Essays on Moral Responsibility

Introduction

Natural law theory and positivism are two approaches to thinking that differ in the basic legal principles and rules on the treatment of law. Principles and rules influence English jurisprudence and the administration of justice through the attitudes, perspectives, approaches, decisions and pronouncements of judges and jurists. Natural law theory and positivism dominate respective areas of English jurisprudence and adjudication process, but these approaches may also simultaneously exert influence to raise issues and cause developments in other areas.

Influence of Natural Law Theory

Natural law is “the order of the dynamic tendencies that are proper to man as a rational being”. The rule of ...

Compare and Contrast

Philosophy

Introduction The context of determinism, compatibilism, and libertarianism can be attributed to the two notions of freedom the metaphysical and circumstantial. The latter encompasses an idea that everyone has freedom to act without being interfered by any obstacle while the former demonstrates the freedom of oneself to choose among alternatives. This notion of freedom will be articulated in this discussion by comparing and contrasting the philosophical context of determinism, compatibilism, and libertarianism. Furthermore, the discussion will also differentiate the three positions in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Based on the interpretation of the three positions, a personal take ...

Introduction

A survey conducted by The Telegraph (2015), revealed that a large number of female students in the UK have been victims of sexual assault. Unfortunately, there has been a refusal among university and college officials in the country to investigate these accusations of indecent sexual advances. While academic authorities have been warned about their refusal to act and protect women from these forms of assaults, some officials asserted that it was not necessary to intervene because these cases are purely a police matter (Goldhill & Bingham, 2015). The apparent failure of university and college officials to protect their students from ...

Free Will and Determinism: A Response to the Problem from the Perspective of Three Philosophical Positions

The concept of free will has been essential in religion and philosophy, but this concept has been opposed to a new one, namely determinism, which is the result of years of scientific progress and the discovery of natural laws. Free will represents the capacity to act independently, or to take decisions based on personal wish, regardless of the pressures one is subject to. On the other hand, determinism is based on the idea that all actions performed by human beings are determined by natural laws and different causal factors, and in fact there is no free will. This idea ...

What kind of vision does MLK offer in the letter from Birmingham jail? A positive one to strive for or a negative one to avoid? In his letter, Martin Luther King’s vision seems to be a negative one to avoid. He provides the recipients of the letter with a realistic view of what the circumstance of blacks actually is and what the effects of discrimination and segregation has caused. He ensures that the reader is aware of why he is taking action and why it is important for others to do the same. He consistently admonishes the reader ...

In the history of philosophy, the problem of determinism and free will has always sparked a debate between philosophers who take opposing views on the issue. Determinism is a philosophical belief and thinking that assumes that all things which include human behavior are causally determined. On the other hand, free will is a philosophical idea that views things such as human will and behavior as free from causal determination. This topic in itself creates other issues that relate to morality and religion. On one hand, to believe in free simply does not in itself mean that human conduct is ...

Assignment Title

Free Will and Determinism Are human actions and behavior predetermined or are they self-caused by will? The debate about to what extent humans are free in making decisions and proceeding with their lives was one of the central problems of philosophy since its emergence. Many bright minds pondered on this problem offering different decisions to it. But what is the whole debate about? It would not be so important and acute if the problem stood by itself. However, the consequences of the decision to this issue strongly influence other questions and fields of philosophy. Particularly, the strongest implications are ...

PHIL 434 Medical Ethics

Short answers 3 point seach What is medical tourism? Medical tourism is “where patients travel overseas for operations and various invasive therapies.” (Connell 2006, p. 1093).

What are 3 reasons people choose surgeries/procedures in other countries?

1. Economics – Even with health insurance, many procedures can be performed for a fraction of the cost overseas. 2. Quality of care – quality of care is increasing around the world to the near equivalent of Western countries. 3. More options- Even with health insurance, many patients find their health insurance companies limit the kinds of procedures they are able to receive.

What is the commoditization of care?

Turning health care into a commodity that is undifferentiated from other competing ...

A growing number of the Uber drivers and the consequences of cheaper and faster transport could be reached in expense of greater risks and lack of safety. All should know the safety stakes of getting into the Uber car. The real question is does the new online transportation or rideshare network as one of the fastest growing industries in the world with the provision of a more convenient and substantial service than traditional taxi cap represents greatest safety risks for the customers. Uber Technologies Inc. (Uber) is the largest online transportation network company and one of the most popular ...

Psychology

Introduction The context of hard determinism is very straightforward. It was coined in such term because it implies a strict position about issues and matters that are universal in nature. In addition, hard determinism does not accord with moral responsibility considering that moral dispositions are incompatible with determinism. In this discussion, an argumentative position will be asserted in favor of hard determinism.

Arguments on Hard Determinism

In the case of hard determinism, it is real and it implies that there is no free will. This position encompasses a question of whether people have a free will or everything happen for a reason. For ...

Abstract

The twenty first century has witnessed impressive advances in science and medicine, resulting in increased life expectancy. Unfortunately there has also been a dramatic increase in degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. These development have brought the issue of euthanasia to center stage. The following essay attempts a careful examination of the issue, looking at the arguments opponents and supporters have put forward. Among the issues examined is the right to choose how one dies in accordance with the principles of autonomy and beneficence. It is argued that the practice of euthanasia only benefits the very few individuals ...

There is a sharp distinction between active and passive euthanasia. The former is the voluntary act of ending life or “mercy killing” while the latter is the cessation of the activities used to prolong a patient’s life. There have been strong debates concerning the moral permissibility of the active euthanasia. In this essay, I will present the arguments put forth by Rachels and Callahan concerning the issue and argue that the active voluntary euthanasia is not morally permissible. In his justification of the active voluntary euthanasia, James Rachels stands that judging from moral grounds active and passive euthanasia ...

Two stories from the crime pages in Florida make the mind roil in terms of their ethical consideration, but they also raise some interesting questions about the role that fate and free will combine to play in our lives. The first is the story of Casey Anthony. Even though a jury acquitted her of the charge of murder, the preponderance of the evidence, at least to many, indicated that she more than likely used duct tape to suffocate her daughter and then dumped the body somewhere where it took a repairman weeks to find it. The second is the ...

Who is considered to be a moral agent? The answer to this question is simple. It could be anyone: a nurse, a teacher, a policeman or just a person one meets on the street. But what does define the term of ‘moral agent’? One can say that it is a capability of acting with reference to right and wrong. Now does society have an example of a moral agent in the modern society? One can say that Mother Teresa is a good example of a moral agent. She put others happiness and wellness before herself and was giving ...

People will think of other people on the basis of the work they do at free-will. However, it is not an ideal treatment for people to blame other people for what they are forced to do. Freedom is compatible with determinism when the behaviour of a person is caused by the preceding factors. Therefore, the causal laws of determinism end up forming the basis of science. Freedom to perform an act is the idea that human beings have the ability to have choices in how they act and taking the assumption that they have the freedom in terms of ...

Ashford University

In the analysis of personal organizational ethics, it is important to consider the identification of the key problems that relates to the business ethics of the organization. With these two organizations, the Visayan Forum Foundation, Inc and Jollibee Foods Corporation, both have its key problems. The key problems are the core targets to evaluate the stands of the organizations, how they responded to the problems legally, socially, and politically. Consequently, from the individual responses of the organizations on legal, social, and political perspectives, ethnographic researchers can provide reflections and criticisms of their actions based on the ...

Cejudo Cordoba, R. (2013). Making Sense Of Doing Wrong: On The Justification Of Compromise Decisions. Crítica , 45 (135), 29-53. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/search/advanced

This paper holds that compromises are types of agreement and types of decision. Its major objectives are the following. First, is to identify the formal organization of compromise situations (CD), or dilemmas where some CD cannot be avoided that includes jeopardizing the integrity of the maker of the decisions. Second, that by the notions of Amartya Sen’s of the basic and compulsive judgments and create a CD in a condition of compromise that is justified be morally. It concludes that the justified compromise situations involve rationally justified moral regret that assists to bridge the gap between consequentialism and deontology, respectively.

Cohen, M. A. (2012). Empathy in Business Ethics Education. (C. MacDonald, & A. Marcoux, Eds.) Bus Ethics J Rev , 1 (18), 113–119. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jbee2012918.

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1. Tell me whether each of the following statements is descriptive or normative, and briefly explain your answer: a. Genetic screening could reveal an individual's tolerance for or susceptibility to chemicals used in the workplace.

First of all, it is important to understand that normative statements explain about how things should be. Conversely, descriptive statements give an opinion about what an individual or persons think about a certain thing or phenomenon. In the case of this statement, it is a normative statement because it explains about how things in workplace should be. The statement advocates the idea that genetic ...

A corporation is a legal business entity whose members have limited liabilities. This means that incase of liquidation, the owners only lose the business assets and the employees their jobs but not any private property. They are mainly created by a body of persons or entities that come together and form one business operating unit (Zerk, 109). Corporations are considered as real persons and can be convicted and are also allowed to exercise human rights just like individual human beings. Picketing is the act of people gathering up in a designated area like in front of a company entrance to make their ...

Management – Answering Questions

A professional is obliged to ensure that he or she does not proceed to offer a service to the client if there is a fault that will cause injury to the client. For instance, an engineer is supposed to be a whistleblower whenever he detects that there is a fault that will harm the client. Failure to be keen more on the fatal designs that may lead to accidents is unethical for a professional engineer. Therefore, it is vital for the engineer to be in the frontline whenever he or she is offering a service. There should be no negligence during service delivery as that ...

Media Ethics

The integration of the electronic media has affected our daily life globally. Tools applying in the electronic media offer a mechanism to communicate effectively without the limitations of geographical distances. Electronic media enables interactions between different cultures worldwide. Web based forums such as YouTube enable users to interact online and share information. It is crucial to maintaining professional boundaries in the environment of electronic communication. The limitation of an effective framework in this environment is due to lack of clear and defined interaction as well as the rules of engagement. It is possible for people to violate professional Code of ...

IS THERE A MORAL OBLIGATION TO GIVE TO THE NEEDS OF THE GLOBAL POOR IN DISTANT PLACES?

Introduction Hunger and poverty are still at the top of the list of challenges affecting people worldwide. In his speech on February 3, 2013, President Obama highlighted the concern of poverty; poverty in other countries affects even the developed countries. Throughout the past decade, countries have garnered efforts in helping sustain the people and eliminate poverty. Though changes and improvements have occurred, they are still inadequate. Statistics shows that up to date, over 1.2 billion people worldwide still languish in the effects of poverty. It shows a big part of the entire world population still continue living in abject ...

Essay 1

“What are the moral responsibilities of managers?” Among the great debates of the contemporary capitalism is essentially whether or not the concept of morality matters in the business world. Managers or business owners have numerous responsibilities including moral responsibilities as well as legal responsibilities such as paying taxes. Moral responsibilities might be personal, which means that each person in a corporation is responsible for doing what is correct, or the communal responsibilities that involve all the individuals. It is worth mentioning that company culture frequently dictates the significance of the moral duties in the organization (Stikeman, 2000). For this ...

PART 1: A BELIEF THAT IS STRONGLY UPHELD.

A belief that is strongly upheld is the notion that it is the moral responsibility of members of society that are well off financially or otherwise to chip in and help the less fortunate members of society. This traverses the line of merely neighbor helping neighbor into international boundaries where one country helps another in time of crisis. This especially refers to the countries in Africa which are in most cases in need of various forms of aid varying from financial aid to medical and even psychological aid. This belief was fuelled by the fact that no one ...

Moral luck emerges when one is treated well or praised regardless of the fact that the outcome of what has led him or her to be praised is dependent on other factors that are beyond his or her control. (Thomas, N. 1979) & (Williams B. 1993) Thomas Nagel in his article of “Moral Luck” (1979) noted that in our day to day activities, moral blame and moral praise are influenced to a greater extent intuitively. He gave an example of two reckless drivers where one causes an accident and the other does not. The fact the driver who has caused ...

Concerning personal identity my position is similar to that of John Locke. I reject the idea that my personal identity is tied to my soul, as Cartesian theory suggested. I also do not believe that my personal identity is tied to my body. It seems more plausible to me that my personal identity is tethered to my memories because I am a culmination of my experiences. What I have endured, learned, and observed have made me into the person typing this. Memories are what have created my personal identity. My position on the mind and body problem, or that ...

Philosophy 101

Free Will Free will has been a topic of intense debate in various fields ranging from philosophy and literature to law and the social sciences. As far as philosophy is concerned, thinkers are generally grouped into two broad schools and vary according to how strongly they agree with them. These schools are determinism and indeterminism. By and large determinists believe that the universe is run by a strict sequence of cause leading to effect while indeterminists believe that between cause and effect there is free will, or choice, which means that an effect need not be a direct corollary of a cause. ...

The National Performance Review (NPR) is the national government's execution of the ideas of reinventing government. "Reinvention" should be a code word for change, as well as an essential rebuilding of the way we work and contemplate government. Al Gore's rendition, as plot in the NPR, is focused around the general ideas created in the Osborne and Gaebler book entitled "Reinventing Government". It presents findings of a 6-month investigation of the national government and the Clinton Administration's proposal for 10 years in length procedure of re-imagining the central government's operations. Each of four main principles is introduced in a section sorted out ...

Social and ethical responsibilities in business

Social responsibility is an ethical theory, which requires individuals or corporations to be accountable and fulfill their civic duties. Individuals or corporations actions must be of benefit to the whole society. For social responsibility to take place, there must be a balance between the environment, welfare of the society, and economic growth (Davis, 1960). Once the maintenance of this equilibrium is achieved, social responsibility is achieved. Social responsibility is build on an ethics system whereby decisions and actions are required ethical approval before proceeding (Freeman, 2001). If a decision or action can result in harming the environment or society, it is ...

According to Socrates, morality refers to the creation of as well as adherence to the rules which govern the way a human behaves. This behavior is based on the concept of the idea of right from wrong. Therefore, with morality, one will be able to address the human capability to recognize and choose right from wrong. Socrates, therefore, believed that there is no individual who willingly chooses to engage in wrongful deeds. He further claims that no person seeks to cause harm upon himself or herself. In his view, all the wrongs one engage in results from ignorance. This further ...

1) Did each of the agents freely commit the acts? In case 1, Caleb had the free will throughout. He had the freedom to decide the amount of liquor that he would drink. If he did not want his girlsfriend to drive, he should have taken the responsibility to stay sober to be able to drive safely. However, since the act is not drinking but driving the car into the river, Caleb cannot be blamed. It was circumstantial and Caleb had instead tried very hard to save themselves from drowning. In case 2, however, Ellen completely had ...

Module/course Name

Alcohol is described to be an intoxicating substance which is very widely used as well as misused usually in the western countries. Alcohol abuse is identified as the 4th most serious health issue among members of public (Newman, 2004). Many researches have been carried out to study the relationship between occupational mishaps and alcohol consumption extensively. A substantial proportion of this research has been conducted in the aviation field to study the impact of alcohol consumption and violation on the safety performance. This paper will discuss the ethical implications of alcohol violation in the aviation industry. Studies have ...

June X, 2014

One of the most heated debates in philosophy is about the nature of free will. Determinism has not been proven false, and maybe never will, but the issue of the compatibility between determinism and free will is still generating very productive discussions. The question about how much responsibility can be attributed to men for their actions has not been answered yet. The debate between those who hold that nothing happens without a cause, and those who affirm that men are free and, therefore, completely responsible for their actions, is far from being settled. Although most people would agree that people ...

Introduction: With data explosion and availability of everything via internet there is a transformation in the area of ethics, risk and compliance. It has become easy to track and trace misdoings, and illegal transactions.. Though, there have been sufficient measures to prevent risk and compliance, they have become ineffective now. The norm of compliance and averting risk has changed many folds. New and tough measure of deploying compliance and risk is mandatory. According to Keith Darcy an Independent Senior Advisor at Deloitte, the top five accounting and consulting firm, “Good Enough” is just no longer good enough (Deloitte.wsj.com, 2014). Mr. ...

Introduction. Kellogg Company is the world’s leading producer of cereals and frozen foods, and the second largest producer of cookies and crackers. After its acquisition of Pringles, Kellogg became the second largest savory snack company. Kellogg is committed and mindful of the ideals of the founder, W.K. Kellogg’s who was dedicated to the well-being of people. And have stayed focused on the company’s vision of enriching and delighting the world through food, and its purpose of, providing nourishment for families allowing them to thrive and flourish. The Kellogg Company has a rich history of corporate responsibility as ...

I believe in causal determinism that means that every event (except maybe the first one) was caused by what came before. Casual determinism states that all events, including human action and choices, are ultimately necessitated and determined by preceding events, which are influenced by the laws of nature. The idea of casual determinism is in par with the scientific theory in holding this reality but raises an objection from the free will concept. Physics gives a reason to doubt the certainty of determinism using the probabilistic theory that shows no certainty in the occurrence of events. Since the laws ...

F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of “The Great Gatsby”, develops his characters in such a way that that they seem to contradict each other’s personality traits. Such a set up essentially allows the readers of the novel to notice and understand these characters in an almost equal magnitude. The best depiction in this set up is brought put in the two major characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. The two characters’ traits are hugely contradictory of each other. On one hand, Nick Carraway is a character who exhibits great development throughout the story while Jay Gatsby is a man ...

Free will represents the capacity of a rational agent in order to select a course of action from the several alternatives. Free will is regarded as the power of the up-to-usness (Campbell, 2013). It means that the actions performed by the individuals are in fact up to them in a robust way. Moreover, free will is also the source of actions. The freewill is important because its implications are powerful enough for touching the roots of the objectives and purpose of lives of human beings. The moral implications of free will, however, reach the law, politics, psychology, ethics, epistemology, psychology, education, and ...

Introduction

Medical and healthcare issues are corporal responsibilities and duties for all parties that are concerned and affected by health care issues that might prevail. In the case of the implantation of the breast implanted on women in the UK, the moral duty of care lies amongst all the parties that were affected by the issue. The National Health Service, the private manufacturers of the implant, the Government administration through the department of health and finally the patients have a moral responsibility too. However, due to the specificity of this matter the moral duty of the various parties extends to some ...

According to Blatchford in the “Delusion of Free Will”, teaching forms part of our environment hence people act as they have been taught that they ought to act. Hence, although people may act as they choose, they choose as the environment and heredity cause them to choose. Using the two arguments on a person who is accused of having committed a criminal act could easily exonerate him or her since the end result is that he or she was obviously at a disadvantage by virtue of environment and heredity. This argument can however be challenged by arguing that all people brought up ...

The law provides equal opportunities for all businesses to undertake their activities. However, the size of a business determines the extent by which firms feel the effect of legal demands imposed on them. It is a legal requirement for large businesses to comply with accounting regulations and standards. They are subjected to internal audits and reporting of financial statements at the end of a financial year. These activities create immense pressure on a firm’s management since a high level of accuracy, and attention to details is required. An error in accounting will result in wrong figures which will raise questions from shareholders. Small ...

Slavery in Cocoa Farms in Ivory Coast, 2001

Systemic, corporate and individual ethical issues The case raises a number of ethical issues that resonate around the systems, the corporates and the individuals as stakeholders in the blooming cocoa industry. It is noteworthy that Ivory Coast is the world’s leading importer of cocoa hence the ethical issues have assumed an international character. The stakeholders affected by these ethical issues include the Ivorian government and the cocoa farmers, American and European chocolate manufacturers and the ordinary chocolate consumer who does not know the origin of the products. The systemic ethical issues resonate around the Ivory Coast economy ...

Decision

It is imperatively important for every individual to consider how he or she can influence his or her future. Equally important is to consider how decisions individuals make change the course of their life and ultimately the future. This paper analyzes a life-changing decision that my brother had to make concerning his profession. This issue is important to me because today is the third anniversary of the day that i made that most important decision in my life. The decision was to quit a job with AIG stores in a hurry, in order to start working for McDonald’s on Monday, November 1, ...

According to modernization theory, also known as evolutionary theory, societies undergo various steps of development; the most advanced being the consumerist society that characterizes Western societies. This implies that societies that are still in their early stages of development, which are common in third world countries, must emulate the Western societies both socially and in the determination of its values. This means that developing societies must discard their traditional values that entrenches religion and family in the center of social life and pursue individualism that is the norm of Western societies (Kendall 259). This theory postulates that this change ...

Strategic management involves coming up measures that ensure a business or organization continues to operate competitively. The application of various moral values in management has been described as one of the most important aspects of strategic management. This paper will briefly discuss some of the important aspects of strategic management. Moral responsibility is one of the values that has been described as an important factor towards the achievement of strategic management. The application of moral responsibility in management involves the formulation of strategies that cater for the interests of all the stakeholders of an organization. Managers in various ...

Introduction

The issue of whether health care for all is a “right” and therefore should be provided free by social services, or whether it really should be considered as a personal responsibility, has recently been the subject of much heated debate. This essay discusses some of the views expressed and opinions offered, and illustrates why perhaps the answer is not as clear cut as proponents of either argument would have us believe. However, the following paragraphs will show that in fact it is really a personal responsibility, even though there should nonetheless – in a democratic society like ours – be a safety net providing basic care ...

Q. 1 Differentiate the concepts of morality and social ethics

Morality refers to a situational context where individuals conform to the set standards by the society that are regarded as best for the welfare of the community at large (Kant YouTube, 2012). These standards are based on tradition, and in some cases, they are just arbitrary. However, it is important to note that a person’s views on morality changes depending on the situational factor, for instance, murder is considered immoral in the everyday normal life. However, during times of war, killing an opponent in the battlefield is permissible. Therefore, morals are set of agreed upon definitions of what is wrong ...

Michael Clayton

Arthur a partner in a leading law firm feels guilty after discovering that U-North an agrochemical company they represent is actually responsible for the death of farmers and other citizens. Arthur faces a moral dilemma concerning the lives of the citizens affected and the amount of money they stand to make if they win the lawsuit. Arthur weighs the benefits in terms of cash that he claims to waste on prostitutes and the lives of innocent people. His conscience weighs down on him, and he decides to build a case against his firm in order to enable the innocent people, especially Anna whose ...

Question B

People are bound to react differently in response to a crisis. A decision on whether to intervene or not depends on an individual’s impression that the situation is an emergency or not. In order to determine whether or not to intervene, an individual goes through three steps. This includes: noticing the event, determining whether it is an emergency and deciding on whether it is their moral responsibility to act (Miserandino, 2007). In Mathew Buford’s case, the response exhibited by the videographer, the rescue team and the couples is reminiscent of what happens in many emergency crises. The ...

In a recent report by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the current trends of urbanization and rate of consumption is increasing at an alarming rate that has the entire world worried . Currently more than half of the world population resides in urban areas. This form of settlement has is set to increases along with the world population as it slowly and surely nears the 8 billion mark. Countries such as India, China, Brazil and the rest of the Asian ‘tiger’ economies are the front of the statistics . The west and other developed nations are also facing business ...

EMPLOYEE DILEMMA ON EITHER TO USE BUSINESS ETHICS OR MORALS

Lisa Klein is an employee who is loyal to her company but feels it is morally wrong to let the consumers of the company’s product to continue suffering in her silence. It is also wrong from business ethics to expose you company to the customers or the authorities without first informing the company of the mistake committed. Also, it is the moral responsibility of the company to protect its consumers from using harmful products. Lisa Klein’s dilemma lies in the fact that she understands the lethal effects posed by the chemical used as an ingredient by ...

Free will is about acting according to one’s choice or reason. Philosophers hold various theories about the concept of free will and the moral responsibility attached to it. Galen Strawson has a pessimist stand towards the concept of free will that one behaves or acts in a certain way because of how one is made. Therefore, one cannot be held morally responsible for the actions. However there is an inner consciousness in all human beings which differentiates them from other living beings, and this consciousness convicts one what to do and what not to do. Strawson’s argument that people ...

Organization: Teen Athletic League

Introduction Arguably, ethics is the heart of any organization in the world today. Regardless of whether the organization is a profit making or non-profit making, ethics forms the base of success, and achievement of goals. Ethical organizations do not just happen, but are built and developed. In building an ethical organization, it is advisable to begin by adhering to organizational mission, vision, as well as creating an ethical organizational culture. In a non-profit making organization, financial gain is not an issue, but rather focusing on ethics among its employees and members is fundamental. In building an ethical organization, all stakeholders ...

Abstract

The issue of free will (freedom) versus determination has been around for a long time. It has continued to be a puzzle for philosophers ever since. Philosophers face such trouble with the issue of freedom versus determination because without freedom morality would be unheard of among the humankind; and such there would be no good, no wrong, or evil. All of humankind’s behavior would be priory determined, and; therefore, man would be left with no choice or creativity (Fischer 1994).

Introduction

Ted Trainer conducted a study in 2010 at the UNSW on the consumption of non renewable resources by first- world countries. ...