Molecular Research Papers Samples For Students

1.0 Introduction
Serological blood grouping has been used successfully for decades to ensure safety in blood transfusion. However blood incompatibility continues to be a significant challenge in transfusion medicine reflecting the inherent limitations of the hemagglutination based serological blood typing. Some of the limitations of serological blood grouping include weak reactivity of some antibodies that are clinically significant; weak expression of some red cell antigens; the subjective nature of the available tests and lack of universal methods of detecting and identifying antibodies. In addition there are several issues related to the reagents used which include the wide variability of ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368).
Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

Abstract

The literature defines hypertension as a medical condition experienced when the systolic blood pressure (BP) is equal or greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is equal or greater than 90 mm Hg. Additionally, it offers a description of systematic, cellular, as well as molecular causes of hypertension. High blood pressure within the arteries is referred to as systemic hypertension (SH). The primary role of the systemic arteries is the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The constriction of the arterioles (small arteries) is responsible for the high ...

Assumptions in Molecular Weight Determination and their impact on MW determination

DSC measures the quantity of required heat necessary to melt a sample where the heat of fusion is calculated based on a percentage of crystallinity. Therefore, the methods used to measure crystallinity, weight determination such as DSC must be detailed to retrieve valuable results. However, in most of the molecular weight determination methods, there are certain assumptions undertaken but those assumptions also have a certain impact on results. In DSC profile, three types of distinct probabilities of uncertainty exist. The first is natural uncertainty that may be linked to equipment such as uncertainty of weight measurements of the sample. ...

Introduction

The treatment for multitudes of diseases and disorders resulting from genetic reasons have been ambiguous since long as the only cure could be the correction of genes and DNA in the specific region. Gene therapy gave a promising horizon to the correction of such genetic defects whereby molecular tools are applied to reverse the mutation or any other changes in the DNA. The advancing biomedical research have offered several tools for gene therapy since last few decades that have been able to perform the desired roles but with one or the other limitations. Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 based tools for gene ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

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All drug delivery systems (DDS) use the nanostructures as drug containers. There are various types of these nanocontainers such as polymeric liposomal nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles (Singh and Lillard, 2009; Zarogoulidis et al., 2012).
The mode of action of these nanostructures on the target site and the molecular proceedings occurring during this process provides a mechanistic foundation for drug discovery against cancerous developments. The several considerable points that an anti-cancer agent should have are targeted delivery to the impacted cells, least activity loss, ...

Abstract

The study of tiny particles and their applications have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties that make the particles useful in numerous applications. Accordingly, the present review investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The introduction section examines recent advances in nanotechnology and explains the significance of magnetic nanoparticles in scientific research. The section on results and discussion presents the findings of various researchers with a focus on the magnetic properties, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. ...

Introduction

In the past, humans practiced hunting and gathering as a way of finding food. They would hunt down animals for food and feed the different communities. Over time, as the human population grew. The growth in human population meant that there was an increased demand in food, thus leading to an increased number of animals to hunt down. It became impossible for the humans to solely depend on animals for food. Another result with the increased human population was increased demand for land. The humans turned to cutting down or burning vegetation. In the process, some animals were burnt ...

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Introduction
Kinesins are proteins which serve as molecular motors for the directional transport of various cargos (Hirokawa et al. 10: 682-696). They perform this important function using different mechanisms to recognize, bind, determine the direction of transport and unload the cargos with an energy efficiency which can exceed 50%, thereby equipping them to play important roles intracellularly in the transport of organelles and vesicles, in biosensing as well as in the development of other bioengineering solutions (Agarwal 11; Hirokawa and Takemura 301: 50–9; Hirokawa et al. ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6
Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6
Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7
CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8
Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8
References 10
Abstract
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources.
Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that are ...

Thesis: Modern Biotechnology can be harnessed to improve the global economic welfare in such fields as agricultural production, improvement of production processes and biomedical research.

Introduction

Biotechnology, in its simplest form, can be defined as the type of technologies that are based on biology. In its umbrella meaning, the term refers to the use of cellular and molecular innovations to solve such world problems like food security, development of treatment for illnesses and conducting research with an aim of improving manufacturing processes. Sometimes, biotechnology is used to provide solutions like replacement of energy that is produced using processes that push ...

I. Introduction
Advances in recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics-based data analysis have driven the explosion of structural biology in the last two decades (Kelly, Jess, and Price 119). This has resulted to the identification of at least 2000 proteins annually and a growing need in performing structural studies in these new proteins. The current trend involves the concern of analyzing protein structures close to its natural conditions (and other conditions) and of measuring their rates of structural changes, an essential factor in their biological functions. The technique of circular dichroism (CD) has gained an increasing popularity in addressing these ...

Ahmad, A. (2013). Pathways to Breast Cancer Recurrence. ISRN Oncology, 2013, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/290568
In his article, Ahmed gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding the recurrence of breast cancer after treatment and the challenges. He reviews existing literature on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), various signaling pathways such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and Notch/Wnt/Hedgehog. Also, he also examined the hypotheses that are currently undergoing an investigation to determine the prevention of breast cancer recurrence (Ahmad, 2013).
Andre, F. & Zielinski, C. (2012). Optimal strategies for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with currently approved agents. Annals of ...

It was not until 1953 that the biological science was better understood. Earlier on scientists had tried so much to definite the structure of nucleic acid. With the help of information by other scientists Watson and Crick were able to discover that Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA exists in the shape of a three dimensional double helix. From late 19^th there were various researches to determine the components of the molecule. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by a Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher, he was able to locate nucleon in the nuclei of white blood cells. The name Nuclein ...