Essays on Egoism

Introduction

“Ethical Leadership is defined as "the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement and decision-making" [and] the evidence suggests that ethical leader behavior can have important positive effects on both individual and organizational effectiveness”

Background

Ethical leaders encourage their followers to model their behaviours by communicating their standards and use rewards as well as discipline to promote suitable and unsuitable behaviours. Brown et al. (2005), who first quoted the above definition for ethical leadership, had implied implicitly that, the leader’s intent is never ...

Utilitarianism can be described as a moral look and defined by consequentialism. It is an ethical theory which states that maximization of utility results in the best action. The utility can be described in different ways, and it mostly terms the well-being of the human beings. According to Jeremy Bentham, who is the founder of utilitarianism, the utility is the addition of all pressure resulting from an action; deduct the suffering of an individual involved in an action (Brian, 1957). The consequences of the action can either be good or bad, and utilitarianism insists of equality interests. Both Bentham ...

Given the strategic nature of the situation, it is undoubtedly a hard decision to make. Firstly, in order to make an informed decision, it is important to identify and understand the ethical dilemma. Secondly, it is essential to consider the dilemma in the light of various ethical lenses, in order to decide the best approach. The following sections include an explanation of the ethical dilemma and application of three ethical models to the situation.

Ethical Dilemma

On the other hand, if I were honest with the employee, I would be foregoing my professional obligation. As a result, the employee will be ...

Philosophy Questions

1. Ross’ s Moral Theory is considered to stand between Kant’s strict deontological theory and theological theory of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher, there existed several prima facie duties that people had to hold in respect if they did not contradict one another. In case they conflicted, human’s intuition would help to make the right choice and find the weightiest and the most important duty. Ross stated that any prima facie obligation could be redefined by more important ones. While Kant saw all obligations absolute and exceptionless, Ross allowed maximization of the good as one of the ...

Immigration Reform in the U.S.: A View Through the

Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Immigration Reform in the U.S.: A View Through the

Introduction

The United States of America, a country so poetically nicknamed to be “a melting pot” of cultures, has always been a more than desirable destination for the immigrants from all over the world. However, as the “times of economic uncertainty and social transformation have complicated American ideas about national and racial identity and have raised moral dilemmas concerning America’s obligations to immigrants from neighboring countries” (Duncan, 2007), the current U.S. immigration policy has started ...

Ethical Dilemma

The story Sophie’s Choice is about life experiences of a Polish immigrant named Sophie Zawistowski living in New York. The story moves between past and present and reveals a dark secret of Sophie’s life. It is revealed that during the Holocaust, Sophie faced a daunting challenge that forced her to save the life of one of her children at the expense of the other. When the Nazi officer asks Sophie to choose one of her children or lose both of them, she is forced to make a decision and choose one of her children. Sophie had to ...

Summary/Analysis

INTRODUCTION Main idea: Frequent ethical lapses by corporate executives require university administrators and business school faculty members to evaluate study curricula regarding ethics

Specific Section: Ethical Egoism

Thesis statement: Despite the reinterpretation of ethical egoism, as long as it is based solely on self-interest, ethical teachings will be rendered useless.

SUMMARY

Business schools teach students to think critically and equip them with tools to be financially successful and become better contributors to the society. However, recent events in the corporate sectors have seen frequent lapses in ethical behavior. Maybe an evaluation is due regarding the ethics in the curriculums of business schools. Integrating ethical ...

For this argument, we choose the stance that humans are not capable of pure altruism. We are all born selfish and being selfless is like acting against once survival. Altruism is just an adaptive feature that human evolve to coexist amicably with fellow species and the environment (Sánchez & Cuesta, 2005). Altruism comes from the Latin word, ‘living for others’. This selfless act is done voluntarily by the person, without any expectation of reward and with no concern for once own wellbeing (Batson, 2014). Even rare saints who are identified as altruistic, are gaining reward in the form of ...

One of the most common moral philosophies in the world today is utilitarianism. It was developed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism seeks to determine the moral stand of actions by looking at their effects and consequences (Mill 43). There are two different types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism focuses on specific individual actions, for example, the murder of a political figure. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, focuses on the action as a whole such as murder (Mill 44). According to the utilitarian’s, morality is supposed to better life by increasing ...

Questions

Ethical egoism is an ethical theory which holds that agents should always act in their best self-interest. From the perspective of ethical egoism, the company executives are behaving ethically. They are putting their own interests and those of the shareholders and board members that appointed them ahead of those of the public by maximizing profit rather than focusing on reducing pollution. The Kantian perspective in ethics is one which promotes the “categorical imperative” or “formula of universal acceptability”. According to this formula, the company executives are not behaving ethically. Were all water companies around the world, or even all ...

Introduction

Practicing business ethics involves three major steps; first, there must be a set of values that are used as a guideline in decision-making in a business environment, second, an understanding of the parties affected by those values and finally deciding on what actions works best for the values (Harry 45). Business ethics enable us to tell what is right and what is wrong in the course of doing business concerning the law. Good values make the society a better place to live. This essay gives a case study on business ethics in four parts. The first part introduces the ...

Utilitarianism postulates that a moral act should be that which aims to produce a good result for all in the society. Borrowing from the utility principle, a moral good is achieved by having a rational balance between a something which is not moral but is good that having something which is not moral but evil (Mill 2006). According to utilitarians, an act is morally good when it produces the greatest margin of good course but for all in the society. This means that utilitarianism seeks to ensure the general good than individual good. To this effect, every moral decision ...

1. In your own words, provide a concise formulation of Utilitarianism. In particular, explain the reasons Bentham and Mill give in support of it. In your own words, provide a concise formulation of Kant’s deontological ethics. In particular, explain the role of the Categorical Imperative in Kantian ethics. In light of the criticisms offered of both accounts, which account is more plausible? Explain why. (70 marks.) Within Utilitarianism it is believed that there is a moral obligation to attain the best world possible. In order to do so, it is necessary to ensure that harm, or what would ...

Introduction

Upholding ethical principles is essential to the maintenance of peace in any community. Precisely, the nature of people’s conduct in any organization is essential to the success of the institution. As such, people can determine how ethical or unethical we are by assessing our behaviours. According to Guerrette, Ethics is the philosophical study of the principles that govern the conduct of people in society [1]. Our actions can, therefore, be said to be ethical if they are praiseworthy and unethical if they are blameable. Ethics, therefore, tries to make a distinction between what is right and wrong. This ...

Ernest Hemingway is one of those artists, who like to expose themselves any way they like. Hemingway often used irony in his writings when depicting characters, which had life stories full of muddle and difficulties. Not many writers can boast of such an innovation brought to literature, but William Dean Howells can. He began as a critic, and later became a novelist – he is considered the champion of literary realism, who depicted each aspect of society without any embellishment. He sought to pass his own impressions to readers, to arouse their imagination and feelings – the same ones as Howells ...

Utilitarianism and Kantianism

Utilitarianism, Virtue ethics and Kantianism are examples of normative ethics. In these theories, there are three components which characterize every action: the consequences of the action, the action itself (which also include the motive of the action), and the agent (the doer). Utilitarianism deals with the consequences of the action. On the other hand, deontological theories (Kantianism and divine command theory) are concerned with motive/action. Virtue ethics, however, is concerned with the doer/agent (Stewart, 2009). Utilitarianism and Kantianism Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is derived from the word utility. In utilitarianism, an action is deemed right only if its outcome is to ...

Psychological egoism: human conduct is selfishly motivated and people cannot perform actions from any other motive . It implies that psychological egoism is the practical belief that the determining motive of every action done voluntarily is a desire for a person’s own benefit. Egoist points out that a person often tries to hide the determining motives for his actions because his concealment is self-interest. In business, some executives believed that bribes are important costs of doing business in the other country, and this act is the hardest ethical dilemma an executive would ...

Before understanding Buddha as one of the three jewels, it is first necessary to discuss the term “Three Jewels,” or “three treasures.” The jewel is something that is very precious. It is the Buddhists belief that the three fundamental teachings of Buddhism are very precious like jewels and for being Buddhist, the person has to take refuge of the three jewels. 'For lay follower and monastic alike, the three 'jewels' remain powerful objects for the ritual and devotional expression of their faith. ‘(“The Foundation of Buddhism” in Gethin, p.168) Taking refuge means taking shelter of the three jewels. 'Going ...

Chapter 10 Q1

The concept of on the ‘self’ has been one of the major issues in philosophy. Hume held that the ‘self’ is concept that is defined by the collective experiences that one has. In this case, Hume believes one’s awareness of the ‘self’ is tied to the person’s previous experiences through perception (David Hume, 1.4.6.3). Hume notes that humans do not and cannot observe something that is beyond their transient feelings, impressions, and sensations. He further claims that there is no anyone particular impressing that can be called the ‘self’. It is imperative that ...

There are diverse perspectives of egoism relative to ethics. Ethical egoism, elucidated as a perception and perspective principle that holds that each and every person is compelled to act and behave from their own self-interest. In other words, people have but one definitive objective in life, and that is to act according to his/her perspective.

One of the egoism perspectives relative to ethics is the ethical egoism that holds that it is imperative and appropriate for an achievement to be decently right that it capitalizes on one’s self interest. Rational egoism is the second one, and it holds that ...

Enron’s Collapse

Enron Corporation was one of the world’s top electricity corporations that underwent a financial indignity, which involved Enron and its bookkeeping company. The scandal comprised of the detection of unbalanced accounting techniques, which occurred through the 1990s. This resulted in Enron filing for insolvency in December of 2001 (Thomas, 2002).

According to this example, Enron, it is difficult, if not impossible for the decision-making process within a large corporation can overcome this fact of human selfishness. This is because this drive is naturally in people, and many choose this to be their drive. It is almost impossible to learn everything ...

Part I

Ethics is the set of beliefs, ideas and guidelines as to what determines the behavior. It is the accepted code of conduct amongst a given group of persons/society. According to Paul and Elder (2), ethics is "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures". It also describes of what is good, what is right and how one ought to know what to do. This study gives a description of the different prime theories on how they affect the human sexuality and marriage.

Ethical egoism is a theory based on an individual doing ...

Psychological Egoism involves being entirely driven by self-interest, and is characterized by purely selfish motives. It is believed that such a mind will always bring happiness. Whereas, Ethical Egoism is the view that people do take into account interests, that are not their own. Glaucon has created a myth titled “The Ring of Gyges” which discusses the entire concept of egoism.

This myth is the story of a man named Gyges, who while travelling he comes across a chasm, with something sparkling deep inside. Attracted by the shine he goes into the depth and enters a tomb. Gyges ends up taking a gold ring ...

Question One

The tendencies being referred to are the tendencies of human beings to care, help and support each other. Human beings have emotions and are self conscious. They have love for each other and will find it ethical to be concerned about each other. It is true that human beings and other apes have the capacity to be concerned about others. Apes and man belong to the same classification of primates. They have a well developed and high intelligent quotient that they find it logical to be caring about fellow humans or apes. They are all social animals, living as a community.

Question Two

...

Business Ethics

Introduction Business ethics is the study of the required business practices and policies concerning controversial issues that are of key importance such as insider trading, discrimination, bribery, fiduciary responsibilities and corporate social responsibilities. The ethics of a business are usually governed by the laws while they can also provide a framework that the business may choose to follow so that they can obtain public attention (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2010, p. 143).

The business ethics are usually implemented to ensure that some specific level of the required trusts exists between who participates in the market for the business product or services ...

Introduction

The validity of the law cannot be associated with morality though; there are many instances where moral norms becomes important when formulating laws but still the society can change them if needs be. This concept clearly shows the power of moral decadence and offensive laws existing in legal systems. The dignity in the society continues to depreciate since the law does not take its validity from morality. There are many actions disallowed in the past, but in the current times, they are the most praised acts. The human rights organization plays a major role in disregarding a moral society and promoting ...

Introduction

Human interactions can be just like games. Game theory is an approach that attempts to analyze situations the same way players in a game assess situations. We face many situations, yet we do not have rules on how to handle them. Hence we wonder, what players would do if they were faced with the same situation. In a game, players make quick and strategic decisions that will help their team win. We handle real life situations just like players. The decisions we make affects our outcomes. Since we come in contact with people, game theory establishes how we can strategize with ...

Psychological egoism entails the tendency of people to act, speak, or perceive things motivated by self or personal beliefs. The theory of egoism underlines oneself as the motivation of his or her actions and perspectives (Audi 265). In a discussion with a psychological egoist, one gets the feeling that the egoist struggles to defend his or her actions irrespective of whether he or she is right actions or not. On my way to the ethics class, I encountered into a psychological egoist and initiated a discussion with him on ethics and their roles in society. Some of the arguments raised by the egoist ...

Introduction

There are certain actions that have to be considered by an organization in order to become economically and strategically prosper and perfect. It is profitability and economic expansion for that an organization always strives for and in order to expand positively, effective decisions should have been taken considerably. Apparently, cost and profitability are the only two elements that deem important for an organization, but it is also important for them to adhere with the compliance accordingly and effectively. Ethics is basically referred as norms and dos of an activity and it is solely responsible for the economic and ...

PART I

British Petroleum Company Profile BP plc, formerly known as British Petroleum, is a UK based multinational oil and Gas Company with its headquarters located in London, England, United Kingdom. As of 2012, BP is the world’s sixth largest energy company in terms of market capitalisation, fifth largest company by revenues, and sixth largest oil and gas company by production (BP. Financial and Operating Information, 2008-2012). BP is a vertically integrated organisation and it has a strong presence in all areas of the gas sector, including exploration and production, refining, promotion, distribution, power generation, and trading. The company also operates in the ...

Introduction

- Background of the Organization In this paper, the Four-Part Model is applied in the context of the social responsibility activities of the Coca Cola Corporation. In this regard, the specific components of this model will be discussed, and the effects of their application within this organization will also be analyzed. The Coca Cola Corporation is one of the largest soft-drinks` manufacturer in the United States and the globe at large. The company`s operations are found in almost all the countries in the world, and its corporate social responsibility programs are also run parallel to the company` ...

Located outside Target store location

The observation is a study of altruistic behavior of adults toward strangers. One goal in the study is to determine if the presence of an audience motivates a person to be charitable. Hudson and Bruckman (2004) theorized an individual of a particular personality will respond more to the opportunity to participate in a charitable contribution if others are aware of the donation. This may be evidenced in a donation when the plate is passed n church when a person feels others are watching. Some religious organizations include an envelope to conceal the amount of the donation. In this way, the individual is acknowledged as donating ...

[Subject/Course] [Submission Date]

Social Contract Theory: Social Contract Theory was founded by Thomas Hobbes, a renowned English philosopher. According to this theory, the moral and political obligations of individuals depend upon an agreement (contract) among them for the formation of the society they belong to. The purpose of this contract is the establishment of a constitutional act for keeping the political body subordinate to moral values. Hobbes believes that social contract makes it possible for human beings to continue their survival on this planet. He maintained that by contracting socially, men surrender their inherent liberties for enjoying the safety and ...

It is wrong to steal, and children learn this from an early age. But what if a parent was unable to find work and as a result did not have any money to buy groceries for their children? Would it be okay in this situation to steal food from a grocery store even though it is wrong to steal. This question is an ethical question. I believe, as I will develop in this essay, that it is okay to steal from a grocery store. This question, in some senses, is a silly question; very few people would agree that a parent should let their children ...

Abstract

Computers are foundations of every facet in human life for many years to come. However, Hacking is a sole activity of entering into computer systems without permission, but it eventually became an accepted business practice. Moral and ethical implications should be put in mind if universities and professors will require hacking as part of the curriculum. Technology aims to improve lives, but its usage may be abused – which can lead people to show self-centered acts towards benefits. In some cases, one can potentially abuse the benefit of convenience – based from the morals embodying ethical egoism. One can use the glaring ...

(Study Program)

Over the years, there have been evolvements of new and exciting technologies. Such technologies include; mobile phones, email, the World Wide Web, etc. Such is the proof of life in the information age. Despite all the benefits presented by the information age, there has also been the introduction of new ethical predicaments (Quinn, 2013). The ethical predicaments presented by the information age may appear as ordinary circumstances for many. However, for others, the ethical dilemmas are quite realistic and present substantively new challenges for them. Agreeably, the main objective of adopting new technologies is to provide solutions ...

Introduction.

The continuous changes in the competitive environment in the tourism and hospitality industry oblige the sector to formulate ways that facilitate competitiveness, and increased market share. Contrary to conventional ways of competition like lowering of prices, product promotions, and increased profits, the sector’s levels of competition compels the players to shift to customer oriented strategies, and applying customer services, ethics, and laws of morality in achieving their intended market shares. Recently, the question on ethical practices in tourism and hospitality in demonstrating customer relationships has led in formulation of business strategies in the sector. Most players believe ...

The best arguments I would give to my colleague for sharing the vaccine with others would be one of either the thought of the repercussions of not doing so would be more distressing weighed against the possibility of contracting the deadly disease. Psychologists call this punishment-reward. When faced with a situation where behavior is both detrimental and gratifying to one, the course of action is determined by the measure of how gratifying the positive consequences would be, versus how harmful the negative consequences would be. Naturally pain is avoided, and gratification is sought. Since, as is the assumption, no ...

Despite of living in a world that has extensively benefited from the capitalist production system, it still seems necessary to make questions about its ethics. There is no doubt that since its adoption and generalization, people around the world has experimented unprecedented wealth and freedom, but there are still issues that plague the world where capitalism has had no power to solve. Many even find the cause of said problems in the capitalist system. This paper will analyze the definition, elements and criticism of capitalism as exposed by William Shaw in his book Business Ethics to find out if capitalism ...

Introduction

Organizations are made to earn economic profit with the help of effective strategies and with the help of effectiveness; the field of prosperity is one of them. Businesses are always made to earn economic profit with the help of different strategies in particular and with the help of adherence with the ethical stance and standards, organizations can enhance their productivity and effectiveness in particular. When it comes to organizations, then there are certain aspects that deem essential and effective for the sake of an entity and Business Ethics are some of the essential aspects . The ethical values of ...

Business Ethics 2

Q1. Differentiate the concepts of morality and social ethics. Morality: Morals and values have become, or it has created the spine of today’s modern society, every individual’s conscience and religion, and morality refers to the code of conduct, which is adopted within an environment, a set of rules which directs an individual towards right or wrong (Padilla, 2004). For example murder is a crime, it is immoral, but murder in a battlefield is ethical or permissible. Social Ethics: Social ethics are moral principles that one way or the other shows the collective knowledge, practice or experience and culture ...

Abstract

Research finds that non-unionized employees discern stronger ethical cultures within their organizations and companies than their fellow unionized counterparts. Other reports also depict that young workers are more probable to recognize weak ethical cultures within their organizations than older ones. On the other hand, managers also tend to esteem stronger ethical cultures within their organizations than employees that are not in management positions. The onus is on the manager to manage and incorporate a strong ethical culture in their business. However, it is not solely their responsibility since the employees are in a position of helping out in the assessment of ethical ...

Introduction

One aspect of human life that deeply interested Patanjali was suffering. Patanjali was particularly interested in how humans can awaken and free themselves from suffering. The concept of suffering can be found in his famous text known as Yoga Sutras. In this text, suffering is referred to as “duhkham." Patanjali uses the term duhkham to synonymize all the disturbances that take place within the human equilibrium. These range from feelings of unhappiness or disquiet to big heartbreak. Simply, duhkham encompasses feelings of anger, anxiety, sadness, unhappiness and even devastation. This paper aims to explore Patanjali’s perspective and diagnosis ...

Meaning

Ethical relativism is the situation that there is no universally valid or objective moral principle, because every moral judgment is a topic of human opinion. In other words, there are no right or wrong ways apart from what everyone considers to be as right or wrong. Obviously, every individual has a responsibility to form their personal opinions about morality. Similarly, it is obvious that to find it more difficult to search the correct answers to ethical questions in comparison to finding the correct answers to arithmetic problems. But an ethical relativist goes ahead and claims, there are not any objective ...

Philosophy

1. According to Kant what is the difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives? Why must moral imperatives always be categorical? How would Kant use this distinction to criticize ethical egoism and utilitarianism. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the difference between hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative is that the former refers to precepts and actions that only have conditional worth required to attain a desired objective; whereas, the latter refers to a universal moral principle of human conduct that is not limited by any condition in the determination of one’s duty. For Kant, the only one categorical imperative is: “Act ...

24.05.2014 1.0 Introduction Both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations across the world experience ethical issues that must be addressed for the successful realization of the outcomes of these organizations. The ethical issues and dilemma vary from one case to the other, and often compels the organizations to take certain positions based on the ethical values embraced. This study will analyze key problems and ethical dilemma that faced the Human Society of the United States (HSUS), a not-for-profit organization; and General Mills, a for-profit organization. The article will examine the key ethical dilemmas that these two organizations faced, the positions that ...

Introduction. Egoism is derived from ego, a Latin word that means “I” in English (Moseley, 2011). Egoism is the obsession of self-importance and considering one-self the most important person. People are motivated by self-interests and own desires and therefore want the best in their life whether they deserve it or not. Egoism is also a form of complex that is mostly the inferiority complex. Philosophically, egoism is the theory that one individual himself is the motivation and he himself is the goal. In simple words, egoism is the over-evaluation of one-self about himself. People who do not care for interests of ...

Integrity in Business

Integrity in Business Integrity in business is one of the virtues that the society and the corporate world at large endeavor to uphold. Integrity can be explained as the quality of an individual to always behave according to the accepted moral principles. According to businessethics, every businessman should strive to maintain the integrity at all times. Business ethics demands that the business professionalsshould act responsible and uphold integrity when reviewing sensitive financial information. For instance, when creating or updating profit and loss account, trading account of an organization or any other form of account involving financial information, a business ...

Management

Wal-Mart: An Abusive Retail Tycoon or An Altruistic Supplier of Goods to the Masses? Wal-Mart started out as a small chain retail store that grew to 5,000 stores in ten countries and has an estimated 1.7 million employees around the world. This company’s primary focus is keeping the consumers happy, beating competitors, and escalating shareholder value with their big discounts on consumer goods. Currently, Wal-Mart has 2,640 discount stores, 2,396 supercenters, 670 Sam's clubs, and 435 neighborhood markets in the United States. Through Wal-Mart’s business model, customers get to save up to $100,000 ...

AND JEREMY BENTHAM

Facilitator’s Name AND JEREMY BENTHAM

Introduction

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant were the two famous philosophers, who elucidated the criterion for evaluating human actions. Jeremy Bentham introduced the concept of assessing actions through the intensity of happiness it produces to the highest number of people; a notion that is based on utilitarianism. On the contrary, Immanuel Kant expounded the same through Categorical Imperative. Moral rightness of a decision according to Bentham’s Consequentialist Utilitarian theory is defined by the outcomes it produces, while Kant focuses on the moral rightness of the action. This paper will highlight the major similarities and ...

According to Bellah, justice can be defined a total of three times. For starters, it is the meaning of education. Justice is educative in nature. Justice is responsible for the education of people for the common good of everybody. For example, when justice is ordained, people are educated on the benefits that it has altogether. Once these people are educated, then the education will then help in civilizing the entire world. Bellah in his studies continues to state that, justice is also the formation of the common good. This means that it is responsible for forming something good. Whenever ...

Introduction

Ethics is a concept that permeates all aspects of life. Ethical theories provide guidance to a way of life for many people. Businesses and organizations are held to ethical standards for the activities in which they engage. There are many ethical theories that have been postulated by different scholars. The perspectives of these theories hold different premises. The choice of an ethical theory either for personal or professional life depends on ones views and moral predispositions. However, a proper ethical theory should have certain general characteristics that cut across the general board. This is the topic of this paper, tempered by a review ...

Philosophy

Morality is a very important concept in human life. It is a guiding principle on what is right and wrong. Without ethics, life can be so challenging because everyone will have to behave the way they want without thinking about the interests and welfare of others. In medicine, it is essential for each and every practitioner to comply with the standard ethical requirements expected of this profession. This should be done in compliance to the Hippocratic Oath which they commit themselves to, upon the completion of their training. Thus, it is true that without ethics, the medical practitioners will not act ...

This is one of the theories in normative ethics which holds that a proper course of action is that which maximizes utility. It can be defined in simple terms as a theory that maximize happiness and reduce suffering. The most influential contributors of the theory are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In his book Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill stated that, "In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbor as oneself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.” ...

Background

Ethics is a concept that permeates all aspects of life. Ethical theories provide guidance to a way of life for many people. Businesses and organizations are held to ethical standards for the activities in which they engage. There are many ethical theories that have been postulated by different scholars. The perspectives of these theories hold different premises. The choice of an ethical theory either for personal or professional life depends on ones views and moral predispositions. However, a proper ethical theory should have certain general characteristics that cut across the general board. This is the topic of this paper, tempered by a review ...

Philosophy

The self-interest of person is itself a relative term as it is defined by various factors for example culture, religion, level of education and personal interests. Self-interest can also be defined as narcicism. Self-interest can vary as far as saddicism as long as it serves the personal interests of the sadist Philosophical egoism can be proven to be true through thorough dissection and in-depth analysis of actions that are thought to be the most selfless ever committed. All actions serve to suit personal interests. A person giving a beggar money in the streets may seem selfless but they are actually ...

A song can be generally defined as being a voice composition which is performed by the act of singing, the song words tend to have a rhythm or are poetic in nature. The two songs that I have chosen are; ‘Your Racist Friend’ by the group known as They Must Be Giants and ‘When Fredric Was A Little Lad’ by Gilbert and Sullivan. The song genre of the song ‘your racist friend’ can be classified as modern rock while the song ‘when Fredric was a little lad’ can be classified as a comic opera which typically is a comic play which usually incorporates songs ...

Several people are incarcerated in the United States prisons as well as several other correction facilities in the world. The number of prisoners is in fact increasing as activities that are more criminal continue to be reported. Even so, every person deserves equal treatment notwithstanding where he or she lives, or where he or she is staying. This has brought about the ethical concern that should prisoners be treated like other population outside custody? This ethical concern has elicited several views from different stakeholders including the prisoners, the prison authorities, and several interest groups. The ethics of caring for ...

Introduction

Physician-assisted suicide has been subject to much global public debate. As the topic on human rights continues to gain momentum and make waves across the consciousness of people all over the world, humanity also continues to expand the scope and coverage of their rights. The right to death, as best manifested by physician-assisted suicide, is one such right. Highly controversial, this particular right brings forth some important questions. Firstly, when does one’s right to death begin? Secondly, to what extent should the physician take responsibility for the person who requested for death? Finally, on a personal note, can the ...

Introduction

Nike was founded on January 25, 1964 by “University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman” as “Blue Ribbon Sports”. In 1978, the American company was renamed “Nike” in homage to the Roman “goddess of victory”. Between 1964 to 1978, Nike created the first “brand advertisement” called “There is No Finish Line” which helped the company achieve a market share of about 50% in the US, fueling the company’s next step of listing in the stock market. In December of that same year, Nike was listed in the New York Stock Exchange . Nike is a ...