capacity to store digital information and aid in daily tasks. The government and private establishments embraced what computers could hence adopted the technology. This enabled the organizations to enjoy the dependable capabilities of computers. In today’s societal model, the world circles around the functionality of the computer and internet connections, which allow for ...

Authentication, a most commonly used mechanism to ensure security of systems, is a process of verifying that one attempting to gain access to the systems, is actually legible to. It works by monitoring the user identity information availed at logon and ensuring the identity given is true. However, as much as the sole reason behind authentication is to ensure, it should be made as user friendly as possible (Anderson, 2008).
Mechanisms put in place to ensure user friendly authentication include the two-way authentication and use of biometrics (Quigley, 2005). These, however, have not achieved the full potential to ensure user ...

Background information

Cyber crime has been a major concern to almost all countries that have embraced technology. This has been popular among the use of internet for financial transactions, in facilitating
E-governance and in other sensitive and critical websites, either directly or indirectly linked to the government. Mexico has not been exempted from this; in fact it has been named as one of the leading countries with a compromised cyber security.
There has, however, never existed a legal framework governing cyber space in Mexico, until recently when the “The Legal Framework of Cybercrime and Legal Enforcement” was released. This was to serve ...

The issue of privacy of persons has become a common point of argument in many countries. Several people incessantly complain that social network sites have scrapped all the privacy of individuals. However, the latest area of concern is privacy of internet users. Currently, due to the rising cases of insecurity and threats of terrorism, most governments have initiated modalities through which peoples information can be shared through various organizations inclusive of governmental security offices. To top it off, video camera surveillance systems have been fitted in residential houses of individuals, workplaces, and all other public places such as social places. ...

Video surveillance is slowly but strongly enforcing itself in the society today. CCTV cameras and other surveillance equipment including software can be found almost everywhere. The law enforcement agents are using CCTV footages to identify and prosecute criminals. CCTV cameras are found in banking halls, the mall and also on the streets. CCTV cameras are very handy in deterring criminal activities and maintaining harmony on the streets but in not properly utilized can lead to invasion of privacy. The private space of an individual is where they are not under any unauthorized surveillance (Harris 2004) The fourth amendment law ...

Accessing someone else’s confidential information without the owner’s permission is a serious crime that makes people and companies lose a lot of money, property, and respect. Different people have different perspectives this issue of hacking. The decisions depend on how a person understands the term, and the nature of threats available. Although, cyber terrorism is an issue of national security, some governments still cordon it with claims that it is a silent mode of crime and in most cases; the offenders end up unnoticed therefore; use it as a weapon to fight other organizations. Mitigation is the process whereby an individual, organization, ...

Hacking as an Addiction

The rising number of computer addicts rise proportionally with the rising number of “computer hacking addicts”. Statistics shows that in 2003, there are around 5.3 million computer addicted users which increased by 18% in a spanned of two years. Of this number, around 25% engaged in computer hacking. (Nikodyz, Ariss & Kurtz, 2005)
Because several studies showed similarity of the symptoms of computer addicts compared to that of alcohol or drug addicts, computer addiction has been tagged as a behavioural problem. Computer addicts likewise become computer hackers. Hacking can also be additive when one person becomes finds it fun to solve ...

Legal Operations in International Business

This world’s most aspects are directed and controlled by law. A major dynamic activity that is governed by law is business operations, which are basically the most undertaken activities in the globe. Additionally, the longest activities being undertaken are business activities. Therefore, even at the time when the law was drafted, business has overly been addressed in the present day law. This paper is going to address the interaction between the common types of laws that have evolved over the years with major business activities in the globe.
There are two types of law, civil and common ...

Marc Jacobs came under fire during the recent New York fashion Week for sending two models old down the runway. Reason, the two were aged 14 years contrary to the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) rules which require fashion designers to employ models aged at least 16 years. The fact that Marc Jacobs is not only an influential fashion designer, but also a member of the CFDA that set the rules, raises management ethics concerns.

Jacobs based his actions on utilitarian system of ethics where resulting outcomes determine the moral worth of an action (Shaw, 1999). A survey ...

Internet Copyright Infringement

This paper is a research on Congressman Howard Coble’s Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It limits the accountability of internet service providers (ISPs) “for copyright infringements made over their networks, unless they have knowledge of such activity or gain economically from it” (Macavinta, 1998).
The writer agrees with the provisions of this law, as the writer believes that each individual should be responsible and accountable for their own actions. The writer believes that it would be unfair and unreasonable to make ISPs accountable for every single action of their subscribers. For ...

CRIMINOLOGY IN THE FUTURE

Crime fighting, also referred to as criminal justice, is used to describe a system of institutions and practices laid forth by the government so as to deter, mitigate and control crime, and also to sanction and rehabilitate those who commit criminal offenses. There are various sub-branches in criminal justice and one of these is criminology. This sub-branch involves scientifically studying the extent, control, causes and nature of criminal behavior in both the society and the individual. This sub-branch is an interdisciplinary field that is based on research conducted in sociology, social anthropology, and psychology. Since research is a progressive activity, changes ...

Abstract

Although the methodology and technology of warfare had evolved together with human civilization, the main ideas of preparation, preemption, intelligence collection and overall awareness of enemy’s capabilities remain relevant today just as two thousand years ago. The aim of the current research is to investigate a specific issue of intelligence and surveillance, meaning the influence of the modern Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) on the aerial surveillance. In this context, a specific issue of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as means of surveillance collection is discussed in the framework of its benefits and possible challenges for the future intelligence and ...

Research on Legal and Regulatory Environment

Abstract

The modern world had greatly improved the way of living in all aspects of daily life. Technology and Information Technology in particular had evolved to the point that it became a crucial element in building a business empire. Many business organizations rely on IT in order to deliver goods and services at the fastest possible rate. But in recent years the fast phased environment of information technology also paved way for a bigger threat to economic and national security. Cyber crimes elevated to a greater level of competence that seeks to take advantage of the available technological resources to commit theft and ...

Analysis on the Difference between Crimes versus Cyber Crime

Abstract

In most parts of the world crime has always been a major concern on every state. The same reason why legislators and law makers exists because their primary role is to create laws that will suppress if not totally diminish crimes in their respective countries. In common terms crime is identified if a person committed an act in violation of a prevailing law. This act of crime is categorized in different levels and gravity of offense in which a specific punishment applies. But in recent years, crimes have crossed the continental boundaries. Before, crimes do occur but only isolated in particular location ...

The dream of achieving a vertical flight has always been with Igor Sikorsky, a Russian-born aeronautical engineer for years before managing to develop the first machine that was associated with all we called helicopter today. He actually made several attempts until the dream was achieved. Some of his important failures regarding the building of helicopter is that of Circa that was built in 1910. The dream of eventually being carried into the air vertically came true eight years after submitting a patent for a modern looking helicopter in 1931.
The first practical helicopter was the VS-300 that lifted him up. He never ...

Toward a Happy Medium: Maintaining Balance Between America’s Right to Liberty and Need for Security Through the Fourth Amendment

Abstract

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution is near the heart of the American model of civil liberty. In no other amendment do the notions of liberty and security rest at such delicate legal counterpoints. Maintaining balance between the two is a constant challenge. Decisions in landmark cases in the last half of the 20th century helped to affirm important Fourth Amendment principles and protections concerning search and seizure, drug testing and probable cause. But in the post-9/11 world, Americans’ right to ...

Computer Crime

Computer technology offers a lot of advantages for people involved in a variety of spheres, including government, business, education, etc. With the help of computer and the Internet, it becomes possible for people to cross any boundaries. Internet is a powerful tool, which allows accessing a lot of resources with important information. Owing to this fact, Internet is considered to be one of the greatest technological and informational achievements. However, specialists suggest that at present time there is a lack of safety in the Internet. Although the majority of web-sites, which can be found in the Internet belong to certain business organizations or individual ...

With the help of information technology, a company can store vast amounts of data, perform complex operations, and conduct business in a much more expedient way with fewer personnel. However, with that opportuntiy comes risk; computer hackers can wreak havoc on a business’ network, leading to stolen information, corrupted data, and compromised business. If a company does not take appropriate steps to guard their networks, they can fall prey to all manner of hacking attempts. Luckily, there are detailed and comprehensive steps you can take to secure your information and maintain an information secure workplace. With the help of high-bit encryption, password-protecting, authentication ...

Q. 6.

In Kenya, the mortality rate of Rift Valley Fever (RFV) was reported to be 23 % between 30th November, 2006 and March 12, 2007. This percentage is a representative of the overall 684 cases reported and the 155 deaths reported. North Eastern province led with a total of 333 cases while Rift Valley had 183 cases reported. On the other hand, 141 cases were reported in Coast Province while 14 cases were reported in the Central region. The North Eastern part of Kenya had the least number of casualties reported; 13 cases. Out of the 684 cases described, only 234 cases were ...

Abstract

The term surveillance originates from the French language and it means “watching over” Surveillance is the act of monitoring activities and behavior as well as people’s surreptitious changing of information. Surveillance mostly refers to a private observation of individuals or groups of people by government organizations. Also, disease surveillance is process of monitoring the disease progress in a given community. The term surveillance can as well be applied to distance observations by electronic equipment means. A good example of electronic equipments used for surveillance is a CCTV camera. Another surveillance method is through electronically transmitted information interceptions through phones calls and ...

Abstract

A Cybercrime is a crime performed through the use of or against digital technologies . The crimes are perpetrated using a computer, computer networks or other information communication technology. The target or victim of the crime is computers or network services. The victim may be random or specifically targets. Typically, the criminal is seeking to gain personal profit or financial gain, but may also be seeking to cause physical damage or make a statement as a form of protest. Cybercrimes began to arise with the introduction of computer systems and have grown and advanced with technology. The investigation of cybercrimes ...

Government Survaillance is unconstitutional and should not be conducted. It deprives citizens their right of liberty. Peolpe’s privacy should not be sacrificed for the sake of security.
Security concerns have often been used to justify a breach of citizens’ privacy. Law enforcement groups have created different measures such as the use of surveillance cameras including in many public places to monitor the activities of unsuspecting citizens. In the surveillance process, the agencies involved use high-tech machines. These devices are controlled from a private area and are mostly invisible to the public (Norris, 2010). The tools are made in ...

Introduction

The quest to protect the privacy of people in the digital era has been subject to debate for several years since the revelation by Edward Snowden about the secret surveillance by the NSA and the intelligence agencies. The use of social networks as a way to interact with peers as well as a source of information cannot have become prevalent in the modern society due to its ease of access. It is undisputable that security has also become a challenge in this era where human rights are equally matters to grapple with. It is important that certain elements of ...