Essays on Entity

Contribution of entity theory to accounting practice

Entity theory was developed as a result of the inadequateness of the proprietary theory before it in explaining the treatment of a businesses assets and liabilities in relation to ownership. The proprietary theory had been developed at a time when the size of businesses was relatively small and the ownership was mainly sole proprietorship or partnerships with small number of partners. In this situation, the ownership of the business and its relationship with its creditors could not be adequately explained in accounting terms since the fact that a company is ...

Introduction

This paper entails a business plan outline for an e-commerce business which will operate under the name Decca Galleria. The business entails the sale of various forms of artwork which include paintings, assorted furniture, and many other similar antique products. This entity will operate entirely as an online business, which will target both local and international customers in its operations. The business plan for this entity is highlighted in this paper, and it includes an in –depth analysis of the various components that will influence directly the success of the venture.
According to Laudon and Carol (67), the e-commerce ...

Introduction

Amidst increasing globalization of markets and industries, it is natural for custodians of free-market distortions, to scrutinize not just companies at home country, but also foreign ones. This is applicable to not only national regulators such Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or the Antitrust Division of Department of Justice (DOJ), but also to international regulators such as the European Commission. These regulators must supervise mergers and acquisitions at their home territory as well as in other jurisdictions. So, it is not unexpected when, those mergers, which, initially seems to be purely American in nature, have been subject to intensive inspection ...

Income Statement:

The income statement reports the revenue and expenses of the firm over a period of time. The income statement is sometimes refered to as the statement of operations or Profit and Loss Statement. The income statement relies on the equation:

In other words, Income Statement serves the purpose of providing the investors and other users of financial statements with most appropriate profitability of the entity net of expenses incurred by the company. In an elaborated manner, income statement helps an investor to assess as how the business has performed by giving a summary of how the business incurs its ...

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

In order to develop an entity relationship diagram, different aspects are put in place. To start with, we define the major business that needs to be automated. This forms the entities. Attributes are defined by the various storage fields and tables in the database. In the case of Celtic Analytics we are going to implement a data warehouse that bears the resemblance to a relational database system.
The process will involve the translation of ideas into sophisticated plan that will permit the development team to put together a relational data warehouse schema in lieu of the key functionality of ...

This is a unique kind of model that tries to illustrate the relationship that exists between data in a database. The construction of an entity relationship diagram always manipulates symbols to illustrate the relationship between the information contained in that specific database. The rectangular or box like figures are regularly used to represent entities, the diamond figures are normally used to illustrate the affiliation that exist between the information while the ovals are used to embody the elements. Hence in the literature below all this will be manipulated to illustrate what entity relationship diagrams constitute and how it’s ...

Introduction

Entities of health care recognize revenue for which a little portion of the total amount is billable or billed or the final collection is not assured reasonably at the time the services are rendered. There have been concerns raised by the constituents that these kind of accounting practices lead to gross-up revenue for unexpected amounts to be collected in the end. To add to it, due to the fact that entities of health care make their own decisions as far as bad debts and adjustment to revenues is concerned, the decisions are different from one another and it is ...

Jaarat (15) says that human resource is a vital entity in every business entity since it controls and directs other resources. The accounting department recognizes the human resource as an important asset in stating the financial position. Whenever there is, a lack of measurement in the use of the financial resource, the human resource in the company is accountable. According to Jaarat (15), a model for measuring and recognizing human resource in the statement of financial position can better the organization.
Jaarat (16) confirms that human resource is the most expensive resource in every business entity. This resource applies ...

Introduction

- Background of the Organization
In this paper, the Four-Part Model is applied in the context of the social responsibility activities of the Coca Cola Corporation. In this regard, the specific components of this model will be discussed, and the effects of their application within this organization will also be analyzed. The Coca Cola Corporation is one of the largest soft-drinks` manufacturer in the United States and the globe at large. The company`s operations are found in almost all the countries in the world, and its corporate social responsibility programs are also run parallel to the company`s ...

Generally accepted accounting principles

Health care financial management like that of other industries follows a set of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) regardless of whether it is for a profit or non-profit making organization. Health care organizations generate their revenues from delivering services and from the sale of drugs and medical supplies. Expenses in health care organizations normally include but are not limited to the costs related to labor and the purchase of drugs and medical supplies (Hankins & Baker, pp.412-413). These transactions have to be recorded according to the concepts of GAAP. The aim of this essay is therefore is to discuss the ...

PPP Contracting options

PPP, an acronym for public-private partnership, describes a venture that is financed and operated via a partnership between the government and a company in the private sector. In the contractual agreement, the private entity offers a public service and assumes a significant technical, financial and operational risk. For a contractual agreement between the government and the private entity, the following options are available.

1. Design-Bid-Build: - Firstly, an engineering design firm is contracted to establish guidelines on the required materials, equipment and the potential costs to complete the project. The private sector is then invited to ...

Introduction

Agenix Limited is a biopharmaceutical company based in Melbourne, Australia. Through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Agen Biomedical and Agenix Biopharmaceutical (Shanghai), the Company has a strategic goal of building and developing a line of therapeutic and imaging products, and this is evidenced by the company’s heavy investment in research and development as it seeks to develop new biopharmaceutical products appropriate for its market1. The company is listed in the Australian stock Exchange (ASX), having been listed in 1987. The company’s shares are also available the NASDAG.

Disclosure Index for Agenix Limited

Financial disclosure is the deliberate release of numerical or qualitative financial ...

INVESTMENT PROPOSAL

Executive summary
The business idea that is in effect for execution is founding a cleaning service business. A cleaning service business is a low-cost but detailed entity is engaged with a lot of expertise and capital formation to start up. In this case, a suitable title for this entity is Best Homes Cleaners. The cleaning service business entity is categorized as one of the most amazing low-tech businesses. The low level of technology is one of the factors that are encouraging the decision to invest in the sector of operation. Ideally, it will require a proper level of mastery ...

NATO has seen enlargement through its period of inception. Since its establishment in April 1949 with a mere half a dozen members, its current standing stands at nearly 28 members from different parts of the world engaged in defense and military alliance. However with the developments taking place and the end of the Cold War and Afghanistan invasion, the need has been felt for expanding the circle of members list of NATO. This decision would have its repercussions in multiple facets and all these must be taken into account. Each of the member state has its own views and ...

Integration vs. National Responsiveness

Integration vs. National Responsiveness

Introduction

This paper entails a critical analysis of the economic integration and national responsiveness activities of a multi-national company which operates in many countries across the globe. The company in question is the Coca Cola Corporation, whose mission statement summarizes its objective of operating in every corner of the globe. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the strategies that have been applied by the Coca Cola Corporation on the international scale will be discussed from the perspective of whether they entail economic integration, or national responsiveness. Accordingly, the paper will also compare the company`s ...

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Introduction
The principle of profit maximization primarily focuses on the very fact that the fundamental motive of any business entity is maximizing its profits consequently maximizing the income of all of its shareholders. Maximization of sales, stock price, market share, and cash flow would all lead to profit maximization of the firm. Identification of the point where there exists the maximum difference between total revenue and total cost would help the firm in achieving the maximum profit. A few basic rules that would apply to this principle ...

American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League et al.

Issue

The main issue is to determine whether the NFL and its member teams is a single entity with respect to licensing of intellectual property rights.

NFL property, which was a company owned by the National Football League teams, gave Reebok exclusive license which gave them authority to be the only producers and sellers of trademarked headwear and other game necessities. American Needle was the initial holders of the production contract. Their license was not renewed. American Needle therefore took action and sued NFL, the member teams and Reebok on the ...

ERDs are used to represent logical relationships between entities. An entity is a person, object, place, orders, products, etc. Information systems recognize relationships between entities. For instance a customer entity can reveal several instances of an order, sales representative, location, among others.
Entity relation diagrams are essential in the design of relational databases. Using an entity relationship data model, abstract schemas are designed and denoted with various entities. Likewise, in object-oriented data model, objects are denoted with different classes with a provision that segregate functional primary data from processes that are involved in creation modification of such data. The ...

Introduction

Mayo’s Clinic is a health organization that is based in Rochester in Minnesota. It was founded in 1899 and has grown tremendously over the years. Today, it employs approximately four thousand physicians and scientists and 60 thousand allied health staff. Similarly, Erie County Medical Centre is a health organization located in New York City. It has a hospital facility with 550-bed capacity and more than thirty outpatient service centres. This paper seeks to analyse the financial viability of the two entities. In addition, it seeks to analyse the financial viability of merging these two entities. To this end, ...

Religious studies

A PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE
Ever since the beginning of time, Man has strived to discover the secrets of the Universe. From Aristotle to Socrates to the modern philosophers, every curious mind has tried to divulge answers from Mother Earth in order to satiate their burning thirst for the knowledge. Philosophy has solely existed to answer questions related to reality, existence, values, reason and mind. Philosophy has been divided into many subcategories. They include metaphysics, ethics, logic, aesthetics and epistemology. Whereas logic is connected with reasoning, epistemology attempts to garner the nature and scope of knowledge. Ethics refers to the philosophy ...

ABSTRACT

For many years psychologist have studied athletes and what separates the successful from those who fall short. Carol Dweck’s work has helped Psychologist’ and athletes treat a major limiting factor, mindset. In a fixed mindset talents are considered innate. A growth mindset focuses on developing ability and talent through experience. Dweck’s research shows that people who have a fixed mindset reject learning for fear of displaying their shortcomings. Those with a growth mindset embrace acquiring new skills through learning and experience. This work is especially important because it has been supported that a growth mindset can be ...

Management

Introduction
Total quality management (TQM) is an important measurement tool associated with an organization. It is basically a method through which an organization cans appreciation in their operations and services accordingly (Baldacchino and Farrugia, p.56). Management is a function cum strategy that usually found interactive on the basis of five elements that known as planning, controlling, organizing and leading. All of these four elements are there to examine the effectiveness of an organization, and it has a direct linkage with the financial and strategic prosperity of an entity.
The value of TQM and simple management schemes are wonderful, as ...

QUESTION ONE:

Significance of Public administration
This paper provides a critical reflection of the significance of effective public administration structures within the society. The content is developed from the aspects incorporated in “the blast in Centralia”. It is pertinent to note that public administration is a multidimensional aspect that is influenced by many stakeholders.
Some of the concepts articulated include decision making processes, management, as well as implementation process. This is discussed within the context of multiple social, economic as well as economic changes. Within the present day society context public administration is influenced by both the public and the private ...

The decrease in the number of customers of Rest assured stores calls for attention with respect to the sales volumes which affects the general profitability and productivity of this company. The decline in the number of customers have led to a decrease in its sales turnover thereby affecting the profitability levels of the business. This business therefore needs several measures and strategies in order to improve the profitability levels through retention of customers as well as attracting the prospective customers. The strategies to be adopted by this business should ensure that the welfare of the business is improved in ...

U.S. GAAP versus IFRS.

ABSTRACT

There are notable differences between the International Accounting Standard Boards and the Financial Accounting Standard Boards models of accounting for income tax. Efforts to harmonize the two standards through the Exposure Draft were dropped in 2009 and have not been reviewed thereafter. In 2012, SEC staff provided a final IFRS framework that outlined its efforts and findings but did not provide any conclusions or recommendations for any actions. The difference between IFRS and US GAAP remain significantly felt in many areas and are of major interests to users of financial statements. The main areas of ...

Explain why the external entities on the context-level diagram are not found on the entity-relationship diagram.

Introduction
An external entity represents a business, a person or a department, which can be used to send and receive data from a system (Kendall and Kendall, 2008). The context-level diagram is used to depict the computer system and its relation to the external environment. The entity relationship diagram indicates the relationship that exists or connects different data entities. One entity may be used to connect a single or multiple entities.
Thus, a context level diagram shows the linkage between the external entities and the computer system. According to Kendall and Kendall (2008), the context level diagrams will indicate ...

US GAAP permits LIFO in valuing inventory while IFRS does not permit LIFO in valuing inventory. Secondly, US GAAP recommends two-step impairment of assets while IFRS recommends one -step impairment of assets. Lastly, in US GAAP, assets are not allowed be revalued upwards whereas in IFRS upward revaluation is allowed.
An expense in financial accounting is a monetary equivalent of an asset or resource that has already been consumed in a given financial period for the purposes of generating revenues for that entity. Examples include; salaries, rent, financing costs, and repairing and maintenance costs. On the other hand, an ...

There are steps that are involved in developing an Entity Relationship Model. The first step is to identify the entities that will be used in the model. The entities are the objects that will be defined and have the relationships in the data model developed. The next step would be to define the relationships that exist between the entities that have been defined. The relationships will define the direction in which the relationship between the entities will take. They will guide in the creation of the database. The third step would be entering the attributes. Attributes are the characteristics ...

[First Last Name]

English [Number]

[Date Month Year]

In this paper, I argue that God – an all-good, all-powerful, and all-knowing entity with a perfect will that can only choose according to His nature (that is, what is good) – exists (Slide 3). Evil also exists. In addition, created nature (human nature and all things in nature), which is compatible either to God or evil or both, exists as a meaningful context of the existence of God and evil.
If God’s nature is all good, then His nature is not compatible with evil. Thus, there is no evil in Him or in ...

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF AUDITING

Introduction
An Audit report is a formal disclaimer or opinion given by either an internal auditor or an outside auditor (Collings, 2011). The audit report, after completion, is handed over to the consumer, the company or organization in which the evaluation was done, so as to show assurance of service. The report can then be applied in decision making by the user or can be put to other uses. The audit report is a very paramount instrument when it comes to reporting financial information to businesses or organizations. The International Standards of Auditing (ISA) are the professional standards and ...

FASB Codifications

ASC 205- Presentation of Financial Statements
ASC 25- Discontinued Operations
ASC 45- Other Presentation Matters
1) It can be classified as a reportable segment, operating segment, a reporting unit, subsidiary or an asset group. Important to note, to be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity is the component of an entity which it comprises operation and cash flows.
2) Conditions for reporting discontinued component:
Important to note that if an organization that has disposed of, or classified the component of an entity as ‘held for sale’, wants to report it as ...

Part One: Analysis of the Military

The military is a key area that deserves to be given substantial attention in terms of the nature of the choices made by the leadership. The military leadership should be robust and should only further courses that promote learning and improvement within the defense entity. Questions as to whether the military entity is a perfect learning organization has been posed to by many critics. Criticism has clouded the operations of the army as to the credibility of their activities and operations in the war fields. Many lives of soldiers and innocent civilians are lost in absurd circumstances. The situation ...

This report aims at identifying and elaborating the strategies and issues related to Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) and Starbucks Global Consumers Products Group in their endeavor to form a relationship between them.

Background

The Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Starbucks Global Consumers Products Groups are two different companies with the objective of forming a strategic relationship to tap the market. The two companies aim at manufacturing, marketing, distributing and selling of the Tazotea K-cup portion packages and Starbucks packs that are essential in the running of the Keurig Single cup brewing system. Ideally, the Keurig means a Dutch word ...

Introduction

The Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act is a law that has been codified in the United States that was specifically made to establish the grounds and limitations as to whether a foreign entity, or a foreign sovereign nation at that, can be charged and be subject to trial in a U.S. federal or state court . Apart from being a common legal ground for various legal cases that mostly involve multi-national entities or those that have different international origins, the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FISA) may also be used as a strong basis—in fact, in many legal cases, it the ...

Financial Reporting

Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name
(30, 09, 2013)
Deferred tax asset is an asset reported on the Statement of Financial Position of a company that will be used in paying taxes for subsequent accounting periods. From financial point of view, deferred tax assets actually reduce the income tax expense for the upcoming periods. On the contrary, the deferred tax liability is an account on the balance sheet which appears because of the temporary differences arises as a result of difference between the profit calculated for accounting purposes and profit computation for the purpose of taxation. In the year end ...

Any business enterprise is subject to both external and internal; factors affecting its operations. This is mainly exhibited by the output of the business with regard to the factors affecting it. The external factors affecting the business form the macro-environment of the business and are commonly referred to as macroscopic factors of the business entity. The internal factors form microscopic environment of the business and are also referred to as microscopic factors. Macroscopic factors are all the factors that affect the business from outside its boundaries. These factors includes: suppliers, culture, market share, customers political and economic factors. Microscopic ...

Business Entities, Laws and Regulations

When establishing any venture, one has to decide the kind of business entity to operate. The nature of the business entity is necessary in the determination of return on income tax that the owners have to file. Furthermore, the laws and liabilities are applied differently depending on the legal terms binding the business entity. The common types of business entities include sole proprietorship, partnership, parastatals or State Corporation, and the company. Consideration s on the legal and tax implications are overriding factors before one chooses the business entity. This piece of work considers different case scenarios that determine the ...

and Gamble and LG Electronics
and Gamble and LG Electronics
In the scope of this paper the analysis of the strategies, used by the Procter and Gamble and LG Electronics would be conducted while referring to both strong and weak points, which are inherent to each particular strategy; contributing factors of the strategic development and the outcomes which have been reached by both enterprises.

PROCTER AND GAMBLE

First of all it is essential to refer to the fact that the Procter and Gamble (P&G) is the global leader in the area of consumer goods; this business entity operates in more than 180 ...

Management

Introduction
Total quality management (TQM) is an important measurement tool associated with an organization. It is a method through which an organization can gain in their operations and services (Baldacchino and Farrugia 56). For example, by continuously improving the quality of services or products an organization can grow and compete; the success is measured by the quality of services (Baldacchino and Farrugia 56). Management is a strategy that is usually interactive on the basis of four elements known as planning, controlling, organizing and leading. These four elements are there to examine the effectiveness of an organization, and it has ...

Introduction.

Fundamentally, every nation boasts of its citizens. The word citizen connotes to the individuals or rather occupants of a specific nation that are often entitled to the benefits and privileges of a particular country. The cited individuals get habitually regarded as legal members of a specific country. In the United States, citizens are regarded and treated with utmost reverence by the state. The mentioned is because; the citizens form the backbone of the country’s growth by significantly contributing the desired skilled personnel. Citizens often engage in myriad activities that explicitly reveal their citizenship. Most importantly, the dedicated government ...

This report comprehensively discusses the significance of keeping financial records and how financial information available in the financial statements of an entity help wide range of stakeholders in assessing company’s performance to make viable economic decisions. Moreover, as follows the report also defines the budgetary control process and different costing methods and their effects on short term and long term performance of the business. I would also like to discuss the statutory requirements of recording and reporting financial information for entities operating in the United Kingdom.
There are several reasons for companies to retain their financial records. In ...

- Characteristics of the nation-state and transnational entities
A nation-state refers to an organized community living under one government that derives administrative legitimacy from serving an independent unit for a realm as an independent territorial entity. The term nation-state is derived from nation and state. Nation refers to a coming together of people sharing a culture and language. A nation does not necessarily assume a formal political entity. On the other hand, a state is a political legally formed entity that comprises of a defined territory, a government, a permanent population, and the ability to enter into legal relations ...

During classifications, entities are to use inputs for measuring fair value according to the three level hierarchies. We start from the highest then moving to the next until we get one which is available. The three levels used are:

Level 1: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2: Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs ...

FOREWARD

This reports aims at shedding light in the best strategy for Ahold to adopt in identify the best target company to take over its aims to expand its food retailing services.
In this report the best comparison that will lead to aid in best decision making is by use of ratios since the business are reporting in different currencies and since the use of exchange rate would be biased due to volatility of the exchange rates overtime and thus such results would be quite unreliable and might lead to wrong decision making which would adversely affect the predator company.

Executive summary

Acquisition is a financial term used to refer to the process by which a one business entity or company known as predator company takes over at hundred percent or nearly one hundred percent another business entity known as target company in which the target company becomes part of the parent company and its operation as an independent entity ceases at the point of acquisition. Most of the times a larger company takes over a small business entity and rarely small firms take over large firms and when this happens its referred to as reverse takeover.

The sole aim of acquisition is to increase benefits of the acquiring company but this occurs with some risks since the acquiring entity will assume all the responsibilities of the captured business entity both in managing assets and bearing all liabilities.

Acquisition may also aim at consolidating the scarce resources of production and thus having taken over another business the company will have available resources for surplus production at a lower cost and thus will be enjoying economies of scale. Acquisition may as well aim at eradicating a competitor from an industry an thus have a control of the market as the only player and thus enjoy benefits of a monopoly

Issues.

In this report in which we are evaluating the best alternative for Ahold to acquire one of the two possible target companies we will identify what kind of acquisition it will be, whether it’s a forward or a reverse takeover.

In the process of take over there requires sound evaluation financial positions of the target companies in-order to ensure that a proper decision is arrived with less or no risk. The key factors of financial weight to be considered in this report are the;

- profitability of the target companies, profitability of the companies will be obtained from the income statements and some relevant ratios
- cash flow of the target companies
- balance sheet items of the target company
- market share of the target companies
- legal and intellectual rights of the target companies
In this special case, the evaluation of the predator company which is the Ahold is the target company will also be carried out for comparison reasons.

The report utilises the available financial statement readily available which are for financial period ending twenty ten and twenty eleven.

Brief history of the companies.

Ahold is Netherlands based international retailer which ranks number twenty five in the world in this field of food retailing. The company is Aiming at spreading its operations in Europe before diversifying to other countries in the world as well as offering high quality retail products which are competitive both in quality and in price.

Morrison is the fourth food retail company in United Kingdom with a market share of above eleven million customers. The company short term plan is to capture a large market share of the united kingdom as well as increase its profitability by providing a wide range of consumer retail products at competitive prices.

Delhaize is a Belgium based international food Retail Company operating in eleven countries which are in three continents of the world. It’s long-term plan is to expand an become the most preferred food retailing company both in its parent country, in Europe and in the entire continents of the world.

An evaluation of the profitability of the three companies from their income statements of financial period ending twenty eleven gives the following crucial information regarding each.
The possibility of acquiring Delhaize would seem impossible due to its long term ambition of spreading to every corner of the world in its pursuit to be the leading food retailing company and for such as much as Ahold would be willing to capture this company it would experience a lot of injunctions further more this would be the best alternative for its prime idea since the company is operating in the same currency area, Euro currency area, since there would be less technical difficulties in conversion of the operations as well as valuation since there is debate on the value of exchange to use as it would be for the Morrison.

Recommendation on which the company should Ahold take cannot be subjectively stated at his point but will be objectively stated after computations on the profitability, leverage ratios and long-term ambitions of the companies and their subsequent comparison in-order on the same calibres in-order to arrive at an optimal capturing decision.

Valuation of the companies.

The companies’ face value will be determined from their market capitalisation multiplied with the average market value of each after which the capturing cost will be determined from the face value and an addition of the goodwill amount attached to each company of which the value of the Delhaize would be much higher due to the expansive area of operation and good will which is linearly positive to the face value of the company, and thus is cost is the prime factor to consider in takeover then Morrison would be the best company to capture.

The first comparison: Profitability position of the companies.

Income statement for Morrison.
 
Earnings per share which is the amount paid per share before dilution increased from 23.93 pound to 26.68 pound which is an increase by a margin of 11.49%.
Decrease in profit s of the companies is due to decreased sales during the year which was due to increased cost of sales which were the main contributor to the expenses of the company more so the macroeconomic shocks famously known as the euro crisis were the major cause of the decreased performance in terms of the company’s profitability .

Income statement for Delhaize group

A quick inference of the results of Delhaize shows poor performance in the financial period of year 2011.

Income statement of Ahold Company

A tabulation of the above information on the performance of the companies generating income is as shown below:
One thing to note in this analysis is that the Ahold and Delhaize are expressing their financial values in Euro with Morrison reporting their performance in pounds and thus percentages are the best for this comparison instead of monetary value due to fact that exchange rates are volatile and deciding on the best exchange rate to use would be quite debatable.

Second comparison: Financial positions of the companies.

It’s from the financial positions of the companies that we can identify the asset base of the company, current liabilities calculate the liquidity ratios, know the capitalization of the company and thus a predator company like the must take into consideration in order to weigh the available benefits of taking over the target as well as the available risks such as excessive liabilities it taking over from the target company more it will assess the productivity of the assets of the target company. The other aspect of balance sheet is the retained asset and the hedging reserve which shows the amount of liquid cash the company is holding in the reserve account for precautionary uses or for use in case of an adverse situation arise and would put the businesses going concern into jeopardy more so huge reserves shows the entity has enough funds to meet future expansion and such a company would be a good one for capturing.

Its from the balance sheet items that we calculate the most crucial ratios, the leverage ratios and the liquidity ratios, leverage ratios show the extent to which the company utilises non owner funds in its production activities which shows the extent to which the company uses borrowed funds and thus the level of financial obligation which may put the company going concern in a situation of uncertainty while the liquidity ratio shows the extent to which the company can turn its assets into cash with ease. From the financial position of the company the most crucial ratios under the two categories calculated are the;

- Debt ratio under the leverage ratio which shows high leverage if above 50% its computed as follows, (long term debt/capital employed)100%.
- Acid test ratio which is the extent to which the company can realise its cash from current assets excluding the stocks its computed as follows, ({current assets- stock}/current liabilities)100%.

Debt ratio =(1600/6997)100%= 22.87%
Acid test ratio=(563/2303)100%=1:0.2

Consolidated balance sheet for Ahold Company

 
Its debt ratio (1489/7366)100% =20.21%
Its acid test ratio is {(5193-1466)/4614}100% =1:0.8
The debt ratio for Delhaize group is =(2325/7741)100% =30.03%
Acid test ratio for Delhaize group = {(3167-1718)/2827}100% =1:0.5 thus the activities of Delhaize are 30.03% funded by non owner funds while its liquidity is 95% with exclusion of the value of its inventories.

Summarizing this information in a tabular form ,

Reflecting on the cash flows of these companies ,the only priority here is to consider how the cash base of the companies are structured with reference to the activities which define the cash flow which include the operating activities which are the the core business undertakings which generate the cash, investing activities which are all investing activities which include sale and purchase of the assets used within the activities of the business and finally the financing activities which include the undertaking which alter the capital structure of the company.

CONCLUSION.

The aims of Ahold would be possibly be two

- Go off shore to other continents and for this objective it should opt for Delhaize which has already gone off shore and thus would be less tedious for Ahold to engage in market navigation as it would have a market that is already established and captured by the targeted company.
- Dominate the Europe food retailing industry and thus it should first expand to the company not operating in the Euro zone which Morrison and thus have an upper hand of enjoying a wide coverage in Europe.
If the company want to take over a company with a wide cash base then it’s should opt for Delhaize since it has a wide cash base which require no conversion since both companies use the euro in financial reporting .
If Ahold is looking for a company with a huge asset to add to its assets base so as to facilitate generation of more cash under the operating activities then it should go for Delhaize group which has a lot of assets which are widely distributed in its eleven branches.

If a hold wish to hold a company that is currently having a lot of income from its sales revenue then it should take over Delhaize since its’ generating more revenues from its retailing activities. Most of the takeovers aim at taking absorbing companies with more liabilities so as to reduce their tax commitment and for such then the Ahold should take over the company with more obligations or that which is highly leveraged in this case being Delhaize.

If Ahold aims at taking over a company in which it will be easily absorbed into its system then in this case it should go for the Delhaize since this company is operating within its jurisdiction of the Euro currency area since there will be little legal processes to be involved and this will be working in coherence with aims of European union which is allow free mobility of capital from one region of the currency area to another more so Ahold will enjoy some form of monopoly powers with the European union economic block.
Since the competition of the companies is high when they are more, then competition is very will reduce since a few retailing companies will be against Ahold.

If Ahold is considering a strategy in which it will be paying less of its income to the shareholders then it will look for a company whose earnings per share is at minimum and for this case it’s better to go for the Delhaize. The final decision of takeover lies with the target company which may refuse to be absorbed by the parent company depending on the offer of the predator company!

References

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Jaek s, & Joel G,2001, Handbook of financial analysis, forecasting and modelling, McGraw hill, London.
Khan m, 2004, Financial management: Text problems and cases, McGraw hills, London.
Maggie m, 1989, Market anticipation of corporate takeover and the acquisition strategy for the bidder, university of California press, Los Angeles.
Swampna p,2006, Retailing management: Text & cases, McGraw hills, New Delhi.

Introduction3

Alternative 1: Technical Control3
Internet Protocol Cameras.3
Cloud-Based Security Services..4

Data Encryption Services4

Radio Frequency Identification Tags .4
Biometric Systems of identification4
Using Electronic Articles Surveillance5
Access Control Mechanisms5
Non-technical Approaches to Solving Employee Theft in Retail Business.6
Pre-Screening the Employees7
Demystifying the Process of Loss in the Organization 8
Training on the Prevention of Loss 9
The Adoption of the Open Door Policy.9
Imposition of Strict Penalties on Rogue Employees..9

The Use of a Buddy System and an Employee Tip Line.10

Recommendation.11
Conclusion.12

Works Cited13

Business
Analytical Report
Abstract
This analytical is a comparative analysis of two courses of action for the issues of theft in the retail business. These two courses of action ...

Introduction

Business ownership and management play a vital role in the progress and development of a company. Certainly, there are different types of entities that follow particular policies of formulation and establishment. The Acme Fireworks is a special type of company considering changing its entity from the sole proprietorship. There are special laws that govern business contracts. Primarily, Acme will have to choose whether to go for those contracts governed by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) or the Common Law. The new business relationship that the company will enter requires a change in its entity formation, particularly because of the ...

This case aims at establishing whether the directors of Snowzone Pty Ltd have breached their duties. The first thing to note is that an impeding conflict has ensued between James and the current directors as they try to impose company laws that he sees as oppressive and misplaced. The UK law provides for the occasion where a company can present an injunction to a director who has breached his responsibilities. On top of that, in a case such as the one that is presented, rescinding a contract may be a resort if it is established beyond reasonable doubt that ...

Introduction

Businesses need an accounting period for keeping financial records and for reporting their incomes. These periods can be broken down as either calendar year, accounting period or a fiscal year.

Calendar year

Calendar year as used in accounting refers to the twelve months in an year that begin January 1st and ends on 31st December (Finney & Miller 1958).This is the mostly used type of accounting year. Internal revenue service recommends usage of calendar year for those who keep no records or books or do not have a selected a particular accounting year.

Accounting period

Accounting period refers to the period for within ...

Investment Options Recommendations

Introduction
This paper entails an analysis and review of the available investment options in companies that fall within the start-up economy category. This analysis is based on the specific investment needs of a client who wishes to invest some of his capital in a non-publicly owned firm. The client is 50 years old, and this implies that his investment risk profile is not as high as that of relatively younger investors. In this regard, this paper will advise the client on the stock investment options that are available in his preferred company profiles. Accordingly, this paper will focus on ...

In this paper, I will discuss the present-at-hand and the ready-at-hand in Heidegger’s philosophy. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) is a German philosopher who is often thought of in terms of the Existentialist movement in Continental philosophical tradition, but who did not prefer to be classified as an existentialist (McBride 131). Heidegger concerns himself with the deep metaphysical question of being in his book Being and Time — a job he never completed in his lifetime (Blattner 9). Heidegger has an ambitious project in his book — that is fundamentally to investigate being, a project he feels has been forgotten by philosophers ( ...

IASB Discussion Paper for A New Conceptual Framework (July, 2013): A Review

Introduction
In July, 2013, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) released a discussion paper “A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.” In 2011, IASB published an agenda discussion, and it received many feedbacks on the Conceptual Framework project (IFRS 2013). Based on the constituent feedback, IASB reinstated the project. The idea behind the Discussion Paper is to take views and comments into consideration while preparing the future exposure draft and doing the revision of the Conceptual Framework. The primary focus for IASB is to get a review on the areas that are known to have created application issues. ...

Treatment of contingencies has gained significance in the wake of mergers and acquisitions prompted by recessionary trend and exposure to Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) and as part of risk-management.
Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450 applies to “Contingencies”. It relates to both the contingencies of loss and gain. Except for the carry forward of tax loss, gain contingencies are not recognized since it is not apt to be recognized before actual realization. US.GAAP does not allow recognition of contingent assets and only requires brief disclosure when a future gain is likely to be realized. However, loss contingencies can be recognized. They ...

Introduction

Database is the mode of storing related items in a single entity in a logical manner. They are specially planned applications that easily interact with the users and in turn provide the needed information to the users. For example for the company, the data will be stored and can be easily be accessed by the users. The Speedy Wheels delivery company can be able to use the system for the flexibility purposes and to make the ways of retrieving the information from the database to be easy and more efficient.
The reason why the system should not be of ...

Introduction

Negligent tort refers to the harm caused by a person to another due to the failure to act reasonably towards a person to whom a duty of care is owed. Negligent torts are among the most prevalent types of torts. It is however important to note that negligent torts are not caused by deliberate acts (Owen, 2007). This kind of tort originate when a person or an entity fails to act reasonably leading to personal harm on a person or persons to whom the person or entity owes a duty to. Negligent acts lead to personal injury to an ...

Part 1

Introduction
Between the customer and the business its self, the management needs to be involved in the proper strategic planning of the operations of the company . The management gets involved in the proper strategy formulation of the current state of the relationship between the business and the customer in regards to the technological providence.The operational systems may also be involved in proper strategy implementation and evaluation of steps to facilitate this. The success of a business is dependent on the management of the customer relationship. This is important in the marketing process and by extension the improvement of the ...

1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM(S)
The problem that was indicated in the case study was the obstacles that the company faced during creation of new entity. This entity was created with the merger of ATK and EDS but with this merger, there were a lot of critiques and questions that were raised as both the organizations had totally different background and were operating in different market as well. It is important for the organizations to carefully analyze and evaluate the different factors and elements before taking a decision of merger or acquisition. If the organization is able to ...

The internet is one of the greatest things that have ever happened to mankind (Robert, 2010). It is one of the main reasons why we are in the so called digital era or era of information technology. Gone are the days where people have to travel great distances just to deliver a message regardless of how short or long it is. With the internet, almost everything can be done virtually. People from the farthest and undiscoverable areas of the world can still be traced and found and more importantly, connect with other people with the help of the internet. ...

The management theories that can be used to analyze the VDOT case study include Henry Fayol’s theory on Principles of management. It contains 14 principles which explain the working of a well managed organization. The other theory used is the BCG Matrix which illustrates the product life cycle of a project and which priorities should be used in a business unit. Max Weber theory on bureaucracy can also be used to describe the state entities and the communication practices which are used.

BCG Matrix theory has two dimensions on market share and growth. For a long term project ...

Chapter 3

Post 1 – Professor Franck’s brings up an interesting question, why states obey international law despite the undeveloped condition of the international system? I would say a very important reason is that criminals, even those who have been nation-state leaders have been brought to trial on the international stage at The Hague. So all the characteristics he mentions that give legitimacy – transparency, symbolic validation, adherence and coherence – are met by the World Court and can be observed on the television news all over the world. There exist inconsistencies in terms of which leaders are taken to trial when others ...

The establishment of a legal entity that is detached from the individual entities of the individuals for the purposes of conducting business as a group is known as incorporation.1 It is a simple and voluntary act which is ideal for small enterprises that is an alternative to forming a company that is limited by guarantee or a co-operative. With the incorporation of a company come certain advantages and responsibilities as defined by the Australian Law. The individuals who chose to form an incorporated association are not entitled to use the profits accrued in the process of conducting ...