Essays on Atmosphere

Question 1

Jupiter was the first giant planet formed.

Question 2

According to the Nice theory where did the Kuiper belt objects and Oort cloud objects come from?

Kuiper belt objects come from the out edge of Solar System where huge spheres made of rock and ice that circle around Pluto’s orbit. The objects took their name from Gerard Kuiper who suggested that comets may come from the Kuiper belt. This group of planetoids is called Kuiper belt objects (KBO). The first KBO named “1991 QB1” was discovered in 1992. The plant Pluto also belongs to the group ...

Climate change refers to the gradual shift in earth’s weather and climate patterns overtime. Global temperatures are on the rise and the patterns of rainfall and snow are changing extremely. These extreme shifts in climatic patterns are adversely affecting the ecosystem. Greenhouse gases that are accumulating gradually on the atmosphere are the major contributing factor to climate change. These greenhouse gases are emitted to the atmosphere from activities like deforestation and burning of the fossil fuels releasing gases like carbon dioxide. These gases accumulate on the earth’s atmosphere forming a shield of gases that traps solar radiations ...

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas which is produced by the plants, animals and microorganisms. This gas is continuously being exchanged between the atmosphere, land and ocean’s surface in a balanced way (Mader 2011).

Various human activities which began after the industrial revolution that took place in the 1800 has contributed significantly to the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere. About 3 to 6% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is due to human activities. Although it is less when compared to the emission of CO2 by natural causes like volcanic eruptions, the balance of emission and ...

Introduction

Currently, coal-fired power plants account for more than 80% of carbon dioxide emissions in the electric power industry of the United States and 33% of all the carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. Consequently, reducing carbon dioxide emissions that come from the coal plants is the focus of most proposals that intend to cut on the greenhouse gas emission. The options to do this include capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide that emitted by the coal power plants, replacing the coal power plants with the low or zero carbon dioxide sources of power like the nuclear and wind energy.

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Pragmatism can be defined as a philosophical school of thought that places emphasis on practical ways of solving problems or doing things. According to Carolan (4), pragmatic environmentalism is the key to offering real-world solutions to environmental sustainability. It balances the importance of economic necessity while at the same time trying to preserve the environment. This requires individuals to create societies that are environmentally and economically sustainable. In understanding the current environmental issues facing the globe, the author places emphasis on the interactions between the material and social worlds. The social world basically refers to the dynamics and structures ...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure. Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided. b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam ...

Abstract

Weather plays a significant role in shaping of the earth. The weathering process leads to breaking down of soils. Water cycle is one of the integral parts in the earth ecosystems that maintain a balance of atmosphere and climate of the earth. The experiment performed proved the phenomena of energy balance and helped to understand the water cycle, weather, climate and atmosphere

Introduction

Weather is referred as atmospheric conditions that may be warm or cold, clear or cloudy, wet or dry, and calm or stormy. These weather conditions occur in the lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere called troposphere. ...

Introduction

The atmosphere by delineation refers to the gaseous composition together with other particles that surround the surface of the earth. In the atmosphere, there are gases, and the solid particles that are in suspension. Scientifically, the atmosphere is divided into four major layers. Using the ascending order, the first layer is the troposphere that rises about 10-13 km from the surface of the earth. This is closely followed by the stratosphere that rises over 50km above, them the thermosphere that rises between 80-480 km, and lastly the exosphere that goes beyond the 480 km and gradually dissipates in the ...

The concept of human beings going to live on mars permanently can be termed as the colonization of mars (Zubrin, 2011, p.233). The idea was taken lightly in the past. Recently, however, the matter has been taken more seriously with more studies of life survival in mars being done. The Martian environment differs slightly with that of earth and any living organism set to live on mars will encounter these changes which will definitely affect them. Typically, a solar day in mars is a little bit longer on mars than that of earth. In mars, a solar day lasts ...

Abstract

Crude oil, also known as petroleum, is one of the most important natural resources. It is a fossil fuel that is non-renewable and has different components such as hydrocarbon compounds and other materials like oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, salt and water. It is normally extracted from the ground, under the seas, and on land and is then transported to refineries. Most of the substances are removed in the refinery, and the oil is broken down and blended into useful products (McCants, 1989). Some of these products include medicines, plastics, fabrics, dyes, cosmetics, and transport fuels. Transportation of crude oil is ...

There is a serious debate on global warming in academic and media circles. The internet and media are my main sources of information on this issue. In addition, I have witnessed infrequent flooding and droughts which I associate with global warming. I am concerned because this phenomenon poses a lot of danger to current and future generations of humanity as well as flora and fauna. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is worrisome because it contributes immensely to the heating up of the earth’s surface. The concomitant rise in temperature leads to melting of polar ice and jeopardizing ...

Global warming is mainly a process that uses the atmosphere of the earth as a blanket to hold energy from the sun to heat the air. As of now the global warming process has made the earth’s atmosphere hotter up to around 60 degrees Fahrenheit compared to the latter years. The effects of global warming are being experienced throughout the earth with increased temperatures and irregular weather patterns. The world has undergone several climatic changes over the past centuries. These past changes occurred slowly ranging over a period of hundreds of thousand years, but the process has been ...

As sunshine moves through the atmosphere, it is impacted by air molecules, clouds and particulates, resulting in scattering of light. The extent to which light is dispersed by air molecules depends on the wavelength of the different inherent colors. Colors with shorter wavelengths are spread more than those with longer wavelengths. Blue is most susceptible to scattering thus explaining why the sky is blue. The visibility of light scattered by air molecules depends on the intensity of the light beam (University of Arizona). On the other hand, when the atmosphere has matter like particulates and cloud drops, there is ...

Music is an inseparable part of human life. Nowadays, there are different kinds of music and every person can find something to one’s liking. This essay is aimed at comparing and contrasting two concerts: the pop music concert and Baroque era concert. The first concert I have watched was the concert of Charmaine Clamor. Frankly speaking, I was not impressed much by the concert. However, I should admit that the atmosphere of the concert was interesting and inspiring. Although, it is pop music, it is much alike to jazz. The atmosphere in the club and the manner of ...

Drafting is a term used when water supply is raised from a source that is static and supplied to a pumper. There are several static water sources like ponds, rivers, lakes and others. This Standard Operating Procedure aims at training fire officers from the different departments in the process of drafting, which is an essential skill in seeking to pupm water from places with only static sources. The training SOP should be followed very strictly in order to avoid accidents that could be fatal at the drafting site.

The following steps and procedures were used when training officers in this skill:

- Preparation. Officers are trained how to prepare for the process ...

How were Uranus's rings discovered?

William Herschel was the first observer to mention that Uranus has a ring system in 1789. It was only a speculation since the astronomers that time could not observe any rings around Uranus. The discovery of the Uranian ring system was observed almost 200 years later by James Elliot, Edward, Dunham, and Douglas Mink in 1977. The discovery of the ring system of Uranus was only an accident when they grabbed the opportunity to observe the atmosphere of the planet using the occultation of the star SAO 158687. In their observations, they found out that the star suddenly disappeared ...

Introduction

These days, after the rise of industrial revolution, almost every economy is dependent on industrial activities which businesses pursue to not only make profits but create value for the society at large. While pursuing such an activity, the manufacturing concerns are also required to take care of the environment as well. This is because the production activities not only involve the release of dangerous wastes but also involve the emission of carbon dioxide gas which is harmful for society, environment and marine life as a whole resulting in a rise of global warming. Carbon dioxide (having a chemical formula ...

This video talks about the ever-growing effect of the human race on nature and on the resources that are available to the human race on this planet. First the video talks about how much resources are consumed to produce the everyday goods that people use, and this translates to a lot of trees, water, and other materials. There is special emphasis on the amount of candy and sugar people consume annually, and this also results in the use of an enormous amount of resources. The way goods travel around the world seems to be wasteful also in terms of ...

Assignment #4

When the economists sing “Good for me, good for you, bad for us” they mean that when individuals consume some common resource, they act rationally and independently, to maximize their gain but, at the same time, they are depleting this shared common resource, which is disadvantageous for all who share it, including these individuals. However, these individuals bear only a small portion of the cost associated with exploiting the common resource, while their benefit is substantial. As a result, people are automatically motivated to exploit commons as much as they can, although it is harmful for them and those ...

“Good for me, good for you, and bad for us” as sung by the economists implies the tragedy of the commons. The common in this case is the pasture, which ensures that the flocks of the two economists thrive. The sheep provide benefits to them such as wool and meat. When a single economist increases his flock (selfish interest) to reap the maximum benefits of the sheep, it is “good for him.” When the other economist also pursues his selfish interest and increases the number of his animals, it would be “good for him.” But since the pasture is ...

This is a researched proposal of what is the acid rain, causes of the acid rain and the effect of the acid rain on the environment in general as well as how the problem of acid rain can be controlled. The acid rain denotes a combination of water droplets that are mixed most notably the excessive amount of nitrogen and sulfur that were released industrial activities and from the cars. The acid rain was caused by a chemical reaction that contains sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds when released into the air. These compounds can dissolve quickly with water and ...

Introduction

Global warming refers to the increase in the earth’s surface temperature because of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which originate from burning or combustion of fossil fuels that trap heat which would rather escape from earth (Simon). Global warming an also refer to the projected and observed increase in the earth’s atmosphere and the oceans. From the definition, it follows that global warming resulted from enhancement of the greenhouse effect, primarily caused by pollution. Global warming causes climatic change and it is a concern to policy makers. In 2007, the UN intergovernmental climate change ...

The globe is facing a severe environmental crisis of its kind in this 21st century. The major environmental hazard that has shaken the world at the moment is air pollution. All over the world, everybody thinks that this crisis is most likely to affect or have a catastrophic impact on humans in the future. However, even nowadays, the negative impacts of this environmental crisis are evident in all forms. These impacts range from growing deserts due to lack of enough rainfall, increased cases of cancer, majorly lung cancer as a result of unclean fresh air and lastly the loss ...

Is global climate caused by human activities?

Currently, the question on whether human activities cause global warming has sparked debates from environmental experts. The massive growth of the population has increased growth of consumption, and this poses threats to the global climate. The rise of the earth’s temperature is mainly caused by the gases released by greenhouses, especially carbon dioxide. It is saddening to note that the climatic changes affect the physical and biological systems across the universe. Global warming can only be decreased if the carbon output released by human activities is reduced. The Journal of Climate published a paper by Jara Imbers, Chris ...

According to the scientists’ observations, climate fluctuations occur constantly. There are periods of cooling and warming. Some fluctuations lasted decades, others - centuries. As of now we live in the time of worming. Global climate change has become perhaps the most important environmental issues of our time. In recent years this problem has become the focus of attention of many international meetings, as it is irreversible and threatens the security of millions of people’s lives. The main cause of global warming is the greenhouse effect - a phenomenon in the Earth's atmosphere, which prevents the energy of sunlight, ...

Introduction

Emission of the toxic substance by industries is common all over the world. Toxic substances are emitted daily by industries and anthropogenic activities. Toxic substances are categorized into three categories namely organic, inorganic and metallic compounds. Examples of organic, inorganic and metallic compounds are methane, sulfate and mercury respectively. There have been reports of these substances having negative effects on the environment. Substances like methane are responsible for increased atmospheric temperature. Sulfates affect soil. Sulfates combine with atmospheric water to form acid water. Acid water has a negative effect of soil and microorganism living in it. Mercury, on the ...

English

English

Introduction

Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the total temperature of the atmosphere of the earth. The rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of the greenhouse gases, which is caused by an increase in the levels of chlorofluorocarbons, carbon (IV) oxide and other pollutants. Global warming affects the climate system of the earth’s atmosphere by increasing both the terrestrial radiation and the radiation from the sun. The ozone is an essential element in the issue of global warming. The ozone absorbs the heat radiated from the sun and the surface of the earth, leading ...

Area 51 at night and Area 51 by Joe Rosochacki are both small poems that are written about an imaginary place. To date, it is unclear who the author for ‘Area 51 at night was. Although the two poems address the same issue, the diction employed and the manner that the authors choose their words is different. The two poems share a lot of similarities as well as differences. Analyzing the two poems, one gets the idea that they were intended for. One is written in a simple language which is appealing, free-flowing and enjoyable. On the other hand, ...

For this paper, I have researched and studied the topic of Carbon Dioxide reduction. In this paper, my effort is to look at why Carbon Dioxide is harming the climate, where is it coming from and measures that are being taken to reduce it. It was around the 19th century when climatologists discovered that our atmosphere had certain gasses that produce a “greenhouse effect” and affect earth’ temperature. The greenhouse effect, simply explained, is when gasses trap the heat in our atmosphere. This is the phenomenon that keeps the earth a warm place. Without this effect, our planet would ...

What is sunlight?

The sun provides tirelessly every square meter of the earth's surface, which it attacks, with an average of about 1370 watts of power (in the form of electromagnetic radiation). We say that the sun burns, but actually it does not. Instead, the sun is a giant nuclear reactor (Layton & Freudenrich, 2000). This solar energy is called the solar constant, since it does not change, except for minor fluctuations. Solar energy is sent in the form of light waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave. The frequency of light - or how fast the waves vibrate - determines the differences in ...

Introduction: What if the countries are not cooperating to protect the ozone layer?

Thesis: Because of the industrial advancements, emissions of non-degradable substances known as CFCs have infiltrated the ozone layer. While there are specific measures that have been taken to reduce these emissions, countries must cooperate in a bid to protect the ozone layer. I. The CFCs and their impact on the ozone.

II. Measures already taken. - Cessation of CFC emissions since 1995 by the developed countries. III. Production Paragraph. - Developing countries that are still producing too much cfcs are likely to reduce emissions due to their effects. IV. Conclusion. - Countries need to cooperate to have a better ...

Question 1

In the video “Giants upon the Skyline” their first major environmental concern is the environmental destruction by heavy metals in Murray city. The film provided a comprehensive overview of the structural destruction that has been caused by the heavy gases on environment (Murray, 2005).

Question 2

Murray is a city located in the core of Salt Lake valley in the state of Utah. The city began as an agricultural center, as a result of Salt Lake Valley, Murray evolved to an industrial community. The construction of the initial smelter occurred in 1869. The city and the smelter industry performed well until ...

As a rule there are many components which compose the plot of a story. Some of them have a clearly central place in a text like major characters of a story. The others might seem quite peripheral and supplemental rather than independent and self-sufficient; still, they constitute an indispensable part of the story and help the writer convey the necessary mood and reach the desirable effect on the reader. Among the latters the setting of the story should be considered. Even though the setting is not an active agent in the story, it plays a very significant role: with ...

Purpose

The purpose is to investigate how burning of coal as a fossil fuel contributes to the emission of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.

Introduction

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas primarily emitted through human activities. The main human activity that emits CO2 is the combustion of fossil fuels which are, coal, natural gas and oil, for energy and transportation. Over the last 40 years, there has been significant growth in carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. According to Rapier (2014), global carbon dioxide emissions have increased from around 12 billion metric tons in 1965 to around 34 billion ...

<Author’s Name> <Institutional Affiliation> Wolfram Alpha is modern powerful search engines that caters various fields of studies launched in May 2009. The design of these engines initially concentrates on formula and algorithm growth in Mathematics as a result of extensive and sustained data gathering conducted by the team . In the field of mathematics, it provides supports on specific categories of topics such as mathematical functions, algebra, computational sciences, probability and statistics, calculus and analysis, geometry as well as discrete mathematics. Beyond the common mathematical functions, the team of Wolfram recently added Bessel functions, zeta functions, gamma ...

Air pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, toxic air pollutants, greenhouse gases, and sulfur dioxide (Vallero 2014, pp35). Carbon monoxide forms from burning fuels. Emissions are high when fuel is incompletely burned or engines are not properly tuned (Reitze 2001, pp. 532). Cars, furnaces, and heaters are the main producers of carbon monoxide when not properly maintained. Carbon monoxide leads to heart disease and death when inhaled. Nitrogen dioxide originates from cars and power plants when fuel is burnt or when oxygen and nitrogen in the air react at high temperatures. The gas forms acidic rain that ...

Carbon dioxide is an odorless, non-combustible gas that could be both beneficial and threatening to the environment. This gas is inherently part of the earth’s biogeochemical cycle and is as equally important as other naturally occurring gases in the earth’s atmosphere. While carbon dioxide provides benefits to plants via photosynthesis, its effect on the atmosphere at high levels may induce modifications in the naturally occurring changes in climate all over the world. To date, carbon dioxide has been put into a spotlight as the main cause of anthropogenic climate change. Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have ...

The Name of the Class (Course)

The Name of the School (University) The City and State Introduction Literature Review According to Geopolymer Institute (2014), Joseph Davidovits discovered Geopolymer concrete. Joseph Davidovits is a French National born in 1935. Geopolymer concrete is as a result of a reaction of source materials. Constituents of source materials are alumina, silica, and alkaline liquid. Geopolymer has a 3-dimensional structure. They are manufactured using low amounts of temperature. The manufacture of Geopolymer involves mixing several products. These products are alkali metal hydroxide and aluminosilicate. Aluminosilicate acts as a binder. It is a constituent of aluminum and silicon. Research shows that ...

Introduction

The carbon atom is one of the most fascinating atoms in the world. This is because of the processes and transformations it can go through time from organism to organism. The journey that the carbon atom goes through from the atmosphere into the plant, then the animal and then out again into the atmosphere over and over through a myriad of processes is called the carbon cycle, and if one of the most important cycles in life as we know it. The carbon atom partaking in the life cycles by being part of the building blocks of both living ...

The pressure of atmospheric oxygen decreases gradually as barometric pressure drops with increasing altitude. The ability to perform work, such as walking and climbing belittles with the decreased availability of oxygen in the atmosphere for aerobic respiration. The Mount Everest is the highest peak on the earth with an altitude of 8848 meters. At such a higher altitude, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen or PIO2 reaches the limit at which humans can maintain body functions, such as cognition and ambulation. In 1953, Hillary and Tenzing used supplemental oxygen while climbing the Everest. It was only 25 years later ...

Venus: Location, Size, Composition and Features

(Author’s Full Name) (Institution Name)

Introduction

Venus is the second planet from the sun in our solar system. Its orbital day lasts for approximately 225 Earth days, and it does not have a moon or any other similar satellite orbiting around it. It is the brightest and the most easily recognizable astral body from the Earth, after the Moon. Named after the Roman Goddess of love and fertility and often linked with femininity in popular culture and mythology, this paper examines the physical description, unique features and the significance in the solar system of the planet Venus.

Venus is ...

Chapter 3: Introduction to the Atmosphere

This chapter is a basic introduction to the several properties of the atmosphere. Air is the main composition of the atmosphere and contains the majority of Nitrogen gas for 78% and Oxygen gas for 21%. The rest comprises of other gases. Although the atmospheric mixture also constitutes particulates such as dust, smoke, pollens, ash and other industrial emission. The atmosphere can be divided into homosphere and heterosphere. Different gases are scattered uniformly throughout this layer, unlike the composition in the heterosphere where each gas is separated in each layer. Located on the topmost part of the atmosphere is where ...

At the time this documentary film was shot the question existed whether the global warming was such an alarming issue, whether it would affect our planet so drastically, and whether our human race is the main cause for all this happening. Well, it was obvious, and it is even more obvious now that the answer is yes, and humanity is the main factor that is causing those climate changes. About 15 years ago scientists all over the world would argue over the question of whether Earth has entered just another natural period of climate change that happens regularly from ...

(Course/Major)

In Stephen Gardiner’s work A Perfect Moral Storm (2011), there are several critical elements that hinder society from being ethical in our conduct related to climate change, as well as theoretical aspects that combine spatial, theoretical and generational factors that expose people to “moral corruption.” Gardiner explains that the main conflict with regards to climate change is a failure to recognize the ethical dimensions of the issue of climate change (Vladimirova, 2013, par. 1). Many climate analysts are in accord that the main cause of the prevailing global warming movement is the widening and expansion of human ...

The vision of the author here is magnificent. He has admittedly created the atmosphere where machines are developing their own conscience, and are no longer under the control of men. The comparison of the lights of the machine with dog’s red eyes in the photographs is vital and dark. The mankind has no other choice but to pray and wish that the machines turn out to be forgiving. The purpose of the creation of these machines is unknown as the creator is long gone. Now, the rest of them have nothing but the fear and absolutely panic in ...

Scientific developments in the early centuries were started by Galileo and Aristotle. The Galileo’s scientific contribution to this world is helping today’s modern science. Galileo’s contribution to the scientific world starts with heliocentric theory. One of the most famous inventions of Galileo is the “Heliocentric Model of the Solar System”. Galileo proposed and proved the concept demonstrated by Nicolas Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus proposed a theory, which says that the sun is at the center of our solar system and the entire planets move around the sun. Heliocentric theory is considered the great contributions to modern science. ...

1. Ecosystems. (10 pts) Provide a review of the process of succession and trends in biodiversity, productivity, and nutrient cycling. Ecological succession refers to the process of gradual change of the ecosystems. This is attributed to the fact that habitats do not remain constant and they keep changing over time. Succession is divided into two; there is primary succession and secondary succession. Primary succession refers to changes which occur on an environment that has never been colonized before, for instance, quarrying on land that has never been quarried before. Secondary succession on the other hand involves environmental disturbance on ...

If there is one big problem that not only a particular country but the entire world has today, that would be global warming. Global warming refers to a process wherein there is a continuous rise in the temperature of the planet’s climate system. According to experts, since the latter half of the twentieth century, as much as ninety percent of the total rise in temperature accumulated has occurred in oceans and other bodies of water. This is because bodies of water have been identified as dominant carbon dioxide absorbers. However, it is important to remember that global warming ...

The debate behind what causes or contributes to global warming is one that has been hotly discussed; from those who suggest that it is due to human behavior, to those who think that it is a natural occurrence, which humans don’t necessarily contribute to its effects. Some believe that those who support the idea of global warming are rather alarmist in their beliefs, viewing events such as Earth Day as a hoax that attempts to lead people into a life of deprivation rather than living in a state of plenty. Despite which school of thought one subscribes to ...

Global warming together with ocean acidification has presented a great challenge in the balancing of different climatic parameters. The increased level of these incidents has resulted in from different practices that are practiced by human, as well as from other natural occurrences. There are also an increased number of the consequences that are being witnessed as a result of ocean acidification and global warming. This paper aims to provide more details on the causes and consequences of ocean acidification and global warming. The Global warming is the continuous and an unequivocal increase in the average temperature of the climate ...

Anthropogenic climate change is the production of greenhouse gases by human activities. These activities interfere with the chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere by adding more harmful chemicals to the atmosphere. Examination of the polar ice cores by the scientists convince them that the increased human activity has led to an increase in the proportion of greenhouse gases. This increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has skyrocketed within the past years. Reports released by various climatic organizations confirm that the postindustrial rise in greenhouse gases does not come from natural mechanisms but from human activity. The most ...

(Author’s Institution)

Introduction

In its natural state, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas. Its significance in preserving life on Earth is demonstrated through Carbon cycle, a process that begins with the use of CO2 by plants for photosynthesis and ends with the release of the same compound into the atmosphere by the dead and decomposed plants and the animals that feed on them. This cycle is continuous and ensures that the supply of Carbon (a vital element of life) is sufficient. This paper, however, focuses on the disastrous effects of excessive CO2, released into the environment.

Overview

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Drastic climatic changes occurred in Chine during 1958-2000.The average temperature had increased by 0.69 degree Celsius due to a reduction in forest cover in Heilongjiang, China. Forest cover revealed close relationship between deforestation and climate change. Climatic changes refer to lasting and significant changes in the weather patterns characterized by statistical distribution over a period spanning decades or hundred thousands of years. These changes may encompass extreme weather conditions and may happen due to variations in solar radiation reaching earth, biotic processes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. Certain activities undertaken by humans have also been recognized as contributing to ...

- Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)5.6/5.6 Pressure=500 mb Pressure=1000 x (0.5)8.85/5.6 Pressure=334.40 mb Pressure=1000 x (0.5)11.2/5.6 Pressure=250 mb Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)50/5.6 Pressure=2.05 mb - The temperature of the upper stratosphere is greater than that of the lower stratosphere due to the presence of the ozone layer. It is here where ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which triggers chemical reactions. These chemical reactions produce heat, a process which is not found in the lower stratosphere. - Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects such as metal and wood when the molecules come in contact. Conversely, ...

1. Convergent-Divergent nozzle experiment When the downstream pressure in a converging diverging nozzle reduces below a critical value, no further reduction in throat pressure or increase in mass flow rate occurs. Under this condition, the nozzle is said to be choked.

Pressure: U-Tube manometers to measure the pressures in the nozzle relative to atmospheric pressure.

• A water manometer is connected to the inlet pressure tap (P0-P1). • Mercury manometers are connected to the throat (P0-P2) and downstream (P0-P3) pressure taps. • Atmospheric pressure, P0, to be read on the barometer. 2. Objectives

The objective of this experiment is to find conditions that give choked flow. These conditions include;

• To find choke velocity, UC • To find Critical Pressure Ratio, P2C/P0 • Compare to Theoretical Values for Isentropic Flow Additionally, the results of this ...

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of Cottrell atmosphere is important to many aspects of material sciences and engineering. This was first proposed by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain the interaction of solute carbon atoms with defects in steel. The Cottrell atmospheres occur under the interaction between the dislocations and impurities (alloying elements) in matrix metal. These defects, like a dislocation, produce long-range elastic stress fields that distort the interstitial lattice site around the defect in the matrix. These distorted lattice sites then provide lower energy sites for the solute carbon to occupy, thus relieving some of the stress field. This ...

It is evident that the sun is dimming, a reduction in the amount of light reaching the earth is being experienced, in early 1990s and late 1950s a ten percent drop in sunshine reaching the earth surface was recorded Asia, America and Europe having a greater drop, this essay seeks to clearly discuss global dimming a reality dawning on us, Countries like china specifically Hong Kong experienced a 37% reduction in sunlight, this was first bought to the public limelight Ohmura Atsumu from the federal institute of technology In Switzerland 1989 and affirmation given by the Agricultural research organization ...

[Professor’s name appears here] [Date appears here]

Geothermal energy (GE): An Introduction Geothermal energy can be termed as a heat found inside the Earth. This type of heat is an uncontaminated, renewable fuel resource that supplies the energy needs of millions of people in the USA as well as all over the world for various utilizations and applications. Though domains like hot springs are more noticeable and are generally the first source of GE resources, the heat underneath the earth is accessible universally, and the scientists are able to utilize in a wide variety of circumstances. GE ...

[Client’s Name] [Client’s Professor] [Client’s Subject]

The statement that water vapor is a more important fact in global warming than carbon dioxide is a myth. To support my claim, I have listed several reasons or evidences from different sources to prove that water vapor is not more important than carbon dioxide in global warming. My first argument is that carbon dioxide builds up over time while water vapor stays in the atmosphere for just a few days. For example, the article The Importance of Aircraft Emission in Climate Change posted in Environmental News Network stated that ...

A Call to Action

Throughout its history, the Earth has experienced drastic fluctuations in its average surface temperature, with multiple ice ages and periods of natural global warming. However, in recent years, the rate at which the global temperature has increased is unparalleled and cause for concern. The effects and predicted effects of this major and relatively rapid global warming are varied and extensive. Global warming has likely been and will continue to wreak havoc on sea levels, weather patterns, human health, buildings and communities, agriculture and other components of life on Earth as we know it, making global warming the most important ...