Stimulus Term Papers Samples For Students

Psychology: Behaviourism and Free Will

I. Introduction: Behaviorism and Free Will
Behaviorism (or learning theory) focuses primarily on overt or observable and quantifiable behaviors and excludes subjective phenomenon such as motives, feelings, and so on. It explains the processes, principles and laws by which learning occurs. Many schools of thought under behaviorism include Pavlovian, also known as classical or respondent, conditioning.
Under the basic tenet of classical conditioning, individuals learn by means of associating neutral stimulus with a meaningful response. Another behaviorism is Skinnerian, a.k.a. operant or instrumental, conditioning. Operant conditioning is the process whereby learning takes place when an action is done ...

Introduction

Taste aversion is a common phenomenon in human beings. Most people are averse of food of one kind or the other, which is sometimes confused with allergy. If a person claims that he can eat cheese but is allergic to milk, it is mostly likely the case of taste aversion. Taste aversion is aversion to certain foods, in human beings and animals, due to a past illness experienced with similar food. It is an interesting topic of discussion, in the field of psychology, as this form of conditioning defies more than one rule of classic conditioning. The objective of this paper is ...

Operant Conditioning

Several factors role-play to shape human and animal behavior. To a great extent, the environment, using rewards and punishment, trains human beings and animals to behave in a particular manner- a training that has since been famously named Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning, therefore, implies the use of environmental consequences (positive and negative) to enhance to frequency at which a desirable behavior is repeated or to discourage repetition of undesirable behavior (Coon & Mitterer, 2010). First investigated by E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949) and later refined by B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), classical conditioning, as it is also called, forms relationship between the behavior and consequences thereby ...

Negative reinforcement is when a response or a behavior gets strengthened by removing, stopping or avoiding an outcome that is negative. This term negative reinforcement is mentioned by B. F Skinner in his operant conditioning theory. Aversive stimuli always tend to involve some discomfort that is either psychological or physical in nature. Negative reinforcement is one of the most principles of behavior that is misunderstood. The term stimulus can be used within any applied behavior analysis to be able to describe when something is taken away. The stimulus can be an object, noise or even emotion. Negative reinforcement is said to ...

Color Signals in Human

For more than 20 years there has been confusion and contradiction about whether and how the visual system can examine the motion of pure color patterns that contain no luminance variety. Three new papers have reported proof that, given their force, color patterns match luminance designs in the motion related sensations and utilitarian attractive resonance imaging signals. They evoke in people, and in the neural signs they inspire in the motion region of cortex of acting monkeys. This key aspect of the most seasoned and the most modern of cognitive neuroscience strategies decisively reject the proposal that color signs ...

Introduction

In this paper, I would like to introduce Sarah, a 15-year-old girl, mid-adolescent, 9th grader, who seems to have a rather normal life on the surface, but is definitely in need of help if one examines closely. One of the attributes that is alarming is that she is extremely school phobic, which is perhaps understandable for a first grader, but unusual and wrong for a somewhat grown-up 9th grader.
Sarah is a high school girl studying in a co-ed high school in her town. She had to take a remedial course because of her struggles with school work. She has a distant dream of going to ...

Unconventional computer

Recently, there has been a growing interest into the development of hybrid wetware silicon devices focused on its applications in non-linear media computing and more specifically in cultured neurons. The objective of this research is to exploit the partially understood operations of vitro –neural networks to carry out more advanced computations effectively as compared to traditional architecture in order to facilitate the understanding of how the nervous system works. The outcomes of this study have come with it the increase in machines that have improved capability of cell culturing, wetware silicon interfacing as well as neurobiology. Medically these systems have ...

Thesis

The global financial crisis was a period during which downturns were experienced in the stock markets, economic activities as well as losses in the housing market all over the world. During this period, banks had to be bailed out by national governments and consumer wealth declined significantly. The result was a major recession between 2008 and 2009 .
This paper looks at the global financial crisis in the world, its effect in the US and measures taken by the US to manage it. This financial crisis was experienced in the world in the late 2000’s and the US was hit ...

Political environment that led to Economic concerns, at first, during October 2008 was aimed at bailing out securities, which was under the tremendous repercussions of defaulting and was mortgaged backed.

Five descriptive features of bailout and stimulus bills during October 2008 to February 2009 in the USA.

The necessity of the bills for bailing out and stimulus

A record $140 billion was being withdrawn from the money market accounts. Usually money market is considered as the safest place for investments. At that time investors were shifting their funds towards US Treasuries, as a back drop, the yields were coming down to zero. On the other side, the panic was triggered ...

Memorizing a mathematics formula, reading in front of the class, and thrusting the hand after mistakenly touching a hot object, are some of the common incidents experienced in life. Not only this, calling a logical and a rational man as left brained and labeling an emotional person as a right brained, are some of the observable activities which one often comes across. All such processes/ behaviors which connect people to the outside world are rooted deep inside the human brain which along with spinal cord, neurons, and nerves forms the nervous system. Despite the distant image of a brain resembling a giant walnut, it is a complex ...

Introduction

The Texas legislature will have a budget with a surplus. There is a debate if some of the money should be used for educational purposes. Do increased budgets mean higher academic achievement? Are other factors more relevant for increased student success than money?

Body

The portion of the Texas budget known as the general revenue is $101.4 billion this year. That represents a surplus which is being seen as having two possible uses. Governor Rick Perry would like to use that surplus to reduce the tax burden faced by Texans. Rep. Mike Villarreal, D-San Antonio, would like to restore the $5.4 million dollars that ...

Introduction to Personality

Introduction to Personality
Introduction
This paper is devoted to the discussion of Veronica’s and Edward’s personalities from Paulo Coelho narrative Veronica Decides to Die. The personalities of the main characters were discussed form the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanistic perspectives. The main concepts of three approaches to psychological research were discussed with regard to the practical implementation to the main characters’ personalities. A particular attention was paid to the analysis of the main concepts of each theory applicable to a certain occurrence. This paper is focused on the personality development. The aspects influencing the development of the ...

The concept of "social brain" is one of the challenging and advanced concepts of the modern neuropsychology. In addition, the "social brain", as a concept, forms a completely new approach to the study of social psychology and brain pathologies. Research and development of this concept contributes to the discovery of the social and psychological development of a person. The thematic justification of this study is important because it allows tracing the relationship between the social cognition and social behavior of a person, which is basic in the context of psychology, sociology, and neuropsychology. The development and use of the " ...

Critical Analysis of the Three Main Theories of Learning and Their Relevance to Adults in Higher Education

Over the years of teaching practice, scholars and researchers from different areas of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy have revealed the most effective theories and methods of teaching. Behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist theories are considered to be the most efficient and productive learning approaches. The use of these theories in education helps teaching experience to gain the important ideas that fully meet the objectives of education of an active and mature personality. Hence, the selection of the optimal theory, or their mixing, aims at improving the learning process, making it more effective. This efficiency is due to the received result, ...

Psychology

Shot-term memory has been the subject of several studies on cognitive functioning of the brain. Several approach and theoretical frameworks were employed in the process in order to determine the implications of different factors to STM. In this discussion, the context of STM was examined by reviewing relevant literatures encompassing the varying approach to STM study. STM problems were associated to childhood ADHD, while the other research focuses on the association of visual recall and order recall. These studies involves identifying the relationship between cognitive functioning and STM, which are critical areas in understanding human brain functioning and in ...

This paper will cover oil price dynamics for the period starting from 2005 until the present moment of time. Exact price dynamics will be considered as well as a variety of factors influencing the oil price through the above mentioned period of time. The chart showing the dynamics of crude oil barrel price since 2001 is presented in fig. 1.
Figure 1. Dynamics of crude oil price per barrel for the period between January 1, 2001 and April 19, 2016 (Trading Economics, 2016).
Before the period, which is the subject of this paper, the oil price had been nearly ...

The relationship between the revolution in France and Haiti

The Haitian Revolution resulted from a long fight on the fragment of the slaves in the French colony of St. Domingue, however was also driven by the free Mulattoes who had initially faced the prosecutions of being signified as semi-citizens. The revolution saw slavery to end and resulted to the establishment of the republic of Haiti. The colony of Saint-Domingue, geologically roughly the identical land mass that is currently Haiti was the lushest colony in the West Indies and perhaps the richest in the history of the globe. Driven by slave effort and enabled by rich soil and model climate, ...

Introduction

Theories are abstractions from the real world to give explanation to phenomenon that are affecting variables under consideration. Several theories have been propounded to give explanation to how and why human beings behave in a certain manner. Among these theories is the Elton Mayo’s Haworth experimental student to show what motivate workers to put the extra performance during their productivity hours. Other motivational theories propounded by human behavioral school of thought include Abraham Maslow hierarchy of need theory, Federick Herzberg Two factor theory, Douglas MC Gregory’s X and Y theories, Bandura’s cognitive theory and the social learning ...

Introduction: The central idea behind behaviorism is that all actions are acquired through conditioning processes. The nature of the conditioning processes as well as the exact mechanism through which they work is an issue deliberated between several schools of thought, outlined in the following paper.
- Classical conditioning. The method through which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, generating a conditioned response.
- Main assumptions of classical conditioning.
- Main contributing theorists.
- Examples of studies examining classical conditioning.
- The use of classical conditioning in schools as well as therapeutic settings.
- Operant conditioning. ...

Abstract

This paper covers the debated topic on the psychological theorists – Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner – and discusses their theories. Additionally, this paper takes the opinion that considering the review of the behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories, B. F. Skinner best describes the psychological approach of understanding human behavior. Therefore, he could have served as a better therapist for depression patients.
Psychology, like other disciplines such as philosophy and theology has been subjected to several and constant controversy that has always encompassed several divergent philosophies, ideas, and perspectives. In philosophy, people belonging to a specific school of thought would seek to ...

Question 1: To what extent is government intervention in the international trade of goods and services between two countries necessary to yield economic welfare? Discuss in the context of any one market with which you are familiar.
Since the turn of the century, the developing countries are struggling hard to establish their foothold in the world. These developing nations were once corridors of trade to the Central Asian Market but now they are being swiped off their feet due to the overwhelming response of the capitalist world. It is becoming hard for them to keep pace with the ...

Abstract

Breakfast is often recommended as an integral part of a healthy diet. In most cases, breakfast healthiness accrues from micronutrient intakes. Because of breakfast supremacy in the regular lives, most researches have been conducted to explore the relevance of breakfast and cognitive ability on young children. In this research proposal, I document a planned proposal that seeks to explore the connection between breakfast and children’s cognitive ability. I intend to make use of already performed experiments to make case of the relevant of a good breakfast for steadfast academic performance.

Literature Review for Breakfast and Performance

Education is an important factor in the development of a society. Evidently, ...

Introduction and Causes of the Budget Deficit

The United States Budget Deficit has been in the news recently. This is because of the huge gap between revenues and expenditure that has resulted in a budget deficit of more than a Trillion Dollars each year. The situation was not so bad during the last decade when under President Clinton; the US actually ran a budget surplus. However, once President Bush took over, the budget surplus turned into a deficit mainly because the US was paying for the Iraq war that was very expensive and extended the tax cuts for the rich, which meant that the government went without the tax revenues. ...

Arguably, 2000-2009 was the most difficult moment in the world economy. The financial crisis that took place in United States and the world became the worst financial munch to ever occur in the world. The financial crisis took place in the late 2008 at a remarkably speed, whereby most economic factors were fully disturbed. Mortgage-related securities, which had fully spread in United States as well as global financial systems collapsed. As a matter of fact, this crisis undermined several largest and renowned financial institutions in United states and the world. Additionally, the crisis damaged stronger economies and financial systems in the ...

Recently United Kingdom research community has proposed several challenges in computer science research with the ambition for development implementation in a wide research area. These Grand challenges would address areas in Non-classical computation which would include the exploitation of the natural world such as DNA and quantum computing in order to develop new areas of computations key being the artificial immune system (AIS). This has been well commented considering the lack of certain issues key being the lack of thought in areas of AIS, theoretical work and the limited view of the immune system. However it has to be agrees ...

The current economic crisis has been unanimously and officially declared the worst since the great depression period of the 1930s by Wall Street, media, economists, other scholars and the government. This financial crisis has busted several highly reputed financial institutions of America, like Lehman brothers, Washington mutual fund, AIG and Merrill lynch. Some of the financial institutions have declared their bankruptcy while others are comforted by the federal government and received heavy bail out packages. The story of other sectors like manufacturing, retail, consumer goods and automobile is not much different and they are also facing the heat. If ...

Introduction

An economy of a country goes through different cycles. There will be periods where there will be a boom and at other times there can be a recession. In the Western world the period 2007 to 2009 was a tough period as the economy went through a recession. Many people lost their jobs while others lost their homes. It is estimated that a total of 8.4 Million jobs were lost during the recession period. Mortgage products were the worst hit. Governments came up with measures to stimulate the economy. The American government spent a lot of money bailing out banks and mortgage companies.

There are two ...