Gas Research Papers Samples For Students

1. Brief History if Russian economic development and the role of nature gas in it.
2. Literature – the outlook of two articles with the relates topics, critical analysis of the authors point of view regarding the importance of nature gas owning by the Russian Federation in the geopolitical and internal policy.
3. Body:
- The place of Russia among the largest gas owning countries.
- The main Deposits locations of nature gas
- Natural gas in the fuel and energy balance of Russia
- The Russian nature gas market
- Government support and legislative background4. Summary and conclusion
1. ...

Introduction

The USA is the largest oil consumer in the world, followed by Europe, Asia and other regions. It consumes an estimated 20 million barrels of oil every day, which is 50% more than the oil consumption of the whole of the European Union with 60% more population density than the USA (Knittel 2012). The oil consumption of the USA is also twice the rate of the same in China. The USA is the largest oil importer in the world, importing more than 13.5 million barrels of oil per day, thereby accounting for more than 63% of the total daily ...

Introduction

Russia is a huge producer of oil and gas. It is the second largest producer and exporter of oil, and the largest producer and exporter of natural gas (Winfrey, 2010). Its economy largely depends on its oil and gas reserves. The funds acquired from its oil and gas reserves have greatly contributed to the survival of its political system. Boix (2004) argues that there are no examples of a successful transition to democracy in a country in which the contribution of the oil in the country’s export income is more than one third, and it seems to be ...

- Introduction- To analyze Oil and Gas prices by understanding the basics of oil and gas, major event in past and important players in the oil and gas industry.
- Key Points
- Major Players in the Oil and Gas Markets.
- Story of Oil and Gas through decades.
- Decoding the pricing of Oil and Gas
- What is the future of Oil and Gas?
- Body of the paper
- The major players that operate in oil and gas industry globally who have the political and economical clout to alter and change oil and gas dynamics.
- ...

Natural gas represents a gases mixture that can be found in the ground and is created by the way of organic substances decomposition of anaerobic character. Typically, this type of gas is a mix of gaseous hydrocarbons, such as butane, ethane, methane, propane, etc., which is found in the earth's crust. It is broadly utilized as a fuel of very economical kind for various power plants in the glass and cement industry, nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy, building materials production and for household needs. It is also used as raw component for various organic compounds.
This type of gas is ...

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking as it is commonly referred to as, can be considered as the most innovative technology in energy production in the 21st century. Fracking is the process of breaking up the shale found beneath the surface of the earth to extract natural gas supplies (Hasset & Mathur, 11). It involves the process of drilling a series of holes into the ground, which are then pumped with a fluid (mainly water) to create pressure that forces natural gas out of the cracks for extraction. In as much as hydraulic fracturing has been adopted widely as a method of ...

Abstract

The effects of oil drilling towards the environment or any drilling of similar nature such as drilling of natural gas has been extensively discussed. Major stakeholders such as the government, the private sector and common people that are directly influenced by these drilling activities have different views towards this topic, which makes it more controversial. Some idealist stakeholders, for example, believe that oil drilling poses serious environmental threats. For the same reason, they believe that the risk outweighs the advantages and so these drilling activities must be stopped at once. On the other hand, those stakeholders that is benefiting ...

Abstract

The fugacity is a term that has Latin origins, referring to pace and speed. Early work somewhere in the 20th century, on fugacity, demonstrated that chemical equilibrium is established by the free energies of reacting material. Since then, various approaches and concepts on fugacity have been provided. The gas fugacity of noble gasses has been studied, and models have been proposed for calculating the solubility of noble gasses. The development of various models has considered pressure effects, differential equilibrium between components and temperature changes.
The paper discusses the evolution of various multimedia fugacity models and the fugacity of pure ...

Hydraulic fracturing is one of the popular methods of producing natural gas being applied in US in extraction of Shale Gas. The method has been hailed as a success in producing clean gas and as a source of energy that is responsibly produced. However, the method has its limitations in that it involves negative externalities. In this respect, this analysis seeks to explain the process, its pros and cons as well as its costs.

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROCESS AND COSTS

Hydraulic fracturing for shale gas extraction has been in US since 194o with an average of 90 percent of US gas and oil production being ...

Introduction

These days, after the rise of industrial revolution, almost every economy is dependent on industrial activities which businesses pursue to not only make profits but create value for the society at large. While pursuing such an activity, the manufacturing concerns are also required to take care of the environment as well. This is because the production activities not only involve the release of dangerous wastes but also involve the emission of carbon dioxide gas which is harmful for society, environment and marine life as a whole resulting in a rise of global warming.
Carbon dioxide (having a chemical formula ...

Natural gas resources will continue to play a significant role in the sustainability and objective of having an independent, self sufficient energy mix for the United States in the coming years. With its objective of being able to increase its use of clean energy in the mix, American energy sector policy makers are looking to harness the extensive stores of natural gas that have become commercially viable resulting from the use of cutting edge technology in the fields of “horizontal drilling” and “hydraulic fracturing” that have allowed operators to extract greater amounts of oil and natural gas from shale ...

Abstract

This paper analyzes different studies made by researchers in order to identify economic, environmental and political aspects of fracking and provides explanations on how fracking could be both advantageous and disadvantageous to the United States of America. Most of researchers argue that fracking activities have a negative effect on our environment and public health. For example, researchers from the Colorado School of Public Health and Brown University have found that the babies born near gas wells were 30 percent more likely to have congenital heart defects and oral clefts. In economic terms fracking is beneficial for our country as ...

Management

Introduction
The oil and gas sector of the United States of America supplies around 65 percent of U.S. energy. This sector includes petroleum refining and gas and oil extraction industry. Globally, the United States of America accounts for more than 500,000 producing wells for petroleum and has around 4000 natural gas and oil platforms. It is the third largest producer of petroleum in the world. In total, this country has around 144 refineries which produce crude oil of more than 17 million barrels daily (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
There have been several factors like alternative fuels, growing production ...

Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a technique that involves typical mixing of water with chemicals and sand, under high pressure. The mixture is injected into wellbore to create small fractures where fluids such as petroleum, gas, brine water and uranium-bearing solution might migrate to the well. The hydraulic pressure is removed from such well and small proppant grains are used in holding the fractures open when the rock achieves equilibrium. This technique is common in wells for tight gas, shale gas, coal seam gas and tight oil. Such well stimulation is carried out once in the well’s life ...

Oil is one of the extremely traded products in the global markets due to its diverse uses which thus dictate its constant supply so as to facilitate the production process. For this reason, a majority of governments which undertake oil production have formulated comprehensive policies to govern their oil markets so as to ensure enough economic control of the precious commodity. Crude oil is the main product from which gas is extracted for specified uses in the markets such as automobile fuelling and many more. Thus, a change in the economic situation of the oil markets would also create ...

Introduction

Emission of the toxic substance by industries is common all over the world. Toxic substances are emitted daily by industries and anthropogenic activities. Toxic substances are categorized into three categories namely organic, inorganic and metallic compounds. Examples of organic, inorganic and metallic compounds are methane, sulfate and mercury respectively. There have been reports of these substances having negative effects on the environment. Substances like methane are responsible for increased atmospheric temperature. Sulfates affect soil. Sulfates combine with atmospheric water to form acid water. Acid water has a negative effect of soil and microorganism living in it. Mercury, on the ...

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and two methods of reducing these emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions are a rising concern facing the entire world today. Greenhouse gasses are essentially those chemical compounds found on earth which allow the passage of sunlight into the earth’s atmosphere. When the sun shines down upon the earth it emits light that penetrates into the Earth’s surface, however some of this light is reflected back into the space in the form of heat or infrared radiation. It is this radiation that is absorbed by the green house gasses and retained within the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are necessary to maintain the atmospheric temperature on earth. According ...

Abstract

Econometrics analysis is crucial in developing models that are useful in estimating economic variables. However, development of suitable models is crucial in ensuring that their forecasts are accurate. That involves applying suitable model estimation techniques as well as testing for the estimated parameters’ significance. This study applies multiple regressions to analyze the determinants’ of CPI in United Arab Emirates considering the economy’s data for 30 years with an objective of establishing those factors that have a significant effect on CPI. In that respect, the study analyzes five variables including GDP per capita growth (annual %), Money and Quasi money ( ...

In the United States, power is generated from various sources. In 2014 alone, 4,093 billion KWh units were produced. The majority of these came from fossil fuels while renewable energy sources accounted for around 17%. The high percentage of fossil fuels used for electric power generation as compared to renewable energy sources leads to a more a pronounced environmental impact. The table below shows the percentage of the total power produced by the four major energy sources in 2014.

Negative effects of power production

Coal power production
Coal is a fossil fuel that is combusted in steam boilers to generate steam for driving ...

Introduction

Several processes that have been developed to facilitate gas separation. The technique of gas separation could result in one single gas product or could give rise to a pure form of gas. The result would ultimately depend on the type of technique that was used for separation. The Swagelok Company makes this possible because it was involved in the sale of various gas and fluid equipment that facilitates the process of gas separation. The above does not mean that the process is devoid of challenges. Often, the system needs to be adequately assessed for the detection of anything that ...

Introduction

Hydraulic is a term used in oil exploration to refer to the proliferation of fractures in a layer of rock. Hydraulic fracturing employs the use of a pressurized fluid to propagate the fractures on the layer of rock. This is referred to as induced hydraulic fracturing. Conversely, some hydraulic fractures can occur naturally devoid of interference from man. Good examples of these are veins and dykes that occur on layers of rock beneath the earth’s surface. These dykes and veins provide conduits along which petroleum and gas from source rocks can seep in through to reservoir rocks.
Through ...

Introduction

Many are often amazed at the term hydraulic Fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a technique that involves typical mixing of water with chemicals and sand, under high pressure. The mixture is injected into wellbore to create small fractures where fluids such as petroleum, gas, brine water and uranium-bearing solution might migrate to the well. It is at this point that some have voiced their concern on the possible pollution of ground water due to the injection of these chemicals to the ground (Spellman 45). However, others have also supported the process so strongly citing that the amount of chemicals released ...

Introduction

D1.3 welding code was developed to encompass structural arc welding of strip or sheet steels, incorporating other members of cold formed processes collectively known as sheet steel. The nominal thickness of the sheet steel worked on should be less than or equal to 4.8 millimeter. Furthermore, this code incorporates three categories of welding that are distinctive to sheet metal. They include arc plug, arc seam and arc spot welds.

This welding code is appropriate to the welding of mechanical sheet steels to similar structural steels or other supporting members.

The general stipulations of the code are relevant to a wide range of situations as provided for in the code’s fundamental premise. Approval principles for fabrication of welds diverse ...

Introduction3

Statistics.3
Offshore oil drilling4
Effects on the environment.7
Recommended solutions10
Conclusion.13

Works Cited14

Abstract
Today, the United States has over 5600 offshore gas and oil platforms; there are also over 27,000 miles of pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico area alone. This shows the extent to which offshore oil drilling occurs in the United States. In other developed parts of the world, the situation is the same. Oil is a product on high demand; this facilitates efforts in extracting it form its deposits deep in the sea floor. The retrieval requires the use of sophisticated equipment and highly-skilled personnel. Offshore ...

Government Interventions and their Impacts on the Gas Pump Prices

Describe the Economic Issue
Gasoline prices often rise at the pumps sparking controversy about the industry (Peltzman, 2000). This rise creates conflict between drivers, retail stations, station owners and policy makers. Besides, the rise of gasoline creates much concern because the prices of most consumer products become affected by changes in gasoline prices (Castanias & Johnson, 1993). A different reason why customers may react so robustly to changes in gasoline prices is because they are aware that their demands do not affect price, since they are inelastic. Compared with most consumer products the amount of gasoline bought does not change ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It ...

The decrease in world’s petroleum and oil supply has led the nations to look for alternate sources of energy. As a result of this short-supply, unconventional gas reserves are gaining importance as alternative source of crude oil, where the unconventional gas reserves are estimated to contribute to 45% of the US gas production by the year 2035. Large-scale extraction of unconventional natural gas has resulted in the development of new and untested extraction technology such as hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracking, which is expected to develop rapidly in the next few decades near human settlements and pose a health ...

Introduction

Conventional energy sources are commonly non-renewable energy sources these sources are used since long time. Conventional energy sources are used in such extensively way that known reserves are reduced by a great extent. Now it has become more difficult to exploit and discover new deposits of conventional energy sources . It is known that petroleum deposits of our country would be exhausted in few decades while the coal reserves will last for hundred years. The petroleum, natural gas and coal are known conventional energy sources. These three sources account almost 80 percent of total energy sources.

Global energy demand is ...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based ...

Introduction

Global warming is a phenomenon that alters the surface temperature on earth. Consequently, the change in surface temperate results in the changes in climate patterns. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Due to several factors and conditions in the atmosphere, these gases are blocked from escaping into space. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the absorption of solar radiation to the surface of the earth. Both mechanisms lead to the warming of the atmosphere. Therefore, trapped gas combined with solar radiation in the atmosphere cause the warming of the earth’s surface. Examples of greenhouse gases that get ...

Today most of the companies follow the principles of sustainable development and pay more attention to managing reputation and image assets and risks. This trend is caused by the establishment of a new type of competition between the companies: the companies compete neither in price nor in quality tactics, they compete in ideas and principles that come with this or another product. More and more people are paying attention to ethical aspects of the company’s operation (for example, in-life testing of products). This means that ethical and corporate social responsibility principles have become one of the driving forces ...

Introduction

The First World War mirrored a technological trend toward the use of mass production procedures to the use of weapons for warfare. This development started half a century before the First World War and persisted in various conflicts in which weapons were brought to test. The Civil War was heavily influenced by new advancements in technology, especially railroads and guns. However, when the First World War began, the United States discovered itself to lack military technology.
The earlier periods of World War I symbolized a clash of the twentieth era technology with the nineteenth era combat in the form ...

Introduction

This environmental study will cover current federal regulations and enforcement for managing environmental impacts related to hydraulic
fracturing for oil and gas development.

About Hydraulic-Fracturing of Oil and Gas Development

It is known that hydraulic fracturing, a.k.a. “hydrocracking” is a technique that uses a mix of water, sand and chemicals to crack preceding impenetrable rock down a gas or oil well to induce fractures that will allow cornered oil or gas to flow aboveground. The process uses million gallons of water and it is the main ingredient in hydraulic fracture. The sand is to utilize the fractures open once formed. The chemical mixture helps the process ...

This research paper attempts to analyze the work done by the European Union (EU) in the Energy Sector, through understanding of the Energy Policies formulated by it.
European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political alliance formed between 27 European countries; post World War – II repercussions, based on the understanding that economic co-operation and dependence among countries is vital to avoiding any kind of conflict between them. This dependence should manifest itself in the form of free trade relations that would ultimately promote economic collaboration and teamwork. Since then, some of the concrete steps taken by the EU ...

Today, one of the global issues people face to is different types of pollution. With human development, pollution is becoming worse, and as a result, other issues appear. Among them are global warming, new diseases, deforestation and many others. But, it was not like this all the time, as at the beginning the level of pollution was not so high. Otherwise, it would have been an apocalypse already. That was the industry development that caused global pollution.
Even in the late 13th century, people knew about air pollution. For instance, King of England Edward I punished every Londoner, who ...

Carbon dioxide is an odorless, non-combustible gas that could be both beneficial and threatening to the environment. This gas is inherently part of the earth’s biogeochemical cycle and is as equally important as other naturally occurring gases in the earth’s atmosphere. While carbon dioxide provides benefits to plants via photosynthesis, its effect on the atmosphere at high levels may induce modifications in the naturally occurring changes in climate all over the world. To date, carbon dioxide has been put into a spotlight as the main cause of anthropogenic climate change.
Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have ...

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

- What is the substitution effect on your consumption of driving?
Because of the new technology, this individual needs to spend less money for the gas and the gas price will be less for him. Thus he can buy more gas with the same budget and then he might want to buy more gas to travel more miles. That is the substitution effect on the consumption of driving.
- What is the income effect of your newly increased fuel efficiency on your budget constraint?
The Budget for the individual is Income=Miles driven X Cost of Gas per mile + Quantity ...

Military reluctance towards the report implementation

Military branches have shown reluctance due the feasibility of the report DSB proposed for implementations. The report is very illustrative on the solutions but there are the loopholes the report possesses. Historically the military have trained for the incidents where there is an immediate response to the crisis at hand. The implementation of the report means new methods of the tackling shortages of energy supplies among others. Most of the military equipment is old. The systems that were made earlier are old but still used in the running of the business of the military.
The military is overwhelmed by ...

Are they Competitive with Conventional Cars?

Electrical cars are vehicles that work on rechargeable electric power supply that runs the engine instead of gas. Scientists believe that electrical cars are environmentally clean vehicles that do not produce as much poisonous gasses and waste as conventional cars nowadays. There are many kinds of electrical vehicles; some types of electrical vehicles use the energy that is stored in Lithium batteries. Other kind of electric-power cars use a combination of electric power and gas to run their engines called hybrid cars. In the 1800’s there were many initiatives in making an electric motor. Davinport made the first ...

Abstract

The calamity at the Bhopal Union Carbide manufacturing plant in 1984 is still one of the world's deadliest modern catastrophes. It is settled that in its prompt outcome a large number of individuals passed away as a consequence of the inhalation of dangerous vapor. A great extent of these passings were most likely because of intense respiratory harm. The presence, nature and degree of ceaseless respiratory ailment in the survivors is far less entrenched. The consequences of the contextual investigation depicted emphatically in numerous reports, recommends that such illnesses exist independently of the foundation of infection in the city's ...

Mining and exploration of natural gases has increased in the recent years. This can be partly attributed to modern science and technology that has helped researchers and scientists develop new ways to conduct mining in areas that were otherwise considered inaccessible. As a result, pollution of natural resources by the mining industry has increased sharply. However, government efforts to protect its citizens from these dangerous environmental hazards have lagged behind resulting in a population that is open to dangerous diseases caused by pollution.
Hydraulic fracturing is a process used widely and extensively in the mining of natural gases. First, ...

Abstract

Growth is supplemented by development, and development in turn, is supplemented by external factors. Today, most corporations use external sources to enhance their productivity and growth. At times it could be at the expense of their workforce, or at times it could be at the expense of the environment in which they work, or as in most cases, it could be because of the combination of both. This has a direct impact on the ecosystem which has by then become highly volatile due to continuous ‘exploitation’ of it. While the imbalance of the ecosystem has brought about climatic changes, ...

Abstract.3

Introduction..3

Literature Review.4

Brief History of the Company..6

Discussion7

Lean Manufacturing.7
Capacity Planning Issues..8

Building New Oil Refinery or Extending Existing Capacity9

Managing Oil Refinery9
Delivery of Different Fuels to the Filling Stations.9
Recommendations..10

Stages of New Strategy Implementation.10

Conclusion11
Appendices14

References.15

Operation Management in ADNOC
Abstract
The current paper relates implementation of lean manufacturing at ADNOC – national oil company operating on the territory of UAE. The necessity of implementation of operations management techniques is conditioned by increasing competition in the world markets and cost pressure. There were several aspects of the proposed operations strategy outlined with regard to the culture and structure of ADNOC. Operations management strategy was developed for the following areas: capacity management, ...

Introduction

The U.S. is ranked at the second leading energy consumer with regards to consumption in the year 2011 while it ranks in the seventh position in the energy consumption per-capita. According to the Energy Information Administration, it is estimated that most of the energy consumed in the U.S. in the year 2011 came from fossil fuels at 25 percent, 21percent from coal while 23 percent came from natural gas. It is also estimated that nuclear power contributed 8 percent; hydroelectric dams supplied 4 percent of the energy while renewable forms of energy supplied a total of 8 percent mainly ...

U.S tax policies on oil and gas

Introduction
Oil and gas industry is a capital intensive industry, with key players who are well financed. The process of exploration to find oil mines, the extraction of oil and finally refining it to a usable commodity is what makes it very expensive. Other costs are also incurred for instance marketing the product and transporting it. Around 80% of the world’s oil and gas reserves is controlled by the national oil firms, from which 20 of the largest companies are majorly state owned companies, while oil produced by the biggest oil suppliers is recorded to be less than ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass.
Non-fossil wastes ...

Darline Stvictor-Viau

Molloy College
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States today. While smoking is a significant risk factor, there are other causes of the disease. Second-hand smoke, exposure to radon gas and asbestos, and possibly other environmental contaminants act in conjunction with gender and ethnicity to result in a diagnosis of lung cancer. Numbers indicate that more non-smokers are being diagnosed with lung cancer at this time than non-smokers due to development of the disease after cessation. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly extend the life of the lung cancer patient while studies continue ...

Business Analysis

The PESTEL Analysis is a strategic framework designed to analyze the external macro environment of an organization. PESTEL strategic framework stands for Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. However, in this paper, only the five strategic factors will be analyzed.

Political

Legal issues and government regulations are the two essential factors to determine how an organization will operate in an industry. Costco is the largest membership warehouse club chain in the USA. Regulations applicable to the Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters are primarily related to size and pricing. For example, as per the requirements of some state laws, minimum markups ...

[Class Title]

Introduction
Despite the call for increased environmental awareness, most people remain unaffected by environmental concerns. Although it is an accepted fact that the environment is everyone’s concern, most individuals and organizations take their social responsibility to nature for granted. Most environmental programs are not taken seriously. For instance, most people knew that throwing litter could adversely affect the environment yet evidence show that this awareness is of no effect or is taken for granted. Cigarette butts, for example, still constitute the largest percentage of street litter, which according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is the ...

This essay paper shows how the use and effective use of carbon dioxide as a fire protection system for the hazard of bulk hydrogen gas facility. This paper will provide the information on the advantages and disadvantages of using carbon dioxide as an agent for fighting fires resulting from the hazard of hydrogen.
Fire protection systems involving gases allow for the use of fire fighting agents such as carbon dioxide, wet chemicals or dry chemicals and foams. Carbon dioxide has been the most successful fire suppression agent that has been used for many years in many countries worldwide. It ...

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the outcomes of NIV versus invasive mechanical ventilation in COPD patients.
Data Source: Relevant articles were identified from the following journals CHEST, Respiratory Care, European Respiratory Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, and AHC Media.
Study selection: The articles identified consisted reports of two randomized controlled trials and three review articles which investigated the outcomes of NIV versus mechanical ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD, weaning of COPD patients on mechanical ventilation, and nocturnal management of COPD.
Data extraction: The study reviewed meta-analytic reviews, prospective randomized control trials, and retrospective observational studies. The various studies ...

Introduction

What geologic factors are needed for fracking and how does it impact water quality?
Franking is defined as the extraction of gas reserves from the underground with the use of hydraulic fracture of shale rock and involves high pressure in liquid so that it can release a gas or gases. The process of fracturing is considered harmful to the environment. Fracking refers to the wrenching of open rock that lies beneath the surface of the earth and leads to the freeing of the underlying natural gas that is trapped in between. Fracking is faced with a lot of environmental ...

Seismic Surveying: The Cost-Benefits of Carrying out 3D Seismic Reflection Surveys for Reservoir Delineation and 4D Seismic Reflection Surveys for Reservoir Management

Introduction

Many oil and gas companies regardless of their size, whether small or large, have heavily put reliance on 3-D seismic data to effectively and accurately delineate fields and thus discover new reserves. A 3-D survey has turned out to be more effective than a 2-D survey in exploration project. In a 3-D survey, one is able to study the structures and composition of the various layers underneath and therefore, being able to put on the correct gadgets ...

Selecting a career is one of the challenges that students face, especially when they are joining higher learning institutions. The choice of a career usually poses a challenge to the learners. Students are always looking for the careers that will satisfy their professional needs as well as offer them jobs that pay them well. According to parents, one of the reasons for taking their children to school is ensuring that these children give back to the society. Some of the factors to consider when choosing a career include passion for the career, the capacity or ability to cope with ...

Introduction

A black hole is a region in space-time, the gravitational attraction which is so large that it can not leave even objects moving at the speed of light, including photons of light itself. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon, and its characteristic dimension - the gravitational radius. In the simplest case of a spherically symmetric black hole Schwarzschild radius is equal to it.
Theoretically, the possible existence of such regions of space-time should be of some exact solutions of Einstein's equations, the first of which was obtained by Karl Schwarzschild in 1915. The exact inventor ...

In a report issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, authorities argue that in the fiscal year of 2011 federal greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) “accounting guidance allowed agencies to use green power and renewable energy certificate (REC) purchases to reduce reported Scope 2 GHG emissions,” implying an acceptance to implement initiative efforts to employ such activities to other countries. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) international activities to work with other countries, in terms of increasing landfill gas projects for GHG reduction and power generation, has launched efforts in a series of press releases in announcing various correlated projects and partnerships. ...

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Air pollution from Cars and its Impact on Global Warming
Global warming is the continuing rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate. This increase in earth’s temperature occurs majorly in oceans, but to some degree it has also occurred on the air and sea surface. According to the intergovernmental panel on climate changes, 90% of the increase in the earth’s temperature is a result of human activities that produces greenhouse gases. Any activity that produces carbon dioxide, or any other greenhouse gas contributes to global warming on a scale that depends on the amount ...

The use of alternative energy has been adopted not only to improve our energy efficiency but also to counter the wide range of environmental problems caused by burning fossil fuels. Our primary sources of energy which derived from coal, oil and natural gas are not renewable, are easily depleted and can substantially harm our environment due to carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing or eliminating these carbon emissions can be resolved by using alternative or renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric and biomass. Renewable resources provide a cheap and efficient energy system, however some experts are skeptical and have ...

How Fossil Fuels Shaped America and Its Environment

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the United States in mid 18th century, large amounts of fossil fuels were used to provide energy to the industries in the economy and ultimately influenced the wealth of numerous individuals in America. During the American industrial revolutions, fossil fuels were the ideal source of energy that drove the rapid growth of industries in America. Steam locomotives, that were the archetypal machine invention of the industrial revolution, utilized coal energy for the lack of sustainability while using charcoal and firewood energy. Since the beginnings of the industrialization in 19th century, petroleum ...

Executive summary

The incessant emergence of corporate scandals impacts’ tremendously on the holdings of individuals and institutional investors, there is unique aspect projected by the recent number of scandals from the past occurrences. This is stipulated by the fact that the recent occurrences of scandals involve facets of businesses, these ranges from individual firms and corporate companies. This is in contrast with the past scandal aspects which projected associations relating to specific sectors within the market. The current or recent scandals involve corporate officers, the accounting industry and investment banking houses. The large and diversity of the scope of the recent ...