Essays on Mole

Introduction

Mexico is one the richest regions in the world in animal and plant diversity. It is divided into three regions: Southern, Northern and Central Mexico. Each region has unique geographical regions with different climate ranging from tropical jungles and forests to mountains and deserts. Many biological inventories refer this country to the category of mega-diverse country that means that a region is a home to about 60-70% of entire biological diversity of the world. Such natural diversity of flora and fauna allows for people living in Mexico to have a rich and varied diet. (De la Borbolla 42) The ...

Question 1: Why is it necessary to use water that is both distilled and at room temperature when doing dilutions?

Answer: It is necessary to use distilled water for dilutions in order to avoid any reactions or alterations caused by the minerals, or any other impurities, present in water that is not distilled. The water should be at room temperature, in combination with being distilled, so that it does not support any side reactions that may be caused by the increased or decreased temperature. Question 2: Outline an experimental procedure (step by step) by which 25.00 mL of 1.00 M HCl can be made from a stock solution of 5.00 M HCl.

Answer: The steps for preparing a 1M HCl from 5M HCl are as follows.

The required solution is prepared by diluting ...

Introduction

In his book “Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq”, Stephen Kinzer examines the various overthrows the government of the United States has undertaken since 1893. According to Kinzer, the invasion of Iraq was not an isolated case. It was just a continuation of the list of very countries America has invaded and aided its overthrow. Kinzer examined 14 overthrows that the U.S government has been involved in the last 110 years (Kinzer 8). According to him, the intension of most of the overthrows are not what the government tells the public, both the American citizens ...

Re: A column to separate an Acetone-Methanol mixture

The objective of the project was to optimize the design of a column used to process a supply stream containing 35 percent acetone at 30oC. The optimized design should turn out a distillate product containing 0.75 mole fraction of acetone and 0.0010 fraction of bottoms acetone. The outcome of the experiment produced a distillate product containing 0.0079 molar fraction of acetone.

The molar fraction of acetone in the first inlet stream was determined to be 0.14 lbmol/min. Also, the total flow rate of the second inlet stream and the total gas flow rate were determined to be 61.84 lbmoles/min ...

Introduction

Substances vary from one another in the amount of heat needed to produce a rise in temperature in a given quantity of gas. The quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of a system is proportional to the mass of that system as well as the change of temperature. This is expressed as where Q is the amount of heat required, m is the mass of the system, c is the specific heat, and is a change in temperature. The values of specific heat depend on some extend of temperature. In small temperatures, the specific heat is considered ...

Introduction

In the Northern Ireland, oil heating serves as the main source of heating for the domestic properties. Several investigations conducted on heating sources within the Northern Ireland have revealed that close to 65% of households depend on oil heating; however, the use of the same has been on the rise in the rural areas and the percentage stands at 80% (Lienhard & Lienhard, 2011). The original heating equipment for oil in rural areas have helped in reducing the use of energy, as well as, cost amounting to 40% besides lowering air emissions. The majority of the oil heating projects often ...

For any chemical compound an empirical formula is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in that compound (Reger et al, 135). As oppose to the molecular formula, Empirical formula takes the lowest number ration in the elements in a compound and not the actual number. For example carbon dioxide is written as CO2.

Significance of Empirical formula

The process of finding empirical formula involves computing the composition percentage represented by each compound’s mass. Below are some steps followed when determining empirical formula:

The first step is stating the number of grams in every element.

The second step involves computation of molar mass through conversion of each element’s mass to moles. The ...

Empirical formula is the formula of a chemical compound represented as the smallest whole number ratio of the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Particularly for big ionic compounds or compounds that possess complex and network structure, such as diamond, there is no distinctive molecule. Hence, they cannot be represented with their molecular formula. For such compounds, empirical formula is useful. Empirical formula is also known as stoichiometric formula. For example, CH3COOH has two carbon atoms, four hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms. Hence, it can be expressed as C2H4O2 and reduced to CH2O.

Significance

Empirical formula offers useful ...

Question 1

For succinate oxidation to fumarate there is yield of 2H+ and 2 electrons; however, the process of the reaction skips one step thereby leading to 2 ATP. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH, with production of 2H+ and ...

Article Reaction:

Article Reaction: In his article titled “Reporters Helped Bust Iran’s Nuke Program”, Noah Shachtman made a number of curious observations with respect to the circumstances that helped to uncover Iran’s unsanctioned nuclear program. This piece is especially interesting now, considering that as of January 2016, Iran has partially dismantled the program so that international community would be inclined to lift the sanctioned imposed on it (Nasrella 2016). Despite the fact that Shachtman’s article had been written back in 2007, before any kind of constructive deal with Iran was ever reached, it provides a novel outlook on ...

Introduction

Using membrane for gas separation by numerous industries and fields is highly associated with easy operability, low energy costs, light weight and compactness of the process.

Organizational need

There is an organizational need by Learning Curve Consultants’ client to generate relatively pure nitrogen and oxygen gasses within the organization for the application in various processes through the use of high-pressure air as feed. The client has the need to investigate the possibility of employing the use of polymer membranes to produce both nitrogen and oxygen gasses. As a consequence, the customer has presented the team with two bench scale gas membrane ...

Question 1

FAD is reduced to FADH2 in Succinate oxidation to fumarate through catalytic action of succinate dehydrogenase. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH consequently, the NADH produced electrons completes its movement in 3 ATP forming steps associated with chain ...

Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the chemical formula. Here the chemical formula will be determined from the oxide of the metal. The metal is to be identified from the given mass.

Calculation:

Mass of crucible, lid and metal are given to be 38.834 gram whereas the mass of crucial and lid are 37.933 gram and 37.938 gram respectively. Hence it can be said that the constant mass of crucible and lid is 37.936 gram. Hence, the mass of the metal which is used can calculated as (38.834 - 37.936) gram=0.898 gram. After the first heating the mass ...

In the first part of the experiment, approximately 2 g of zinc and 2 g of iodine were weighed into two separate weighing boats. In the actual weighing, the accurate masses of the zinc and the iodine were 1 8885 g and 2.399 g, respectively. Next, a clean and dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask was weighed. When the flask was empty, it weighed 95.9610 g. Afterwards, when the initially weighed zinc and iodine were added, the flask and its contents weighed 100.120 g. Five mL of vinegar (an acid) was then added into the same flask for the desired ...

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to find the heat solution for sodium sulphate dehydrate (Na2SO4.10H2O) Discussion: It is given that the volume and density of the taken water is 25 ml and 0.99826 g / ml respectively. From the values of density and volume, the mass of the water can be calculated. Using the formula, Density = mass / volume; the mass of the water can be determined and here it is calculated to be 24.957 g. Initial temperature and final temperature are given here and these are 19.7 ° C and 24.2 ° C respectively. It is also given that ...

In his description of himself, Baer acknowledges that he wasn’t born a patriot whose intention was to work for the CIA. He describes himself as a struggling student who had personal agendas (Baer, 2002). The book gives several accounts of what Baer describes as frustrations and mistakes he made while posted in Lebanon and India. The book also discusses the failings of the CIA. Baer gives the reasons for a failing CIA as: replacement of human intelligence with computer and satellite technology; a risk aversion approach by the agency that promoted bureaucratic practices and undermined intelligence gathering; and the prioritization of interests ...

- Introduction

Red Mole Construction Company, an emerging company in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts has been in operation for eight (8) years with about 500 employees consisting of both technical and administrative personnel. They have been involved in numerous constructions of school buildings and other government owned projects like cementing of roads. Aside from construction, they also offer conceptual planning, specifications, constructions estimates and the like.

Although upon incorporation, they claimed to have passed the safety management standards, they have never been formally audited by any safety auditing organization. This audit is a first for them in their eight years of ...

Animal language is a certain type of communication believed to be of similar feature to human language on the part of the animals. The animal communication is hard enough to be called type of language for the list of signs is wide and basically based on no principle or plan.

Despite the fact that human language is unique, it can be identified that humans can communicate with animals to some extent. Apes have adapted learned language by use of symbols and gestures. Parrots on the other side can learn to speak words and sometimes make use of those words to ...

The compound C12H10Cl3N3O8Ru2 is made up of various elements. These elements include carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen and ruthenium. One of the features of the compound is that it has a formula weight of 632.72grams/ mole. This is the weight obtained by summing the atomic masses of the elements that make up the compound. This mass means that from every one mole of the compound, the total weight is about 632.72 grams. It can be observed that the mineral is heavy as compared to other compounds of the same nature.

The compound is joined together by covalent bonds. At room ...

Kinetic theory of matter tries to explain all molecules in terms of motion. The theory posits that every substance consists of many small particles referred to as molecules. Substances in this case are called matter and are in three forms; solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have molecules that are closer to each other by intermolecular forces. Liquids on the other hand have molecules slightly far apart with gases the furthest apart. Furthermore, according to this theory all the molecules are in constant random motion referred to as Brownian motion (Chang, 2004).

The study of heat relates to kinetic theory ...

Answer the Questions

Social behaviour in animals is the relationship or interaction that happens between two or more individuals. This usually happens between animals of similar species. They form familiarities and cooperate in matters such as mating, parenting, communication and territorial authority. Group behaviour or collective behaviour on the other hand is the coordinated behaviour of large groups of animals usually of a similar species. This is characterised by the benefits of these groups. Animal group behaviour is different from social behaviour because of the fact that even animals from different species can form a group based on their similar interest while in social ...

(Institution Name)

Abstract

Melanoma is the cancer of the cells that make the skin pigment. It usually starts as a small mole and then changes its size, color and has itchiness. It is a fairly common type of cancer and is found equally in women and men. Being one of the most common types of cancer, it is also considered one of the most deadly. It took more than 55 thousand lives in 2012 alone. Scientists think that the rising cause of melanoma is the increase in use of UV rays. This paper will look into what melanoma is and what are ...

Cause and effect of cancer

For a common individual cancer is the deathly disease, for which a treatment process that would completely finish it has not yet been found! We fear it as we fear death, because at the end of the day that is what it does to us. It slowly decays our body to the extent that there is nothing left inside us. Cancer refers to a non-communicable disease characterized by uninhibited multiplication of abnormal cells in any part of the body. It is these abnormal cells which, are called cancerous, malignant or tumor cells (medicinenet.com). Types of cancers are further identified by ...

Answers to Questions

Block 1: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities (Parts 1 and 2) T207 Engineering: Mechanics, Materials, Design Answer 1(a) The three categories of Engineering Solutions are Innovation by Context, Innovation by Development and finally Routine Solutions. Innovation by Context will have inventions in their ranks, which relies on a new technology to bring about a solution to a problem. The ball point pen(deviating away from the liquid ink), the Gore-Tex® Fabric which is not a fabric but layers of artificial organic material making it breathable, waterproof one-way,durable,etc. and the Dyson™ Vacuum Cleaner which uses cyclonic vacuum technology will fall ...

Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations

Chapter 9: Acids and Bases Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...

Introduction

An acid that gives two hydrogen ions for every acid molecule is known as diprotic acid. Examples of such acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), chromic acid (H2CrO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Dissociation of a diprotic acid in water takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the diprotic acid dissociates to give one hydrogen ion and a monoprotic form of the acid. H2X(aq) H+(aq) + HX-(aq) The second stage involves the dissociation of the monoprotic form of the acid to give the second hydrogen ion and fully dissociated form of ...

“Abstract”

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the fluidity of plasma membrane in cells. Evidence of cholesterol evolution from lanosterol suggests that cholesterol has little sensitivity to changes in temperature as opposed to lanosterol. Simulations also revealed that there is no ld-lo coexistence and 3-phase lines in lipid/lanosterol systems as opposed to lipid/cholesterol systems. The sterol also favors a strong interaction with lipids having saturated acyl chains (Miao et al.) which is a key factor in understanding and characterizing the lipid bilayer model. Based on surface potential measurements, cholesterol and ergosterol reduce the penetration of water into the lipid monolayer. Results revealed that excess ...

Cancer is a disease that has been reported to claim millions of lives a round the globe and has many forms. Cancer is defined as “a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division” (Arndt, 2010). Skin cancer is just one of the many types of cancer that affects people and most commonly in the United States. It is a disease whereby cancerous cells are found on the epidermis which is the outer layer of the skin or uncontrolled growth of skin cells. This cancer affects the skin tissues and ...

Prelab assignment

**Ethylenediamine should be abbreviated "en". ** **Tris (etheylenediamine) nickel (H) chloride should be abbreviated "Ni (en) 3Cl2". ** 1. Describe a Lewis acid and Lewis base. A Lewis acid is usually a Cat ion that accepts electron from an unshared one. While Lewis base is a nucleophilic and more often an Anion that donates a lone-pair of electrons (Leach, 1999). 2. Using the reaction to be performed in this lab, determine the limiting reactant if 1.3 g NiCl2.6H2O and 11 ml 1.4 M ethylenediamine are reacted. Since it has less ethylenediamine required to react all of the NiCl2.6H20, then ethylenediamine ...

17thJanuary 2013

A Copyright is a way for a person to possess intellectual profit of his/her own creation. According to the United States copyright office, “It is a principle of American law that an author of a work may reap the fruits of his or her intellectual creativity for a limited period of time. “ (Copyright , 2013, p. 47). Copyright is an enshrined institution in the United States, and also throughout the world. Many argue that without the institution and supporting laws of copyrights, that artists, musicians, writers, creators, etc., would stop producing their work since it would cease to represent a monetary gain. While there are plenty ...

A college provides educational services to the students. Students are the targeted customers for the colleges. Purely academic educational services are provided by the colleges. College provides education to the students who have completed its school education and looks for the higher studies. The working structure of college is designed to create an environment in which students can study with all the facilities that are specially designed to assist them in studies. The education is provided by the professional teachers in well organized classes. Library and computer lab is developed to facilitate the students regarding the studies. The suppliers ...

The heat of capacity is usually a positive sign and hence the value for the heat capacity of the calorimeter can be given as 23.4 ± 0.1 J/OC.

Sample for the Calculations Using Trial #1

The weight of cold water was calculated by getting the difference between the weight of the calorimeter together with cold water and the weight of calorimeter as follows Weight of cold water=51.7g-3.3g =48.4 grams

The weight of hot water was calculated as follows

=Final weight of calorimeter + water -Weight of calorimeter + cold water =100.4 g-51.7 g =48.7 grams

The heat lost by hot water was calculated as follows

heat lost=heat capacity of water ×change in temperature×wight of hot water =4.18 Jg-1℃-1×48.7 g×7.3 ℃ ...

A When water is added to lead chloride, the solute sparingly dissolves with some undisclosed particles settling at the bottom of the beaker. Lead chloride is only sparingly soluble in water. When the dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the saturated solution of lead chloride, a white precipitate is formed. This is because of the common ion effect where the excess chloride ions from HCL cause lead chloride to precipitate. Pb2+ aq + 2Cl-aq PbCl2 s B 0.1M lead nitrate +0.1M sodium oxalate

Ionic Equations:

Pb2+ (aq) +C2O42- (aq) PbC2O4(s) Na+ (aq) + NO3-(a) NaNO3 (aq) Lead ...

Probation, in the criminal justice context, is the period which a convicted person (probationer) is subjected to supervision, critical examination and intense evaluation. A judicial court is the only institution with the authority to order probation on a convict. Probation is ordered in lieu of incarceration. However, it does not mean that the convicted person is set free. An order of probation has conditions often imposed by a statute. It is given for rehabilitative purposes. However, the trial judge has the discretion to impose more conditions on a probation sentencing to meet the interests of the public and the offender. The conditions imposed ...

Introduction

During the Solubility Product experiment you calculated the Solubility Product, Ksp, for calcium hydroxide, an ionic solid that is sparingly soluble in water. This was achieved by titrating a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 prepared at a certain temperature. The saturated, aqueous, solution of Ca(OH)2 is represented in equation form as shown below.

The equilibrium expression for calcium hydroxide is shown below.

Ksp = [Ca2+][OH–]2 Eq. 1 Equilibrium constants are temperature-dependent and the value of an equilibrium constant can be related to temperature and the Gibbs Free Energy, Gº, through the equation: ∆G°=-RTlnK Eq. 2 In this case we can substitute our ...

Section ____________________

Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab) Figure 3-sulfolene Figure IR spectrum for cis-4-Cyclopentant – 1,2 dicarboxylic acid anhydride Figure from experiment in the text

NMR 1 from lab results endo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride

Figure 2 from lab results the exo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride (less stable) Theoretical from http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/pericyclic/p1_sigma.html

Discussion

Figure 1.The diene (1,3 butadiene) plus the ethane (sulfolene) produce a cyclohexene (either the endo or exo isomer depending on reaction conditions). Figure 2. Under acidic conditions to sulfuric acid the endo isomer plus water form the less stable exo isomer ...

Introduction

Miscues analysis concerns itself more with the kinds or level of miscues committed rather than the real quantity of miscues. Once the reading session is completed and the student has finished the story retelling, the miscues which have been recorded at the transcript require be classifying or analyzing.

Transcript The Robot and Mr. Mole This is a robot. His nose is a cone. His legs are made of hose. He falls into a hole. “I can help”, says Mr. Mole. “Go up this rope”, says Mr. Mole. “Thank you Mr. Mole” says the robot. ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below. When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin Introduction The chemical name for aspirin is the acetylsalicylic acid and is a drug that is used as an antipyretic. Aspirin reduces fever, relieves the pain and inflammation (Thomson Healthcare, 2012). The compound structure of acetylsalicylic acid has an ester group and is produced through an esterification reaction. Aspirin is synthesized through a reaction of salicylic acid with acetic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction equation occurs as shown below. The experiment aimed at synthesizing aspirin, providing an opportunity to familiarize with vacuum filtration as well as melting point techniques. ...

Abstract

Knowledge on phase equilibrium behavior plays a central role in the prediction of the solubility of the components found in biodiesel. This aids in the separation process of the individual components. These components are normally referred to as volatile organic compounds. It is crucial to use models in the determination of these equilibriums since actual measurements are costly and lingering. There are several types of biodiesels: methyl oleate, ethyl stearate, and methyl linolenate. UNIFAV procedure can be used in the determination of of an estimate of the infinite dilution activity of several volatile organic compounds in biodiesels. A mole ...

Background theory

Equipment used in the experiment: Burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp and stand, a small and a large beaker, three conical flasks, white paper, phenolphthalein indictor, dilute solutions of HCl and H2SO4 of unknown molarities, and 0.10 dm–3 NaOH.

Equations, diagrams, and calculations:

Concentration of the sulphuric acid solution Molarity of the alkaline solution of NaOH 0.10 mol. dm–3 As found in the experiment, Average volume of H2SO4 is 11.15 cm3 = 0.01115 dm3 H2SO4 → H2+ + SO4– NaOH →Na++ OH– H2+ + SO4–+ 2Na + 2OH → Na2+ + SO4–+ 2H2 O Thus, the hydrogen ions in H2SO4 reacted with hydroxide ions ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Introduction

A pipette is one of the laboratory instruments utilized in the transportation of a measured volume of fluids. Therefore, the general use of a pipette is to transfer a specific volume of a fluid from one container (measuring cylinder) to another. There are several types of pipettes. They include; Volumetric, graduated, automated pipettes, micropipettes and disposable pipettes. But for the sake of the video, we will concentrate of two: Volumetric and graduated pipettes.

These pipettes are used to transport a single specific volume of a fluid, typically between 1 and 100 ml. They are shaped like rolling pins with a huge belly, one blunted end (the ...

In his novel, The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame tells the story of a group of forestry animals who embark on a number of adventures together. Throughout the novel, Grahame presents his characters as following their instincts which, as animals, one would assume are carefully attuned to their environment and survival. However, animals or not, the characters are heavily anthropomorphised which removes any immediate suggestion that the characters rely upon their animal instincts. Equally, the behaviour which could be described as instinctive often either displays a sense of wisdom or it induces a feeling of unhappiness. The purpose of this essay is ...

Summary

Of Losers And Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writer Itself?

I found myself living out a high school fantasy, a couple of summers ago, in Playadel Carmen as I was chasing stunning Playboy playmate Angie Everhart. As she disappeared, I quickly snapped back to reality. I was there as a writer for ABC's "Celebrity Mole: Yucatan," and was to investigate what Everhart was saying about the former MTV VJ Anada Lewis. Would they be dueling divas, headed for a catfight by day's end? I needed to find out. With the earpiece that picked up the two women's microphones, I began taking notes. ...