Essays on Reaction Time

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former. In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

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Abstract

STPA (System-Theoretic Process Analysis), is a new hazard analysis technique designed to “eliminate or control scenarios” before they result in losses (Leveson 2011). STPA is based upon an analysis of loss of functional control of a process rather than on an analysis of failure of individual components. Therefore, the model that is used in STPA is a functional control diagram rather than a physical component diagram (Leveson 2011). STPA provides guidance to the users, as opposed to other hazard analyses. In addition, STPA can be used before a system ...

The prohibition of marijuana has for long been a subject of heated debates, arguments, and counter-arguments regarding the effects of such action around social and political circles. Many argue that the use of marijuana makes an individual intoxicated which results in feelings of anxiety, fear, and panic. Others argue that marijuana-induced intoxication leads to impairment of the memory, negatively affecting coordination and reaction time. Legalization of marijuana is believed to be a good thing since it will lead to the collection of larger amount of tax revenues and lower government spending. In spite of the fact that a large ...

Abstract

The study uses the Posner paradigm to determine whether the condition of the cue can affect the reaction time of the subject. Most importantly is that the eye movement was prohibited. Using the data of 143 subjects, the ANOVA method and Bonferroni corrections, we have found out that the condition does influence the reaction time, however the difference between the cues is not significant Nonetheless the reaction time was far off from the target 100 ms due to inexperience and not understanding of the task set before the subjects. The results of the study have shown us two processes ...

Fitness is defined as a state of well-being. Fitness affects a person’s physical, mental and social health. Fit people are always ready to face challenges and opportunities that life offers, when compared to ‘not fit’ people. A person who is physically fit, has a body that can work efficiently and effectively. Physical fitness will help the person carry out activities at work and in personal life, and still have energy left to face emergency or enjoy leisure activities. As a nurse, I need to carry out a lot of physical activity. I walk, run and stand around a ...

Abstract

In this paper, we have studied the different types of information perception, such as color identification and reading speed. The research question is: “Is reading harder than identifying colors?” In order to investigate this problem, a quantitative study of the different levels of interference of reading or color identification in the Stroop test was conducted. Research has demonstrated that when forced to perform an automated task, such as read the word ‘green’, it is more difficult when the word is printed in an alternative color, such as red, than when it is the same color as the word with ...

Effects of Fictional Violence On Aggressive Behavior

Introduction Media violence has been a topic of controversy because many researchers propose that violent media will encourage people to act aggressively and violently as a result of learning that behavior from watching others. Many of the earlier studies focus on short- term effects of watching violent media and measuring the effects by observing the outcome of aggressive behavior. One of the earliest studies to bring up the topic of the influence of viewing aggressive models on aggressive behavior was that of Albert Bandura in the 1960s. According to Bandura’s study, when children were presented with an aggressive ...

I have chosen to analyze the scenario about Sensation and Perception, ‘Want to stand out in a crowd? Wear red!” The scenario mainly talked about how a research study proved that the color red is really perceived faster by humans.

Fact Check

The first error that I spotted in the reading is the definition of the Trichromatic Theory. According to the reading, the Trichromatic Theory proposes that our eyes are sensitive to three colors: red, green, and yellow. However, this is incorrect. In page 143 of the textbook, Trichromatic Theory states that we base our color vision on three primary colors – ...

I must confess that I really liked the way you started your essay. However, you seemed bent upon influencing your readers that you want them to accept your view on the advantages of video games. Video games do have certain advantages; like the on you mentioned about critical thinking and hand-eye coordination. However, it just doesn’t seem right when you say that videogames build teamwork and developing communicative skills. I also find that you have contradicted your own view on the benefit of video games when you mentioned ‘The Call of Duty.’ ...

Abstract

It is held that women react faster to hearing than men. Evidence also existed that suggested that hearing loss that was related to age differed between women and men. While men are said to be more likely to suffer hearing loss than women. When it comes to environmental factors, women on the other hand are more likely to suffer hearing loss than men as a result of advanced age. Studies have been conducted to show that there exist differences in hearing as far as sound ranges were concerned. This theory was, therefore, attributable to hormonal differences between women and men. ...

The cell phone is undeniably a great technological innovation of the twenty first century. It started off as an expensive gadget used by security agencies, government agencies and members of the high society. Gradually, the cell phone became a very important tool of communication especially in business. For quite sometime, the cell phone remained a symbol of status and not many people talked about the possible hazards posed by its continued use. The few members of the society fortunate enough to own a cell phone continued to use the device oblivious of the dangers they got exposed to. As the cell phone grew ...

Influence of Movies on Children

Literature Review Mass media comprised of specially the press, the radio, recorded music, as well as recorded movies. Out of all these, movies emerged as the greatest concern to education activists. This is because of their enormous attraction to children. The review sought to establish the nature of influence movies had on the children. Children’s movies can be influential teachers. This is because of their high degree of exposure to new places and culture (Rupprecht, 2011). Their influence over children ranges from telling stories, motivating children to act, educating children on various vices and virtues, and other ...

Over the past few years, one of the most popular types of vehicle safety laws has been the placement of restrictions on cell phone use by drivers who are operating a vehicle. If you’ve ever been stuck behind a person driving 15 to 20 miles per hour below the posted speed limit, only to pass that person and see her face looking down into her lap (obviously at her phone), then you understand the sentiment behind these laws. If someone is distracted and looking at a phone, that person is less likely to be able to respond in an appropriate time ...

Emotions play a key role in most, if not all, people’s lives. There are numerous studies that show empirical evidence how emotions can either positively or negatively impact one’s daily performance at work, and even things such as personality and behavior . There are just a lot of things that can be dependent on emotions. The objective of this paper is to focus on the psychology of emotion, particularly the effects of emotion regulation on concurrent attention-related performance. An individual’s attention can be perceived as one of the major determinants of performance . When it comes to the execution ...

Caffeinated Beverages and their Effects on Attention Performance Tasks

Methodology As per the requirements of the study, we will try to understand how the consumptions of energy caffeinated drinks affect the Attention Task performance for participants. We will conduct this test on 20 participants (10 male and 10 female) selected randomly from a major college campus in the area. Since the participants in the experiment will be college students, we expect them to be within the age range of 20-25 years. From the initial group, participants will be screened to meet the requirements of the test. The selected 20 participants will be asked to take the Conner’s ...

1.1 Introduction In typical industrial applications, the machines and equipment involved require high electrical ratings, like high voltages and high currents. Different machineries have varying voltage and current ratings. These ratings should be followed in order that the equipment operates properly whenever needed. However, undesirable conditions, like voltages and currents above the prescribed ratings (usually called as faults), are not totally unavoidable. In these conditions, damages on the machinery might occur which can cause production issues and problems, and may even be hazardous to humans. These conditions can be avoided by integrating protective circuitry within the electrical systems. ...

DRAG RACING

The drag race track event has some of the super champ drivers that run 120 mph in 11 seconds. Contestants board street cars and accelerate over 100-m parallel tracks to overcome the machines anti-spin electronics with immense skill adrenalin. Hundreds of drivers in drag race come to grace this event once they pass the weight, body style, and engine size test. The experience I had at the drag race made me realize that the motor sport provides a dual and a contradictory tussle for the racers. Drag racing entails motor sport racing using specialized automobiles. The race uses a straight course, popular ...

There are several ways to improve the volley ball serve and increase the likelihood that it will result in an ace or a serve that cannot be returned and results in a point for the offensive team. The main goal when seeking to increase the likelihood that a serve results in an ace is to minimize the time the ball spends in the air and increase the speed of the ball. This will reduce the amount of time the opposing team has to react, forcing them to react faster than their normal reaction time would dictate. In this analysis of the kinematics ...

IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST FOR RACE

Abstract The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures human attitudes. Implicit attitudes are considered those judgments or actions of people that are automatic and the person has no idea what causes that judgment or action. The automatic action is a result of influences from societal beliefs. IAT is different from qualitative psychological tests for measuring attitudes because the measurement is of the cognitive processes of memory that cause a person to show a particular attitude automatically. IAT-Race was used to study racial stereotypes in an experiment to determine if the “Obama Effect” was observed. The participants were prompted to go to a web ...

Introduction

Among initial efforts to investigate the impact of mass communications, the most widespread are the reports forwarded by the eighth black bound volume published between 1933 and 1935 (Rupprecht, 2011). The pioneering work, “Payne Fund Studies,” was carried out when mass media comprised of solely the press, the radio, recorded music, as well as recorded movies. Out of all these, movies emerged as the greatest concern to education activists. This is because of their enormous attraction to children. The survey sought to establish the nature of influence movies had on the American youth. Children’s movies can be influential ...

Citation 10 -- “Visual Search”

2. Goal of article: State the research questions and/or hypotheses being investigated (What are they trying to do?) (Four sentences to one paragraph) The researchers in this study wanted to determine the factors that determine an individual’s visual search. The researchers were specifically interested in determining whether individuals register the things they see as a whole and then separate each feature into its component parts or whether visual search is perceptual hence everything that comes into the view is registered in the mind before we become aware of them. Several paradigms were tested in the study, including texture ...

Citation 8 -- “Lexical Decision”

2. Goal of article: State the research questions and/or hypotheses being investigated (What are they trying to do?) (Four sentences to one paragraph) The main objective of this study is to determine the mechanisms that underlie the retrieval model used in deciding whether successive pairs of strings presented to subjects are words. The researchers also wanted to determine the reaction times of the memory-accessing components when associated words and non-associated words are used on subjects. 3. List three (3) cognitive psychology terms important for the topic of the article, find their definitions or descriptions in any CogPsy ...

Abstract

Three conditions were used to evaluate a replica of the Stroop effect in an experiemt where 287 participants took place. The experiment was carried out on university undergraduate students selected randomly irrespective of gender. The aim of the experiment was to replicate the basic Stroop effect. The experiment was guided by three hypotheses. First, Colour naming will be fastest when the word is a colour name and it is presented in the colour it names. Second, colour naming will be slowest when the word is a colour names and it is presented in a colour other than that it names, and third colour ...

Insomnia is a health condition that manifests itself through difficulty in falling asleep or falling asleep but failing to stay asleep for a reasonable time. Medics employ two classes of categorizations for insomnia, these are, the cause and the duration. The former class includes primary and secondary insomnia while the latter class includes acute and chronic. Primary insomnia relates to sleeping problems that cannot be related to any health conditions while the secondary insomnia is the sleeping problems which can be related to a particular health condition. On the other hand, acute insomnia lasts for a limited duration say two weeks while chronic ...

Abstract

The field of psychology continues to offer several means of measuring empathy different from the traditionally known empathy measurement styles. Empathy has a relationship with age and autistic spectrum trait of an individual. The research aimed at determining the different AQ scores for adults between 19 and 70 years of age. In addition, the relationship between age and AQ and empathy measurement was investigated. The research used mixed methodology research design where interviews, questionnaires, and surveys were conducted. In addition, the Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) was used to test autistic like-traits among participants. The research results indicated that the ...

Multiprocessor systems are systems in which there are multiple physical processors present on the computer system (Schauer, 2008). Multi-core processors, on the other hand refer to the presence of more than one virtual core on only one physical processor. For instance, if two virtual cores are present, this is called a duo-core single processor. Whereas a two-physical processor would rightly be referred to as a duo-processor system (Schauer, 2008). Power efficiency, multi-core processors are more power efficient than single core processors. A dual core consumes less power when compared to two separate processors. This is because there is decreased need for ...

- Introduction According to Bushman and Hussmann (2000), exposing children of very young ages to television results in them turning into aggressive adults. Violence in the movies can cause increased levels of aggression in children leading to a condition called trait aggressiveness, which manifests in the long term. Violent video games are becoming to be considered as components of antisocial media-based socialization. This is a fairly new entertainment media. However, it has begun to impact kids so much that it has also led to shooting in schools. This paper shall focus on the impacts of violent video games ...

In 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that 1.3 million traffic accidents in the US, which is approximately 23 percent of all accidents, occur while drivers are using cell phones (Lane, 2011). Around 1.2 million crashes occur because drivers use phones for conversations while the other 100,000 occur because a driver is typing text messages (Lane, 2011). A survey was conducted on 912 smartphone users by State Farm, and 19 percent of them reported using their cell phone for surfing the internet (Sarno, 2011). Although their online survey did not report the demographics of the participants, ...

Speech

Technological gadgets, like cell phones, are considered contemporary men’s best friends or worst foes. There have been alarming reports and statistics that revealed that the use of cell phones while driving have significantly contributed to an increasing trend of road accidents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has disclosed that “each day in the United States, more than 9 people are killed and more than 1,060 people are injured in crashes that are reported to involve a distracted driver” (Distracted Driving , 2013, par. 1). The alarming fact is that despite repeated warnings by regulatory agencies, drivers continue ...

General Purpose: The general purpose of the speech is to argue that banning the use of cellphones while driving should be mandatory nationwide due to reasons that significantly affect the lives of the drivers and those who they haplessly come into contact with. Specific Purpose: The specific purpose of the speech is to present in greater detail the enumerated reasons which rationalize banning the use of cellphones while driving as proposed to be made mandatory nationwide. Central idea: The central idea of the speech, therefore, is to enhance the audiences’ awareness on the dangers of using cellphones ...

Assignment Coversheet

Please complete all sections below and attach the completed coversheet to the front of your electronic assignment before submission:

Please complete before submitting your assignment: First Marker’s comments Please see comments below for further feedback. First Marker______________________ Date__________ Mark__________ Moderator_________________________ Date__________ Mark__________ Agreed Mark____________ Abstract The presence of colour in visual display either surface colour or perceptual plays an important role in assisting recognition. However, this assumption is widely debated because some edge-based theories are arguing that perceptual colour is not particularly helpful whilst other theoretical claims suggests that surface-based is ...

Psychology:

APA Citation: Carlozzi, N. S. (2010). “Personality and Reaction Time after Sleep Deprivation”. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY, 29(1), 24

Synopsis:

A series of experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between personality development, personality traits and reaction time for individuals due to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a condition whereby an individual is not able to get enough sleep. The condition can be either chronic or acute and can lead to a number of problems. Problems include fatigue, anger, ineptness and depression. This is mainly because lack of enough sleep affects an individual’s cognitive function. In order to investigate the effects ...

Descriptive observation methods are scientific methods which are of three main types; Observational , case study and survey methods. This method largely researches more on behavioral and observable features in a research. It is of little help to a cognitive psychologist because unlike behaviorism, cognitive studies majors more on the study of the mental process including how people think, learn and how they perceive ideas. Reaction time ( RT) is the speed of response in human beings , to listen to instructions and make specific responses out of it. Reaction time and accuracy are vital in cognitive psychology since they are the variables ...

Abstract

Amylase from Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied as representative candidates for bacterial and fungal enzymes, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were studies comparatively over a period of 10 minutes and at temperatures of 0, 40, 60 and 95°C. The experiment was conducted to find the most effective temperatures for bacterial amylase and fungal amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis. The data suggest that fungal enzyme was relatively more active, particularly in the first 6 minutes, than the bacterial counterpart at 0°C. On the other hand, the fungal enzyme activity deteriorated more rapidly than that ...

Abstract

Introduction: This involves a review of how the brain processes images based on the position of the body. The right cerebral hemisphere has a centre for this function, and there are various processes in such analysis by the brain. The results reflect certain features of an individual.

Hypothesis: There will be a difference between males and females reaction time when mentally rotating an image.

Methods: Males and female persons of various ages who agreed to participate in the study went through the tasks. Their signed consent only became viable if the institution granted as permission to carry out the study. This grant was in hand at this time. The participants went through the Overman Mental Rotation Task with ...

1. ABSRACT

The purpose of this experiment was two-fold. Firstly it was to synthesize shape-controllable Copper Oxide (Cu2O) under alkaline conditions by using hydrothermal methodology. Secondly it was to measure and evaluate its application for photocatalytic degradation of direct blue dye 53 also commonly known as Direct Blue 53 or Evans Blue. Materials used for the first step were Cu2O and the two reactants, CuCl2.2H2O and NaOH. The temperature during the hydrothermal process was raised from 80°C to 140°C. Two products were synthesized: a) the Cu2O nanorod and b) a mixture of Cu2O nanorod and Cu2O nanocubes.

Hydrothermal temperature was found to ...

4. Methodology As this experiment is considered as an improvement to the previous experiments, the other cars that might appear on these pictures were controlled by removing any other cars that appear on these pictures, except the approaching one. Then on the opposite lane, pictures of one or two cars were added to act as distracters. By this method, the road was transformed from an empty road, to either mild or high busy road creating another factor that can be tested (Traffic Density factor). This factor can be acted as more realistic (see figure 4.1). Figure 4.1 ...

Alcohol is considered one of the deadly vices one can learn as a person enters his legal age of `18 or 21. It is also considered the deadliest drinks a person could ever consume as many have acquired health complications with too much drinking of the substance. Heart attacks, kidney and liver complications, and organ failure are the known complications due to alcohol. However, cases of teenage consumption of alcohol are slowly growing as alcohol is now easily purchased and obtained. Many have fell into the state of addiction and seek more alcohol drinks with higher alcohol percentage, putting them in ...

Abstract

The Stroop effect involves demonstrating a longer reaction time inherent in performing a more complicated task. The effects of conflict processing on reaction time is thought to be significant; the higher the level of conflict processing, the longer it takes for someone to react to that conflict. The current study measures response times based on four different exercises involving the reading of numbers and row length. The third exercise includes two levels of complexity (counting and number identification), as opposed to a single level of complexity with the remaining exercises. Eight pairs of subjects are tested for reaction time based on these ...

Abstract

The current study measures response times based on four different exercises involving the reading of numbers and row length. The Stroop effect is measured using mean reaction times to each sheet, and the t-tests for each comparison are calculated. According to the results, response time measurably decreases when order and number are shuffled.

Introduction

Cognitive conflict processing involves the selection of one stimulus among competing stimuli, requiring the ability to selectively attend to particular features in an environment. The Stroop effect is an experiment that is intended to determine one's ability to ignore conflicting stimuli while focusing on one single ...