Essays on Chem

Solar energy harnessing through the use of solar panels installed in small homes presents better alternative to the hydroelectric provided through the national grid. While the use of solar panels may provide several advantages over the use of hydroelectricity, its usage presents several pitfalls to the user. It is imperative to investigate and outline the possible costs and advantages associated with the use of solar panels as a source of harnessing solar energy before installation is started. In most cases, the decisions concerning the installation of solar panels as the primary source of electricity are normally based on the ...

Iridium organometallic complexes

Introduction Iridium organometallic complexes are applied as catalysts, light-emitting diodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and luminescent agents for cells imaging.1 Due to the wide application area, the scientists perform research on preparation, characterization and physical and chemical properties of iridium organometallic complexes.

The oxidation state in complex compound refers to the charge of the metal, which it would have in a simple ionic compound. The configuration of d-orbitals (dn) indicates the number of valence electrons in free metal of the same oxidation state. The iridium electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f145d76s2, yet the s-electrons transfer to d-orbital to form 5d9. The ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Hansch Analysis

Hansch analysis is used widely in the field of medicinal chemistry. It is the analysis that investigates the quantitative relationship and correlation between the compound’s biological activities with their physicochemical substituents. The global parameters considered in this method include the electronic, steric, hydrophobic, and other effects that use multiple correlation methodology (IUPAC). Application of the Hansch analysis includes the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR). This application develops correlations between activity of the ligands and their properties. As a rule of the thumb, the Hansch model “gives information about the number of parameters to be selected for regression analysis in ...

INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Infrared Spectrophotometry and Organic Chemistry Infrared (IF) Spectrophotometry is designed to determine the sample by measuring infrared radiation absorption of wavenumbers within the region of 4,000-400 cm-1 at different wavenumbers, as it passes through the sample. This technique employs the property that the IF absorption spectrum of the material is typical of its chemical structure. IR spectra are demonstrated in charts drawn via plotting on the abscissa and the absorbances or transmittances on the ordinate. Except when indicated, when the spectrum of the sample is the same in the intensity of absorption at a similar wavenumber to the ...

Effect of ZnSe nanoparticles in the PEDOT: PSS photodiodes

Abstract In this article we report the photovoltaic properties of devices made using a highly conducting polymer electrode, from poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) incorporated with ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrate as an anode and a Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixed with Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) in the ratio of 1:1 as the active layer. The device performance was compared with that of devices made with PEDOT-PSS without ZnSe nanoparticles on ITO substrates. The IV characteristics were studied and the surfaces of PEDOT:PSS with ZnSe were imaged using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It shows that the functions ...

Ei-ichi Negeshi is a Nobel Prize winner in Organic Chemistry in 2010 for palladium catalyzed cross couplings in organic chemistry. The Nobel Prize for Organic Chemistry that he won is being shared to his other colleagues Richard Heck and Akira Suziki. Ei-ichi Negeshi is a Japanese citizen that was born in China. They transferred to Seoul, North Korea and experienced most of his childhood days in Korea then later they transferred to Japan Accordingly, Negeshi’s motivation in developing his self-discipline as a student happened when he experienced being in the123rd place in their classroom. He then realized that, if he ...

Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works of ...

Introduction: What if the countries are not cooperating to protect the ozone layer?

Thesis: Because of the industrial advancements, emissions of non-degradable substances known as CFCs have infiltrated the ozone layer. While there are specific measures that have been taken to reduce these emissions, countries must cooperate in a bid to protect the ozone layer. I. The CFCs and their impact on the ozone.

II. Measures already taken. - Cessation of CFC emissions since 1995 by the developed countries. III. Production Paragraph. - Developing countries that are still producing too much cfcs are likely to reduce emissions due to their effects. IV. Conclusion. - Countries need to ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

2013-2014

Time allowed: Up to 2 hours (practical) - Listen carefully to instructions from the staff members and you should stop immediately if asked to do so. - You should work safely at all the time and wear appropriate clothing. - If you need help or any additional equipment raise your hand up. - Scientific Calculators are allowed. - Dictionaries (except electronic ones) are allowed. - Before you do your practical your teacher will explain what you are going to do and might carry out a demo- you are advised to listen carefully and take ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

- Purpose The purpose behind conducting this experiment is to separate or extract Caffeine, which is an alkaloid and a weak organic base from the de-carbonated cola drink. - Procedure - A 125mL separatory funnel supported by an iron ring is taken and positioned on an iron stand. 60mL of de-carbonated cola drink is then transferred into it followed by the addition of 5.0mL Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) and insert the stopper. - The pressure built inside the flask must be released by inverting it and opening up the stopcock instantly. The stockcock must be closed again ...

THE OXIDATION OF OLIVE OIL UNDER MICROWAVE HEATING

Chemistry: Research Proposal Research is proposed to determine whether or not olive leaves are a good source of antioxidants. Reports of experiments to determine the effectiveness of natural plant extracts including olive leaf extracts have found that to be the case. The olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are attractive because they “contain secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstrosid, dimethyloleuropein, and oleoside), flavonoids (apigenins, kaempferol, leteolin), as well as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol).” (Rafiee et al., 2012, p. 1498) High content of antioxidant properties and total phenols have been determined from olive leaf extractions. (Rafiee et al., 2012;) Rafiee (et al., ...

Perhaps smoking is one of the most well-known types of using drugs. Since it is legal in most countries, it is very much patronized by people of all ages, shapes, sizes and gender. Young and old alike just love the sensation of having a smoke. According to Health Literacy World, there are various reasons why people smoke. For teens, they love smoking because of the pressure from other friends who smoke, they want to be accepted, or they want to look mature. Adults have different reasons. One of the most common reasons is that they want to get over the ...

1. ABSRACT

The purpose of this experiment was two-fold. Firstly it was to synthesize shape-controllable Copper Oxide (Cu2O) under alkaline conditions by using hydrothermal methodology. Secondly it was to measure and evaluate its application for photocatalytic degradation of direct blue dye 53 also commonly known as Direct Blue 53 or Evans Blue. Materials used for the first step were Cu2O and the two reactants, CuCl2.2H2O and NaOH. The temperature during the hydrothermal process was raised from 80°C to 140°C. Two products were synthesized: a) the Cu2O nanorod and b) a mixture of Cu2O nanorod and Cu2O nanocubes.

Hydrothermal temperature was found to ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?" In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

Purpose of the experiment

The main aim of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of a sample of hydrous copper sulfate. This was done by first determining the percentage of each component in the hydrous copper sulfate sample.

Experimental procedures

I. Procedure for determination of percentage of water in hydrous copper sulphate A clean empty crucible was intensely heated for nearly five minutes and then cooled to room temperature. It was weighed and its weight recorded. Approximately 5.0 g of the hydrous copper sulphate sample was added onto the crucible and the weight recorded. The crucible and its content were then gently heated ...

Analysis of Unknown using Standard Solutions and HPLC

Part 1.

The data for the construction of the standard curve for caffeine and benzoic acid are presented below.

The graphing of the Caffeine Standard Curve (figure 1) demonstrates an R2 of 0.9898 so this is standard curve is satisfactory for our experiment since 0.9898 approaches 1 closely.

The graphing of the Benzoic Acid Standard Curve shows a better fit as R2 = 0.9989. Each sample measuerment lies on the standard curve.

Part 2.

5 ml of warm Mello Yello was left to sit until the carbonation had released CO2 into the air (outgassing the cola). Then 2 ml of the outgassed cola ...

Introduction

One among the fields that have profited from the rapid technological progress in the previous centuries is the field of medicine. Conditions and Diseases that scientists had trouble in understanding and curing are now cured successfully and with virtual ease. More people as well as the incurably-ill now survive longer than before. Development in the global population has been distinguished in the 20th century. The old and young population has increased pressure on medical care resources internationally with the intention that no nation is currently capable to compete with the demand for medical -care and its supply. Scientists hence ...