Essays on Existence of God

Several centuries ago, St. Anselm wrote a prayer titled Proslogion. One of the key and thought-provoking aspects of this prayer is St. Anselm’s attempt to prove that God exists. Indeed, the prayer is comparable to Descartes’ argument because it results from an understanding of God’s perfection. Descartes maintained that God must certainly exist due to the fact that he could clearly perceive God and His perfection is such that Descartes could not have devised it on his own. St. Anselm’s argument is similar to that of Descartes because it has the properties of a priori argument. ...

This is a dialogue between two lecturers. Each of them teaches philosophy but in different schools. They have met at a local restaurant for lunch after having not seen each other for a long time. The two are philosophical fanatics having their own firm beliefs in varying matters. At meetings like this, they do not fail to disagree on a thing or two. On several occasions, the two professors invite each other to their classes to help give students opposing views. The restaurant is moderately occupied and the atmosphere is humid and warm. The two gentlemen have just completed ...

Throughout history, there have been many great thinkers. They have sprawled among many disciplines, from philosophy to physics. Nevertheless, some of these have made important contributions to many fields at the same time. One of these cases is that of Blaise Pascal, who was deeply influential in mathematics, philosophy and theology. In a sense, one could say that these three disciplines were intertwined in his work. By studying the loftier aspects of the human experience, Pascal was able to bring together probability theory and his worries about the existence of God. As such, his notorious wager was a turning ...

Today’s philosophy is still discussing the ontological dilemma of God’s existence. St. Anselm is one of the first philosophers who tried to solve this task with arguments in an own manner. The central problem with the ontological argument has not changed in the last thousand years, and the debate is still built around the question whether there is the evidence that proves the existence of God.

An Explanation and Discussion of the St. Anselm’s Ontological Argument

St. Anselm tried to clarify whether God exists only in the mind as an idea, or it exists in reality. In his opinion, the argument to prove the existence of God ...

People by their curious nature always wanted to find answers to all mysteries and secrets of the world. They are interested in different things and phenomena around them, look for reasons of their existence and could not pass over even the smallest details of their appearance. One of the most complicated mysteries of this universe is probably the creation of the world itself. Even in modern times humans did not manage to solve this eternal question. The truth is that it seems almost impossible to authentically explain how everything was actually created. Throughout the history there existed different theories ...

Abstract: In this paper, I will discuss the logic behind Descartes’s idea which he believes to prove the existence of God and compare it to a thought of the Evil Demon. The structure of my essay will mainly be about Descartes’s First and Third Meditations. Descartes illustrates his idea of God and prove that God exist in Third Meditation where he illustrates the source of the Evil Demon. One may think that Descartes applied to the concept of Evil Devil. At the same time on the basis of analyzing of his works I believe that Descartes would ...

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the great thinkers who stood at the origins of modern European science. He studied at the Jesuit college of La Fleche. After military service he moved to the Netherlands, where he spent 20 years in solitary scientific and philosophical studies. The persecution of Dutch theologians forced him to move to Sweden (1649), where he died. . . . (Descares, Cottingham, Stoothoff & Murdoch 1). In his works there are organically combined interest in the ontological problem, the development and justification of the method of knowledge, in-depth research and discoveries in the field of mathematics, physics, cosmogony, and ...

The Existence of God

The world is definitely the most marvelous and exciting gift ever received. Though everyone is constantly facing various hardships along the way and has to overcome rather complicated challenges, it is still worth living for. Nothing could be compared to the possibility of admiring sunsets, walking in the rain or simply inhaling the smell of the flowers around. The whole universe is ready to present its breathtaking wonders and reveal all mysteries to those who are ready to experience the unknown and set off on an unforgettable and adventurous journey. The biggest mystery is surely the creation of the ...

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Introduction This perennial question about the existence of God has always been the favorite topic in many debates. It seems that this issue has never been laid to rest yet. This time, the debate was hosted by Birmingham University, in October 2011, and the two top-caliber debaters were Professor William Lane Craig, who defended the issue on the existence of God, against Professor Peter Millican, a skeptic and atheist himself, who believes that God does not exist. Both were conversant in their own field of expertise and they presented their positions thoroughly well. This paper will then ...

There are several arguments that have been presented in a bid to try to explain the existence of God. Even though they are based on certain philosophical issues, there exist pros and cons against each formulated issue. It’s therefore, not surprising to find that an argument has the same number of proponents and opponents. Even though there are several theories out there about the existence of God, some are quite valid while the rest are just mere imaginations. A significant argument about the existence of God is the cosmological argument. The cosmological argument heavily borrows from the existence ...

In his work “Gay Science”, Nietzsche examines the nihilism which was characterizing the contemporary Europe. Nietzsche believes that with the scientific inventions, people have lost their human and the virtues that describe Christians. This is why he says that “God is dead”; that we have killed God with our actions. His work was an explanation of fear due to the abandonment of religion. He believes that human beings have ceased to acknowledge the divinity of God, and as a result, God has abandoned us. For thousands of years, the western world has been guided by the rule of God. ...

How did Thomas Hobbes Understand The Connection Between Religion And Politics?

Introduction Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England; he was an English Philosopher of the 17th century who was best known for the work done in the fields of political and moral philosophies. He wrote a book named as Leviathan (1651) in which he shared his political views. The early life of Thomes Hobbes was spent free of anxiety as he attained education from the finest institutions where he interacted with the most intellectual people and prominent personalities who were expert in their fields. His work struggled a lot to gain society acceptance. His books are the depiction ...

1. The four expectations of religion and healing, as explained by Martin E. Marty, are attempts to give answers to what believers have in their minds as they show hope by claiming that the faith which they have could be used to explain matters concerning their health. These four expectations are monergism, synergism, autogenesis and Empathy (Barnes & Sered, 2005). Simply summarized by Marty as being in union with something of infinity, synergism in religious terms alludes to humanity or believers acting in cooperation with activities that are superior to the abilities of human beings. This is borrowed from the ...

Introduction

Culture is the people's way of life. Though there are many changes that take place in people's culture, the original way of life in a community has its traces in present day culture. The culture of people is as a result of the activities people engage in to make a living or to survive, the port and games activities and also other social activities. Mythology is the study of a collection of myths from different communities (Altieri, 2004). Myths are known to affect the culture of people in a significant way. The Swahili culture is common in East Africa ...

1. Why it is reasonable for a survivor of the holocaust to continue believing that God exists The Holocaust was an atrocious experience to the individuals that went through it. A survivor of the Holocaust must have suffered the pain of losing loved ones and going through pain and torture at the hands of fellow human beings. However, despite the suffering, it is reasonable in my view for a survivor to continue believing that God exists because of the following reasons: a) God created the universe, and in creating human beings, He gave them free will with consequences for ...

The Complexity of the Cross

Perception and perspective is often considered one’s reality. This notion forces one to acknowledge their own perceptions and perspective, particularly when it comes to their faith as they solidify and identify their own beliefs. For those who belong to the body of Christ, each member has its own journey formulating a testimony that is based on a personal relationship that is rooted in the loving grace of Jesus Christ. Within each life with Christ, there are complexities that only the grace of God can heal. In spite of life’s injustices, evil forces, sinful flesh, and degradation, the ...

The Existence of God: God is dead by Nietzsche

In a parable contained in his book titled “The Gay Science” Nietzsche made a controversial statement where he claimed that God is dead. Indeed, this statement elicited many opposing opinions not only because it appears inflammatory on the face of it, but also because of the philosophical weight it carried. Contained in the parable of “The Madman”, the text indicated, “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under ...

Philosophy and God

Philosophy and God

Abstract

The issue whether God really exist or it is just an imagination created in minds of people has been debated for centuries. Many scientists and philosophers believe that God does not exist. They have challenged believers to scientifically or logically prove that God really exists. Ontological arguments have been put in place by theology philosophers with the aim of proving, logically and scientifically, the existence of God. Philosophers such as Anselm and Aquinas have put across some logical arguments to prove that God really exists. On the other hand, some atheists such as Bertrand Russell have ...

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Introduction This perennial question about the existence of God has always been the favorite topic in many debates. It seems that this issue has never been laid to rest yet. This time, the debate was hosted by Birmingham University, in October 2011, and the protagonists were Professors William Lane Craig, who defended the issue on the existence of God, against Professors Peter Millican, a skeptic and atheist himself, who believes that God does not exist. Both were top calibers in their own field of expertise and they presented their position thoroughly well. I agree with Professor William ...

Understanding of Miracles

Introduction A miracle is defined as an event that is not explicable by the scientific or natural laws. The event can be associated with the supernatural being God or gods of a certain society, a saint, magic, miracle worker, or a religious front-runner. A miracle is utilized to depict the beneficial happening, which is statistically improbable, but do not contradict the rules of nature, like enduring a natural disaster or a simple incident, with no concern of its possibility such as birth.

Existence of God

The existence of God is a major issue to the Catholics and they relate him to the ...

Many centuries ago, there have been arguments on whether or not there is the existence of God. These arguments are the result of atheists and believers. Atheists are people who believe that God and other supernatural beings are man-made ideas. The existence of many religions is also as a result of differences in beliefs about God. Theism, from which theistic is derived, is that belief in the existence of God or gods. From a religious point of view, a God is either a normal or supernatural being. Some religions have one supreme God while others have many gods. The ...

Be the morality and the religion or are they interrelated? It is the question that the chapter written by Iris Murdoch about morality and the religion. The natural appears in the book of A world of Ideas Textbook, and it has precious information about the two concepts. The paper will not only rely on that book but will also seek information from other two sources which talk about the two idea. The combination of the three sources will result in a fascinating paper. Therefore, the paper will be a synthesis of combined of different sources to review and discuss ...

I. INTRODUCTION Each day, a person reveals his worldview simply in the way he speaks, decides, and acts. Philip Graham Ryken observed that “wherever we bump into the world, our worldview comes spilling out”. The conflict between creationists and evolutionists is such a bumping of worldviews. Can the universe be known? According to John Henry Newman, the universe must be knowable if religious truth is “a condition of general knowledge” instead of a portion thereof. Moreover, if a part of reality is phenomenal (called imminent reality), then that reality it can be known because the human mind contains the ...

Response Paper

Response Paper The presence and existence of God is seen in our daily lives through the practices and the relevant undertaking that we pass through without knowledge of how successfully they pass. To be aware of God, however, implies that one is certain of the belief in His dominical that surrounds every human being, and in everything that is in the universe. McCloskey in his article, “On Being Atheist” attempts to provide proof that the existence of God is not true; with various claims why atheism is a much easier concept to understand compared to theism (McCloskey, 1968). However, ...

Humankind considers religious studies to be the most disputable field of science and / or view of life. Such approach based on division of people into those who perceive religious corns of world construction, and those who do not believe in God, known also as “atheists”. An issue under discussion is the problem of evil or so-called theodicy problem in the world. The main idea of above-mentioned problem is that if God is perfectly good and all-knowing Creator then why there are so many troubles all over the world. This is the way why existence of God called into ...

It seems that there is no philosophy more vulnerable to external, rational criticism, than the philosophy of Descartes. The literary form of his works is nothing short of doubt. For example, his main work "Discourse on Method” is rather a fiction than a philosophical treatise; or I’d rather say, it’s a kind of notes about his life: experience, thoughts, or feelings. Moreover, they are difficult to reconcile in a single work. However, Descartes manages to question absolutely everything in the world in dozens of pages under the same title, then to find a way out of this, ...

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Introduction The evil-God challenge is an offshoot of the unending debate over the existence of God on the basis of the problem of evil. In this current presentation, Law simply improved the discourse by enhancing its sophistication through his theory of reverse theodicy and theory of symmetrical logic. However, the persistence of this discourse without conclusive resolution flows from several flaws that will be discussed in adequate detail in Critique section of this paper. The critique will be grounded upon the accepted definitions of ‘evil’ and ‘God’ from the religious tradition of Catholicism, ...

The novel "The Stranger" by Albert Camus is one of the most important and popular of his works. It has a direct connection with the philosophy of existentialism and the absurd like most of the works of the author. The writer once again demonstrates the human and social relationships, as well as the internal conflict of the man himself by the example of the protagonist's life and feelings. The problem of the story touches upon many issues, but one of the main problems is the existence of God. The life of the protagonist Meursault is the way to truth ...

Introduction

The World Bewitched (1965) was written by Bekker to outline theological and philosophical viewpoints that challenged the notion that ghosts, devils, and angels had an influence on historical events, as well as nature.The story was written at a time when Christianity was being perfected in England and the rest of Europe. During this time, The World Bewitched (1965) was written, Bekker served as a minister in Amsterdam. Protestants needed a philosophical and theological approach to accentuate the assumption that God was the ruler of the world. The need to project God as the authority while discrediting the influence of ...

Philosophy

Introduction The question about the existence of God is one of the most debatable in the world. In the course of centuries, a lot of philosopher of different religions and even atheists try to prove or to object the existence of God. Thomas Aquinas is one of the most prominent and influential philosophers and theologians in history, the founder of the theological and philosophical school of Thomism, and the saint of the Catholic Church. Summa Theologica is one of the most famous treatises of Thomas Aquinas. It was launched in 1265, and until his death (1274) it remained incomplete. ...

Philosophy

1. Be able to describe and explain the three positions in answer to the question, “Does God exist?” Theism- it is the belief that God exist proposed by four arguments: ontological, theological, moral, and cosmological. It is based on human reasoning and the physical evidence that necessity is there for God’s existence. Atheism- it is the lack of belief in God’s existence based on the empiricism and rationalism. It argues that it is not rational to believe in the existence of being that cannot be proved by scientific evidence. Agnosticism- it is the denial of the knowledge ...

Introduction

Globalization has promoted an increased interaction of people from different areas of the world. Educational institutions and business organizations in the United States have internationalized some of their activities, which has resulted in increased cultural diversity in both the work environment and educational institutions. However, the increased cultural diversity may result in conflicts as people from different cultures may not share the same beliefs. Adler and Gunderson (2008) emphasized on the importance of understanding different individuals perspectives on issues of family, marital status, religion, property, wealth, children, and education. Understanding the different views that people from different cultures have ...

Introduction

The controversies surrounding Mother Teresa of Calcutta became evident through her letters which revealed a huge discrepancy between her inner state and the public demeanor (Van Biema 38). In the public, Teresa had displayed the image of a woman in perfect union with God. However, the letters reveal the doubts that engulfed daughter of Calcutta for nearly six decades. It follows that most of the life of Mother Teresa was filled with doubt about the existence of God. The absence of God in the life of Mother Teresa sharply contradicted her vision and passion regarding the art of giving. ...

The idea of God existing is one that has been debated and discussed for centuries and will continue to be discussed throughout time. Through these many years there have been may different arguments to the existence of God. One of these arguments is the ontological argument. This argument is one of the most complex and difficult to understand. Basically, Saint Anselm states that a God exists because in order for God to be the greatest being, which is what is believed, then he must actually exist. Throughout time there have been many people who have refuted this idea and ...

It is very hard to determine the religious views of the philosopher if he has quite definite atheistic inclinations. Didrot believed that from the time he renounces his reasons and start blindly believing into the higher forces that act without no clear logic and explanation he will lose himself and his way of life. With these words he hints that actually he has nothing against the God and would lovely accept him if there are significant reasons to do it. The gift of eternal life in Paradise is not a worthy gift as its existence cannot be proofed. The ...

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Gods or goddesses and their activities have been portrayed in numerous scriptures for centuries. In many of such narrations, Gods reflected the traits of human beings as well, and for which they could generally be termed as myths. Myths try to resolve mysteries, like how the universe was formed or how a particular place got its significance and explain the relevance of practicing certain customs and traditions. However, no interpretations have been clearly flawless to answer the puzzle of sufferings and evil when they attempted to define God. The topic has been a bone of ...

Freewill defense is a prominent position against the question of moral evil, which tries challenge the existence of God due to evil happenings in the world. In response to these questions, theistic viewpoints use free will as a tool to defend the authority of God (Campbell 13). The proponents here say that evil exist due to free will endowed to the human person by God. The human person abuses the freedom that God gave to do evil. For theistic argument to defend their position successfully, they should prove the authority of God does not instigate moral evil. The moral ...

Descartes is portrayed as a philosopher with a unique method of doubt as he tried to establish truths and knowledge of things he would be sure about. Descartes existed as a doubting thinker Descartes was against extreme skepticism. He forces skeptics to recognize their existence as a cause of unavoidable consequences as a result of their doubt. Descartes embraces the concepts of God and Body. The philosopher uses his mental life as proof for God’s existence and consequently uses God’s presence for the proof of the body. Reasons as to the existence of God include his belief ...

One of the most intriguing and important questions that can be asked by an individual is on whether or not God exists and if there is any way to prove God’s existence. Depending on one’s belief, the responses may be varied on proving the existence of God as being easy or impossible. For the religious believers, such as Christians and Catholics and those of other religious denominations the answer would simply be yes God exists and we humans are the proof of God’s existence. However, from a philosophical or scientific standpoint the answer to God’s ...

Introduction to Philosophy.

What is Philosophy? The value of philosophy? Philosophy is an activity undertaken to seek fundamental truths about knowledge, the reality about ourselves, the world which we reside in and in relationships that exist between people and the world. Philosophy provides value to the mind, guides our thoughts into viewing the world in its practicality to free us from all prejudicial practical thinking that binds one to a simple thought, beliefs. The value of philosophy aims at knowledge and finding truths in subject areas that have no definite answers. Logic is induced in philosophical thinking as it can be utilized ...

The goal of Descartes’ Third Meditation is to determine if God exists, and, if God is a deceiver. He attempts to show the rationality of the belief of God in order to discredit agnostics and atheists. Descartes reaches conclusions on both of his goals in this particular section of the mediation. Descartes displays how reason can lead to the affirmation of the existence of God. Through the use of deduction and an analysis of cause and effect, he concludes that God exists. Descartes explains he has the idea of God within him. This idea must have a source. It ...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the philosophical arguments of Descartes, focusing on the surprises and points of realization in his selected reading of “Descartes’ Discourse on the Method (Part IV). In Descartes’ Discourse on the Method, Descartes has adopted the approach of reasoning for explaining his existence. In order to explore the culture of human beings, Descartes has traveled to various other countries around the world. Culture reflects the living standards of human being that are related to the existence of one’s self (Descartes, 2015). In addition to this, Descartes wanted to eliminate his innate ...

1. Three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Metaphysics investigates the reality, its value and structure. Epistemology studies the knowledge, its limitations, nature, as well as issues connected with the nature of truth. Axiology deals with the nature of value and determines what is good or bad. 2. Philosophy is an important part of every person’s live whether the person acknowledges it or not. It broadens the knowledge and understanding of the world and teaches to critically assess the reality, values and beliefs. Philosophy investigates the questions that are ignored by other disciplines and helps ...

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[Faith in metaphysics] Both Gabriel Marcel and Sǿren Kierkegaard agreed that faith is not about believing the existence of God but about believing in God, an absolute presence who is accessible to the believer through prayer and worship as well as through “invocation and response” (Negomireanu 56-57). Through faith, human beings can gain access to the mystery of God, not in the sense of understanding the mystery, but in the experience of soaking to that mysterious Presence (58). Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological approach of this accession to the mystery was described as ...

Whether or not God exists is one of the most foundational questions humans have asked. While the traditional scientific viewpoint is that conclusively demonstrating whether or not there is a God is impossible, a number of philosophical and theological arguments have emerged that have attempted to do just that – recognize that God does exist and prove it through an argument. Soren Kierkegaard was one such philosopher. He argued that while God exists, his existence could not be proven and only grasped through faith. Other philosophers and theologians have gone even farther than Kierkegaard and have argued that God’s ...

Discourse On Method Part IV

In part IV of Descartes' Discourse, Descartes continues his quest for knowledge of truth. In this particular section, Descartes focuses his discussion primarily on how to determine what we know with certainty to be true. Here, Descartes introduces his infamous method. Systematically he doubts everything and, afterwards, tries to see if anything remains that can be known with certainty. Descartes embarks in his journey by taking a reverse approach from earlier parts of the Discourse. In Part IV, he writes that he will doubt all knowledge that comes from the senses, with the observation that we can wrongfully interpret ...

About Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929)

He was a Jewish theologian and philosopher who lived between 1886 and 1929. Born in Kassel, Germany, Franz Rosenzweig belonged to a minimally observant middle class German Jewish family. At the Universities of Munich, Gottingen and Freiburg, he studied Philosophy and History. Rosenzweig got influenced by his cousins and close friend (Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy) to be converted to Christianity. However, determined to keep his faith as early as Christians did, he resolved to remain Jewish first, before becoming converted into Christianity. One day after he had attended the Yom Kippur services in Berlin, Ronsenzweig underwent some mystical experiences that led ...

Article Analysis

Article Analysis Thomas Aquinas is one of the famous personalities of the medieval period. One of his famous works Summa Theologiae gives an account of eternal law, divine law, human positive law and the law of nature in order to explain the meaning of law . Aquinas considered eternal law as the wisdom of God who administers the actions and movements of the created cosmos. The following is an article analysis for Article 3 of Question 2 in the part I section of the book “Summa Theologiae”. In this article, Aquinas quotes an objection that God does not exist ...

St. Anselm's and St. Thomas Aquinas' proofs for the existence of God

The very fact that some people believe in God while others object his existence fostered the need to seek evidence and facts that will proof that God indeed exist. St. Anselm's and St. Thomas Aquinas' are the two renowned personalities that worked to proof the existence of God. These two figures offer a philosophical approach in regards to the existence of God. In an effort to explore their perceptions and insights regarding the existence of God in this paper. I will elaborate and explain the similarities embedded ...

Introduction

Historically philosophers religious people, atheists and other interested parties have developed numerous argument about the existence of God, basing their arguments on ideologies and presuppositions. However, the argument is presumed to majorly between religious people who believe in the existence of God and atheists who believe there is no God. For contemporary atheists, their justifications for non-existence of God is based on lack of evidence for his existence. Although there is no evidence for the existence of God according to atheists, there are numerous proofs of existence of a supernatural being (Gutting, 2012). This has been due to lack of ...

In “The Brothers Karamazov” by Fyodor Dostoevsky made a famous claim that establishes the link between the existence of God and morality. Apart from the controversy related to the scope of the quotation, the discussion on the proper translation and interpretation of the words of Ivan Karamazov. For instance, in his article “Dostoevsky did not say it” D.Cortesi claims that Dostoevsky did not make such claim (Cortesi 1). However, the research by Russian-speaking authors shows that the original text of “The Brothers Karamazov” contains the statement under study (Volkov 1). Coming to the scope of the claim, one should concentrate ...

Subjectivity refers to the situation of being a given subject. It used to show the quality of having experiences, beliefs, perspectives, desires, feeling and power. It is used for giving explanations to what affects and influences the judgement of people about reality or truth. Generally, subjectivity is a collection of experiences, perception, cultural or personal understanding, beliefs, and expectations specific to an individual.

In scientific research, subjectivity is a very delicate discipline. In carrying out quantitative research, I would argue that there is a need to maintain subjectivity at the lowest level. This is because most scientific analysis requires keen examination of ...

Philosophy of Religion – Pascal’s Wager

The question of existence of God has been a bone of contention among many philosophers ever since philosophy existed. Earlier the arguments in favor of God dominated, but later, close to the time of modernity, it appears as if arguments against God’s existence have dominated, irrespective of the validity and plausibility of the arguments. However, even in the modern times, many philosophers tried to defend the existence of God. Among those Blaise Pascal was also one whose argument became famous with the name of Pascal’s wager. The main idea of the argument was that one must wager for ...

1. Briefly explain St. Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God. Explain one problem that this argument faces.

St Anselm’s ontological argument is an attempt at proving the existence of god through a purely. Anselm gets into the idea of the definition of God. In that definition he believes that God, he believes the definition of God is that nothing greater can be conceived. He believes that the greatest being conceivable must exist because otherwise it is not the greatest being conceived since existence is greater than non-existence. Anselm uses this line of thought to “prove” the existence of God.

There are a number of problems with this argument. Because if one believes that the ontological argument ...

Aquinas provides five arguments to prove the existence of god. He gives his first argument with motion. He says that the senses of the human beings testify that many of the things are in motion. Objects move when their potential motion transforms into real motion. An actual motion can only convert the mentioned potential motion. A thing cannot be both at the same time. Thus, a thing cannot move on its own. Then, it is sure that something else is moving things. It is impossible for the sequence of motion to go on ad infinitum. Thus, the mover who is ...

Copleston and Russell argued upon the metaphysical disagreement on the existence of God. This paper is an attempt to unravel the meanings behind Copleston’s arguments and to comprehend it further to be able to support the reality of God’s existence.

Copleston and Russell first agreed upon their understanding about the term “God”. By “God”, they mean the highest personal Being who is the creator of the world. The metaphysical argument was agreed upon by the two to be based from Leibniz’s argument about contingency.

Copleston explains that a 'contingent' being is a creature that possesses ...

Introduction:

In the context religious belief and the theories of evolution, a relationship exist which attempts to explain the foundation and fundamental aspects relation to each other. The religious ideas and aspects at times concur with the theory of evolution but other aspects conflicts and varies greatly. The comparison and contrast of evolution-religion relationship is essential in order to expose our brains to deep thinking so as to understand our general lives as well as religious beliefs in a more deep perspective. The relationship between evolution and religion is therefore a very essential tool in understanding the pillars of each religion and the ...

Many an argument has been proposed on the topic of divine omniscience, determinism and free will. It has been said that God has foreknowledge of all future events, and nothing he knows can be false, it is then difficult to conceive that something that has been previously known by a higher being, could be changed by an arbitrary decision of an individual in the present or future. This argument has been exposed by Pike in a very logical and clear way.

Supposing that God, say 80 years ago, knew that a person would watch a movie on Friday; and if God is omniscient ...

All religions in the world believe in the existence of an all-powerful and all-good God. They believe that God created all things on earth. Evil is also a thing. There is so much anguish and suffering on earth that critics have questioned whether God created evil or not. Questions have been asked that if God is Almighty and all-knowing then why did He create disasters, diseases and wars to inflict excruciating pain on man. So if God is all-good and all-powerful why does evil exist? These are some of the fundamental questions that Augustine seeks answers. Additionally, he also writes ...

Part IV is perhaps the most important part of René Descartes’ Discourse on the Method. This part of the Discourse contains a description of the results of Descartes’ meditations following the method that had been previously established by him. In contrast, earlier when Descartes was doubtful, he had taken upon himself to act conclusively and definitively. Now he acts oppositely, and considers everything that may in anyway be doubtful as false. He does this to be certain that the things he holds on to are impossible to doubt. He completely gives up all sensory knowledge because the senses are prone ...