Essays on Peacekeeping

Issue: Criminal Accountability of UN Officials on mission

Position: Head Chair/Co-Chair Introduction The criminal accountability of the UN Officials on mission is one of the legal issues, which has been debated through the Legal Committee for numerous years. The legal gaps make it difficult for the UN to hold personnel accountable for crimes committed in the missions under its jurisdiction. The UN personnel are being currently accountable only to their countries and their legislation or being protected by the international legal statute of immunity. The lack of accountability makes the whole organization less credible and reliable. With two different groups of UN personnel the troop contributing countries ...

The United Nations Mission of Observer in Tajikistan was initiated in December 1994 and expired in May 2000. The main aim of United Nations was to focus on the peacekeeping mission to maintain peace after Tajikistan’s Civil War. The observers were deployed in Tajikistan to promote peace and demobilization. International and national observers promoted peace by monitoring peace activities and initiating negotiations between opposing parties. The headquarters of the mission were located in Dushanbe, Tajikistan with an aim to monitor peace between the ruling government and the United Tajikistan opposition. The paper highlights three major drawbacks of United ...

Security and economic development in Africa today are more effectively achieved through regional formations than through the African Union. Discuss.

Introduction

The majority of African countries still lag behind Western states in achievement of similar economic development and power in the international relations. With the beginning of the twentieth century, the African states continued to take actions aimed to improve is economic growth and security protection in comparison to these systems in other countries. In this regard, it should be noted that several African countries stand to the position that these strategic objectives in the advancement of economic group and ...

This paper will discuss the idea of sovereignty after the Cold War, it will examine how the idea of sovereignty has changed as the world becomes more globalized and why the concept of non-interference is no longer acceptable in a world that is becoming more global. Sovereignty is the dominion over a territory. There are four different types of sovereignty. These are Westphalian, which refers to the authority within a country and disregards external factors, interdependence sovereignty or the ability of the country to control the migration to and from their country, domestic sovereignty is the ability of the ...

World Affairs: The United Nations

Introduction The United Nations (UN) was established as an international organization on 24 October 1945 having several functions. The UN operations and membership are both extended worldwide. UN headquarters is in New York City and has other regional offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the official languages of the member countries. The UN's predecessor was the League of Nations that kept peace and cooperation between the nations of the world. The organization gets its finance from member states voluntary contributions, and it has six fundamental bodies. The General Assembly as the ...

The general assembly of UN approved an arrangement for dividing Palestine in 1947, which offered a chance for the establishment of Jewish State, as well as Arab State and Jerusalem, left under worldwide status. The Jewish and the Arab States rejected such an arrangement. The United Kingdom dropped its mandate or control on Palestine, which led to the proclamation of Israel state. As a result, the Palestinians with the help of Arab States declared war on Israel (Koops et al., 2015). Israel also fought many wars with other states; however, this paper focuses on factors causing internal conflicts within ...

U.S. Position in the Post-cold War ERA U.S. Position in the Post-cold War ERA

The post-cold war saw the rise and growth of the Western liberalism and capitalism. The fall of the great communist powers gave the opportunity for capitalism to thrive in the world. The era of cold war was a struggle for power, where international political economy the struggle for power and wealth was witnessed and is still present to date. The struggle for power is what creates chances for conflict in the world, “the changes in the distribution of power between states increase the chance of ...

Conflicts in the African continent are notorious with their complexity. There are host of reasons for that. These include the complicated history of Africa, especially of the last several centuries when existing divergences were accentuated by the presence of colonists who imposed new circumstances and conditions. These also include many natural reasons stemming from climate conditions and geopolitical situation of Africa. These include as well the ethnical and tribal divergences that turned out to be the major fueling factor in the conflict that set it ablaze for almost fifteen years. There is one thing I am going to make ...

The post-cold war saw the rise and growth of the Western liberalism and capitalism. The fall of the great communist powers gave the opportunity for capitalism to thrive in the world. The era of cold war was a struggle for power, where international political economy the struggle for power and wealth was witnessed and is still present to date. The struggle for power is what creates chances for conflict in the world, “the changes in the distribution of power between states increase the chance of conflict in the international system (Gilpin 1918).” The power shift from dominance by the ...

Abstract

When the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s after the Cold War, the international arena has shifted drastically from the nature of the status quo to the conflicts that continues to trouble several regions today. In terms of the status quo, many nations adhered to democratization that resolved many conflicts that were influenced by the Cold War. On the other hand, the nature of conflicts after the Cold War have drastically changed as some wars are now fought by different actors and the intensity of each conflict varies. At the present time, conflicts persist throughout the globe and even ...

Goldstein in his book Winning the War on War brings out a contrary opinion concerning the twentieth-century war. Specifically, he contests the claim that twentieth century was one of the bloodiest in the record. He argues that the wars were smaller in scale and fewer in number contrary to what many had reported (Goldstein p. 5). He analyzes the negative and positive effects of peacebuilding and peacekeeping considering the way United Nations (UN) has made a lot of strides in trying to reduce war proliferation in different member nations. He explains that this has been achieved through giving the ...

Introduction

In contemporary world the spread of the globalization influences the behavior of the people within the business units and different organizations. With that, the style of the conduction of the negotiations is faced the numerous amendments as well. In other words, it is highly important for the leaders of the organizations to have the appropriate corporate and leadership skills in order to pursue the realization of the goals and objectives of the organization for protection of the rights and values of the humans. This paper focuses on the consideration of leadership skills of Kofi Annan as one of the ...

The Role of the UN in the Israel-Hezbollah War (2006) Undeniably, the adoption of Resolution 1701 by the United Nations Security Council led to the cessation of heightened hostilities that fueled the Israel-Hezbollah War. The Israel-Hezbollah War of July-August 2006 attracted attention from the international peacekeeping community (Armes 14). The month-long war touched upon an array of critics from international policy issues such as the state of instability in the Middle East due to the continued Israeli-Arab conflict and the failure to disarm the Hezbollah militant group (Anderson August 9). Coupled with these issues and the month-long war, ...

Peacekeeping

Since the great wars, the international community knew it was crucial to prevent the onset of another war as the conflicts had shook the balance of power and destroyed both infrastructure and lives for the sake of power. With the establishment of the United Nations after the Second World War, it was argued that the organization would become a beacon of peace and intervene once conflict brews in a region. Peacekeeping operations, in this end, would enable the international community to stop the progression of conflict that may threaten the rest of the world. While the thought of peacekeeping is ideal, ...

Noncommissioned officers’ in the United States of America were first witnessed in America beginning of the year 1775. This was propelled by the birth of the continental army. The noncommissioned officer was very independent and did not observe the trends in any army. The American army blended the traditions of the Prussian, British, and French armies into a uniquely different experience that became the American founding. As the years passed, the noncommissioned officer was forced by the American system of contempt for nobility, social attitudes and expansion to the west in the U.S to make him fall out of the ...

The history of Vietnam is filled with strong women who acted heroically or played heroic roles at times when the nation was in crisis. Some of these women who are greatly celebrated in Vietnam as heroes are sisters TrungTrac and TrungNhi. The two led a Vietnamese revolt against the Chinese in 39-42 C.E. These women feature heavily in Vietnamese history books where they are often hailed as the Hai Ba Trung (The Trung Sisters). Another great woman who is also revered greatly in Vietnamese history books is Madame Trieu (Ba Trieu) who also led a Vietnamese revolt against the Chinese in 248 ...

Countries have always relied on each other for help. At least all countries, at one point in time, in their history, have received foreign aid from another country or an International Financial organization. Foreign aid policies, overtime have had received much criticism and applause in equal measures. It will be discussed in detail, in this discourse, with a focus on the effect of foreign aid in Liberia. Since the period after the Second World War, foreign aid has become a factor that has informed most developed countries foreign policies. The postwar period was an important time in the development of ...

Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallaire is a well known Canadian humanitarian, Senator and author of two books along with being a retired General. The Lieutenant-General worked during 1993 till 1994 as the Force Commander in UNAMIR, the peace keeping force organized by United Nations in Rwanda against the known extremists of Hutu against the moderate people of Tutsis and Hutu (Romeo Dallaire a, 2014). Romeo Dallaire has founded The Romeo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative along with being a Senior Member at the Montreal Institute’s Department of Genocide and Human Rights Studies. His achievements also include that he is also the Co-Director of the Project ...

Policemen of the World

Introduction Since it has gained its independence after the Civil War, the United States of America became the force to be reckoned with as the world’s dominant force in the international arena. Many nations look up to the United States in any given issue: may it be political, economic or social in nature. Considering these circumstances, the US is often regarded by many as the world’s “policemen” and for the US, such responsibility is done in full confidence and dedication each time an issue arises around the globe. Only recently, the US has deployed its forces ...

Introduction

The collapse of the Soviet Union between 1989 and 1991 meant that the countries that were formerly under its rule and control were now free. However, many of these countries that were formerly under the rule of the Soviet Union encountered great difficulties in reclaiming their national and independent identities. One of the countries that faced great difficulty was Yugoslavia. First the integrity of this country was hugely questioned. The nation functioned as an unstable assemblage of people of various ethnic groups. These include Croats, Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims. The country eventually split into various competing factions. Serbia and ...

Part II

Question 2 Democratization has been very rampant in Africa. Democratization can be defined as a transition or change in the political regimes from non-democratic to more democratic states. The transition often involves a change from an authoritarian regime to a semi-democratic or a full democratic system. It may also involve a change from the semi-authoritarian political regime to democratic and transparent political system. In Africa different workshops and meetings were convened to discuss how the issue of the authoritarian regime could be eliminated. Some scholars described such discussion as a ‘second wave and policy of liberation in Africa’. Numerous individuals and movements fought in ...

Introduction

Humanitarian intervention as a concept can be traced back to the seventeenth century. This is the time when the foundations for the contemporary internationally recognized system of sovereignty of states and the principle that such sovereign states have control over all the matters within their borders was established. Since them, the concept has been reformed to enable the international community through the United Nations to protect citizens within sovereign states from human rights abuse, civil wars, ethnic cleansing and political abuse (Piereson, 2013). Although the United Nations charter does not allow the intervention in sovereign states, various humanitarian crises since ...

Abstract

The advent of war is usually occasioned by the development of conflict of interest between warring factions; however, the result of the war is usually a resolution that comes from the defeat of one faction or a peaceful agreement between the warring parties. This paper reviews literature that provides information as to reasons behind the duration that wars take. In respect to this, the focus of the literature review is to analyze literatures advanced on the topic of duration of wars. The intention of the literature review is to investigate reasons behind why some wars take a short duration to resolve while ...

Mediation is word used in a broad spectrum. It is often said for a person who mediates; peace of mind is necessary. However, the mediation and peacemaking is interrelated to one another. When we say that the mediation is necessary for resolving interrelated problems worldwide or even personally, we limit our observation to the fact that satisfaction and peace is an utmost factor that comes as a result of the mediation. Mediation can be between family members, between colleagues working together and on broader perspective between countries on diplomatic levels. The role of mediator is acknowledged worldwide as disputes from the small ...

Introduction

U.S has used various methods to establish itself as one of the policemen of the world. This paper seeks to critique the main points of the prior submitted paper on thesis and outline of how the country has used its military to affect the affairs of other countries. Notably, as U.S received an elevated status as a world power, it also grew to a dominant power in international relations. This is due to the fact that in numerous occasions, U.S military has acted as ‘global police’ through its military activities to change other countries. International events from the past five ...

After the ending most widespread war in the history of mankind - the Second World War, the world entered into the New World Order. With the last shot of this war the European colonial period ended, and began new era –era of the two rival superpowers. Almost immediately after the ending of the war “Iron Curtain” has crossed the continent but not only the continent across the entire world. So let’s analyze to what consequences WWII led and how it impact on positions of all major players in the world. The first major consequence of the Second World ...

Introduction

The enforcement of law in a multicultural society is a controversial issue when one resides in societies that are diverse where competing cultures, national identities, and religion challenge the present order and prior to a peace officer developing the abilities and techniques to overcome the community`s prejudices, biases, and engage with the community`s diversity. Multiculturalism and diversity are the focal point of the universe and describe accurately the demographics of a nation. Multiculturalism doesn’t describe a movement or a political force but rather a community that is comprised of different ranges of ethnic and racial groups. Responses to these changes in the ...

With the end of the Second World War in 1945, the international community had desired to create an international organization that would ensure that wars would be prevented and entice global development and partnership between nations. There had been earlier attempts prior to the end of the war to create such “united organization”, but the growing aggression that led to the Second World War and the national interests of each nation restricted these attempts. With the aftermath of the war revealing the ailing economies of the war-torn nations and the trauma on wars, the necessity to maintain the attained ...

Introduction

Ethnic violence has been one of the greatest single factors that have contributed to human rights degradation, leading to massive loss of lives and people becoming displaced amongst others. Some of the common known ethnic violence of the current times includes the Rwandan genocide, the aftermath of Kenyan elections in 2007, Sudan ethnic clashes amongst others. Nevertheless, when these ethnic violence starts, resolving them to come to peaceful agreement always become challenging. One writer observed, ‘Peacemaking is a risky business’. Indeed in every conflict, be it ethnic or a civil war, peacekeeping mission always come to the challenge of meeting groups ...

Towards the end of cold, Europe was divided into East and West, with each affiliated to Soviet Union and United States respectively. With the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, there was great enthusiasm on the part of its former members to join the Western alliance lead by NATO. Moreover, as the European Union went ahead with absorbing new members from East and South, its geographic center moved toward Germany. In the process, adding to Germany’s already increased political and economic weight on the continent (Mayhew 1998). The expansion of became the new meaning for the ...

The concept of sovereignty is one in which nations around the world hold dear to the advancement of their international policy. The principles of sovereignty dictate that a country holds unlimited power over the ability to govern itself without outside interference. The advancement of these principles gives the rest of the world powers a peripheral role in determining the destiny of separate nations. While this concept is important in ensuring that countries do not overstep their authority and harm the interests of other nations for the advancement of their own, the applicability of the sovereignty of a nation is a concept that needs ...

US Military and Japanese Military

Military power has long been seen as a very crucial aspect of government around the globe since the early civilizations. Countries spend billions of dollars to improve their fighting advantage, which would be spent in weapons, training and research. The military also serves as the first line of defense in times of threat, and the last option for governments if they cannot resolve disputes peacefully. In the 21st century, the military image still remains as a respected entity, but now varies on how the country utilizes its power and how it is seen by society. Two notable examples of two different ...

The idea of ​​establishing an international organization to monitor the processes of integration in the world community came up about 100 years ago (Mazower 5); however, the first half of the XX century was marked by two world wars, which greatly complicated the peaceful development of most countries. On October 24, 1945 51 countries, determined to keep the peace through international cooperation and collective security, ensured creation of the United Nations (United Nations Official Website). Currently, it is the most ambitious and comprehensive international organization which covers almost all spheres of human activities, from human rights to environmental issues. ...

- Introduction The dramatic rise of China as a political and global trading force presents a set of matters and concerns for the highly developed countries and particularly to the Asia-Pacific region. While China only poses a lesser security precaution at this juncture, its global intentions and developing capabilities warrant some serious considerations. This is due to the military, economic and political impact of any of its actions or moves. - China’s Security Alignments and Oppositions Of the other stable nations in the Asia Pacific region, only Russia takes China as its vital partner. The western democracies are ...

Introduction

The United Nations was founded on the 24th of October in 1945 after the First and Second World Wars. The Organization was committed in the UN charter’s enduring words and saving the future generations from the plague of war. Since its establishment, the Organization has been called on to help in the prevention of conflicts and disputes from soaring into war (Oswald et al., 2010). It has also been called upon to persuade parties opposing each other to use the conference table instead of use of the force of arms and weapons to assist in restoration of peace ...

Why is the US, and not the European Union, a superpower?

Since the end of the great World Wars and the infamous Cold War, the United States has been referred as the world’s only ‘superpower’, capable of deterring any opposition and leading the international community in any issue. Even at present, the US remains at the helm of the international community in political, economic, and social context. However, many experts believe that the European Union should be considered a superpower despite the losses it had acquired in the great wars since Europe is now united under one flag unlike before. The EU is also a frontrunner when it comes to international ...

The term United Nations was founded when the representatives of the 26 states declared to fight together against the Axis powers. This was during the reign of the United States president Franklin Roosevelt in the year 1942. At this time, the nations cooperated on specific matters only. Before the United Nations, there was the League of Nations. United Nations took place officially in 1945. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France and China officially ratified United Nations charter. This essay shall assess the contemporary United Peace operations. At first, the nation’s established international organizations ...

Introduction

In a sensational essay wrote by one of America's renowned political scientist Samuel Huntington (1993) “The Clash of Civilizations,” he asserted that the nations have not reached the end of its history yet. Instead, it is only the beginning of a long series of conflict rooted from the fundamental antagonism between the various cultures of the world. That the nations and states sharing their civilizations and cultural identities are less likely to fight each other. Huntington (1993) also accentuated the idea that cultural barriers are the dominating source of conflict in the world. Its manifestation can be seen from conflicts between ...

In 1946, Korea was divided into two sections: the northern part was Soviet backed and communist and the southern part was American backed. The division was along the 38th parallel latitudinal line that divided the country. Kim II Sung organized the communist government in the north, the Democratic People’s Republic and Syngman Rhee Set up the Republic of Korea in the south. Each government hoped to reunify the country.

On June 25, 1950, conflict erupted along the 38th parallel when North Korean forces attacked points along the 38th parallel. These forces headed directly south and were aimed towards ...

ENGLISH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD

English is the Most Important Language in The World

It is common nowadays to learn about different nationalities trying to learn English as their second language. While they may have different reasons over learning English, may it be for education, leisure or business; people often denote that learning English would be a vital asset should a person wishes to venture in areas that require the knowledge of the language. Despite the obvious benefits of learning English in the current context, there are still people who believe that learning such language should not be given too much importance as people could still ...

Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy Interests: The Similarities and Differences

Throughout Asian history, China and Japan have consistently dominated several fields such as military, economics, politics and development. Both nations are separated by the East China Sea and can be considered similar in terms of its history, culture, and position in the Asian and World economy. However, despite these similarities, both nations have not seen eye to eye with regards to several issues, affecting their foreign relations with each other. Despite the fact both countries belong to different political spheres and hold different beliefs over the issue of territory, sovereignty and economy; the People’s Republic of China and ...

Revolution in military

Revolution in military affairs can be attributed to use of new processes and new tools of waging war like system of systems, command and control, as well as network-centric warfare, all driven by information technology. The term “Revolution in Military Affairs” is used to refer to a major shift in the nature of fighting which is as a result of the application of new technologies which adjusts the nature and accomplishment of military actions, when these technologies are pooled with organizational and operational concepts as well as vivid changes in military doctrine, (Theodor, 1995, pp.3-9). The concept of revolution in ...

Post- Conflict Rule of Law in East Timor

Introduction East Timor is a country that was under Portuguese colonial rule for hundreds of year. Later, it suffered from 25 years of severe brutal occupation by Indonesia. In 1999, the country voted for its independence in a referendum that was administered by the UN. However violence ensued for several months and in the year 1999 to 2002 the UN tried to transition the country’s governance smoothly through peace keeping and civil administration. In 2002, the country became the world’s youngest nation. However after only four years, weaknesses in the political, economic and legal infrastructure caused the ...

Differences between efficient and group-level explanations for war

The efficient explanation for war is centered and derived from the constitution as well as from the legal structures within an entity. This means that wars are constitutionally appropriate if the lives of the citizens are threatened by an outside entity. This means that the decision to engage in war is independent on social or other cultural background (Danziger 35). The group-level decision is centered on the idea of dominance. Countries decide to engage in war for reasons that are defined buy cultural and social differences. Countries are therefore in a rush to enter into war with other countries, not ...