Essays on Theory

Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX)

Introduction
The Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) is premised on the belief that, by understanding the relationship between a leader and followers, one can appreciate how leaders influence employees. Different leaders forge varying types of relationships with their employees. In LMX, these relationships are categorized as high-quality or low-quality (Winkler, 2010).

High Quality LMX

In a high-quality LMX relationship, there is mutual trust, warmth, helpfulness and respect between the leader and followers. Moreover, both parties transcend their job-descriptions, in helping one another to achieve personal goals. This relationship is a combination of professionalism and mutuality. Such workers are more productive than others because Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper dwells on general equilibrium theory by putting into perspective various critical issues. The origin of the concept of general equilibrium theory is illuminated dating back to neoclassical period. Moreover, various models such as Walras model of pricing and modern equilibrium model is also put into consideration. Finally, the importance and application of general equilibrium has also been discussed at length. General equilibrium theory refers to a concept modeled around theoretical economics. The modern general equilibrium takes into consideration three important interpretations which should be taken into consideration. The idea of general equilibrium theory cannot be complete when Continue reading...

Chapter 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

For centuries, many have tried to learn about the smallest particle. As far as 2500 years ago, Democritus and Leucippus created an idea for the atom and called it ‘atmos’ meaning indivisible. Various philosophers and scientists have proposed models for what and how the atom should be. The initial theory proposed by Dalton in 1803 states that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of a particular material are identical. He also stated that atoms of different materials join to form compounds. J.J. Thompson proposed the initial model of the atom. It is called the plum pudding model. He Continue reading...

Answer one

A good supervisor is the one who understands the problems of the subordinates and tries to solve them. However, one cannot interfere in the subordinate’s personal life, but can try to sort out matters at workplace. In this case, Jan’s personal matters are affecting her performance at work. Moreover, she is developing negative attitude at workplace that is also affecting work performance of fellow friends. Therefore, supervisor must take immediate corrective actions. Some actions are suggested as follow:
- Listen to the issues of Jan that she is facing belonging to her home and work. By listening Continue reading...

Introduction

Language acquisition denotes the procedure by which humans gain the ability to recognize and understand language, along with the ability to create and make use of words and sentences for the purpose of communication.  Language acquisition is considered to be one of the exemplary human qualities,
Philosophers in early societies were concerned in how humans gained the ability to comprehend and create language well ahead of experimental methods for trying those theories that were developed. However, for the major part they seemed to consider language acquisition as a division of man's ability to gain information and become skilled at Continue reading...

An Analysis of the Formulation of California Senate Bill 4

Chapter III: Methodology
Overview
The purpose of this research has been to focus on the decision making and agenda setting policy concerning the regulation of hydraulic fracturing to drill for petroleum products when California Senate Bill (SB) 4 was passed. Hydraulic fracturing has been used for many years in California, but this is the first time a bill has been passed to regulate the activity. The bill was passed in the assembly first and then moved to the senate where it was passed in the form of SB 4.
The factors and actors that worked together to put hydraulic Continue reading...

In any given societal entity, there exist specific societal norms that should be adhered to. Many at times, such societal norms are necessary for the attainment of common good across various societal contexts. Notably, deviance occurs in cases where an individual violates the existing societal norms (Anderson 8). Evidently, societal norms may be enacted formally, whereas others are enacted informally. Worth noting is the fact that various theorists have come up with different hypothesis regarding deviance. Even so, all the theorists view deviance as actions, and feeling, which can violates the values a given society. As such, deviance varies Continue reading...

- Linear and Non-linear devices
A linear electrical component is an electrical element that has a linear relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. Examples include resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Non-linear electrical elements do not have a linear relationship between the current and voltage. An example is a diode where the current is a non-linear function of the voltage.
The load line analysis is a graphical analysis of the characteristics of non-linear electronic circuits to show the constraints that is placed on the non-linear devices by the rest of the circuit.
Using a simple diode (a non-linear electronic device) Continue reading...

Unidentified flying objects (UFO) refer to an apparent anomaly in the sky that is described as unknown phenomenon/phenomena. The observed phenomena are later described and explained removing the doubts surrounding it. However, some remain a mystery. There are scientific evidences that support the UFOs. Other Scientists tend to disagree with these evidences and dismiss the whole issue of UFOs as hoaxes and conspiracy theories. This paper describes the scientific support for and against the UFOs.
The evolution of the UFOs began with some mysterious observations and reporting. Some of the aerial observations could have been entirely astronomical in nature. Continue reading...

Fredrick W. Taylor started the scientific management movement. Taylor’s perspective focused on the principle that maximizing work performance done is more efficient than imposing on people. Taylor’s four doctrines of management were one; use scientific methods instead of the rule of thumb to study the work. The second rule is to match workers to specific jobs based on the motivation and productivity rather than random assignment. The third rule is to watch the performance closely and offer supervision and instructions. The fourth doctrine as advanced by Taylor is to allocate jobs between workers and managers. Frank Gilbreth Continue reading...

Introduction

Raising a morally upright child is the dream of every parent. Parents tend to experience anxiety when their children fail to depict the expected morals. However, it is vital to consider the development state of children before supposing that their immoral behavior is a negative sign of their future. There are various theories of moral development such as Kohlberg and Gilligan theories, which explain the moral development in different stages. They help in understanding the stage in which the child is in and expect parents and other adults will develop reasonable expectations in order to guide the child toward Continue reading...

Abstract

Researchers conduct researches on the basis of an ideology that seems to exist. During the study, researchers formulate a hypothesis, in which they state the existence or non-existence of the phenomena under study. For a good research, the researcher has to state the null and the alternative hypothesis. It is on the basis of these classes of hypothesis, that an error is classified as a type 1 or type 2 error. The type one error is based on the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis that affirms the relationship between phenomena. In the case that a researcher Continue reading...

Psychology

2014
Research
The study is about the ‘study habits of students of Rasmussen College. Study habits include areas like internet reading, book reading, reading from notes or other materials, reading during day or night etcetera. However, in order to better understand it, I can address a precise aspect of the study or simply formulate a hypothesis, like

Most of the students prefer to read from internet.

Doing research about the study, survey method would be a suitable one. Case study and experimental methods or more than one method (say survey and experimental method) can also be suitable for the study but, I would like to use the survey Continue reading...

Abstract

There is a strong mutual relationship between substance abuse and psychology. This study has found that the problem of substance abuse is caused by psychological contexts in which an individual undergoes and, therefore, psychological interventions are necessary as ways to control it. In the study too, it has been found that substance abuse has accounted to many mental and other psychological problems to addicts. The research has reviewed literatures from various sources: online psychological periodicals, research articles, white papers, books and experts views from psychologists. In this regard, it has defined substance abuse and discussed ways in which psychology Continue reading...

The Dow Jones Industrial Average Yearly Return I have obtained from the following table:

http://www.1stock1.com/1stock1_139.htm

We use the last column.

The U.S. GDP growth rate is below:

We use third column.

- Compute the average, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of each of the variables. In addition, graph the values of the DJIA on the percentage grow rate of the GDP.
I use Minitab 16 statistical software to complete this question:

Descriptive Statistics: GDP per capita growth, %; Dow Jones Rate

Variable Mean StDev CoefVar
GDP per capita growth, % 1,755 1,994 113,65
Dow Jones Rate 9,67 15,24 157,63
- Compute a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of each variable.

One-Sample T: GDP per capita growth, %; Dow Jones Rate

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI
GDP per capita growth, % 31 Continue reading...

Introduction

In 1852, Francis Guthrie was discussing with his brother Frederick the coloring of a map. He discovered the fact that he could color the map of England counties with the use of only four colors. He used the colors in such a way that each division had a single color and two segments sharing a common boundary had different colors. Thus, the four color problem was born and the question arose whether in a plane map, four colors were sufficient to denote the divisions of adjacent regions sharing the same boundary, without using the same colors.

Early Proofs

A.B. Kempe is Continue reading...

Samuel P. Huntington (1993) propounded theory, ‘clash of civilizations’ suggests that religious identity of people will play the main role in a conflicting world that takes place in the era of post cold world war. This theory is one of the most discussed and disputed theories in the modern world. Edward (2006) said introduced the theory of ‘Orientalism’ that focuses extensively on the cultures other than the western world. This paper intends to discuss both the theories and further tries to find out political motivations of these theories.
There are various aspects of Huntington’s theory. He believes that Continue reading...

Efficiency-wage theory states that the productivity of workers has a lot positive dependence on their wages. In a way, it explains the structural unemployment that is, to balance the supply and demand of labor, wages are set above the equilibrium wage. Labor union and other laws and regulations such as minimum-wage laws, also contributes to this phenomenon, and it also set on purpose to increase worker’s productivity. But this does not balance out the business cycle; the market does not clear and hence resulting into involuntary unemployment. There are several models that constitute this theory and explain its Continue reading...

5.0 Methodology
5.1 Research Philosophy
“As suggested by Remenyi et al. (1998), there are several major questions that require significant consideration by researchers such as „How to research?‟ and „What to research?‟ But central to the researcher‟s answers is their perspective on „Why research?‟
This refers to the systematic search for knowledge, existence, and reasoning. It involves an establishment of facts to both new and existing knowledge and behaviour. Research philosophies are aimed at addressing the objectives of a study rather than the research methodology itself. Whatever research philosophy you select, it will begin with certain assumptions. These Continue reading...

Broken Window Theory

The broken window (theory) refers to a criminological theory devised by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a structured and well-ordered condition can stop vandalism. The theory investigates the effects of social disorder such as anti-social behavior as it relates to community life. Additionally, it correlates vagrancy, social norms and quality of community life. It is imperative to define social norms and disorder in order to efficiently examine how the broken windows concept requires both police and neighborhood participation.

Disorder and Social Norms

According to Keizer and Lindengard (2008), social norms and Continue reading...

Communication Techniques

Abstract
In a society, it is very important for people to communicate in order to have a peaceful co-existence. This is also the same for an organization. The organization behaviour is essential because it guides and improves the behaviours and the attitudes of the people in the organization. This is why the organization theory was formulated. The organization theory has enabled people to form a hierarchy in, which communication occurs from the manager to the normal workers. Feedback was formulated in order for the workers to be able to communicate and provide imputes on important decisions made by the Continue reading...

Analysis And Evaluation of Nursing Theories and models

Introduction
In the analysis and evaluation of nursing theory and models, there are different aspects that one requires to put into considerations. A framework for the analysis and evaluation of nursing theories emphasize the most imperative features of grand theories and middle range theories and is apposite to the level of abstraction on these two categories of nursing theories (Fawcett, 2005). Framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models was first published in 1993. On the other hand, framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models was first published in 1980.

According to Fawcett (2000) the first step of Continue reading...

Introduction

In this study, we are interested in comparing the mean performance of the male and female student in the mathematics subject. The data to be used in the study was collected from university of Manitoba. The researcher decided that both male and female students performed equally well in the subject of mathematics. The researcher decided to test this hypothesis using independent sample t-test. According to Gardiner, W. P. & Gettinby, G. (1998), independent sample t-test is used when the variables tend to be normally distributed. In this case according to Ott, L. & Longnecker, M. (2010), the assumption of equal variance Continue reading...

Head size and intelligence: A correlational study

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between head size and intelligence. A cross-sectional research design was used in the study. Twenty (20) respondents with ages from 12-18 years were purposively selected. Ages, head circumferences and IQ scores were obtained from each of the respondents. One way ANOVA revealed a no significant difference among the respondents in reference to their ages, head sizes and intelligence (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed a no significant relationship between the respondents’ head circumferences and IQ scores (R2 = 0.002). Thus, this study concluded that having large head size doesn’t account for Continue reading...

The understanding of truth is an intriguing concept that has been the subject of many explanations and theories over the years. Many attempt to define its meaning and how to distinguish truth from other concepts. Truth can thus be considered a shifting, provisional, subjective and temporary concept. Its meaning varies depending on context and a variety of other factors. The attempt at understanding the concept fully remains elusive and incomplete. This analysis focuses on an effort to analyze truth; this occurs through the exploration of various types of truth. An understanding of the concept will help in knowing the Continue reading...

Daktronics' Capital Structure Policy

Worksheet 5:
Current Debt-Equity Policy of the company:
Referring to the financial statements of the company, we came to know that since the company has not acquired any debt financing in its capital structure, the debt equity ratio has been zero(0) since 2010. Thus, although the company is trading without any financial risk, but since it is not using the available debt resources, it is letting go the advantages offered by debt financing in the form of tax shield. Thus, the treasurer should consider including debt financing as it will only add value to the company because of Continue reading...

Nursing theories plays a very vital role in nursing education. The theories are a source of important information that creates awareness to nursing students. The nursing scholars understand the actions that they are required to perform in ensuring that they certify the professional standards of the nursing career. The theories help the nursing students to handle the patients during treatment and care in the right manner. Thus, I will provide a detailed analysis of the importance of nursing theories in creating a body of knowledge useful in nursing education.
The nursing theories help the learners to understand the expected Continue reading...

Introduction

The name of economics is not new for a country because, it is something very important from their own viewpoint in particular. Economics is not a new subject; it starts with the birth of a child and in the world it starts with the commencement of the Universe. The main theme of Economics is all about to earn the money and its consumption, as well.
Alfred Marshal and Adam Smith are known as the key players in the market of economics who identified the most basic definitions of this particular term and then the numbers of authors have identified Continue reading...

A. Theoretical Article Summary of Vijayalakshmi, V.; Bhattacharyya, S. (2012). Emotional Contagion and its Relevance to Individual Behavior and Organizational Processes: A Position Paper, Journal of Business & Psychology. 2012, 27 (3): 363-374. 12p.
1. Theory and Main Concepts
a) Theory
Emotional contagion and individual emotions are thought to correlate in a positive manner. Both of these aspects affect an individual’s functioning and behavior. In the article, the author collects various theories and data from past literature and tries to consolidate all the views about emotional contagion.
b) Diagram of Theory
For easy understanding, the author categorizes his Continue reading...

Gottlob Frege was a German philosopher born in Wismar, Pomerania. He made a significant contribution in logic and philosophy that was later noticed by other philosophers like Bertrand among others. The basic discussion of the meaning of the Frege’s aspects is the distinction between the reference and the sense of a certain expression (Carl, 1995, p. 56). Frege came up with distinctions as ways to solve puzzles concerning empty names and statements. For instance, ‘the morning star is the morning star’ can be said to be uninformative and compared to ‘the morning star is the evening star,’ which Continue reading...

Consumption and Metabolism1–3 Analytical Summary

The main topic addressed by this review is Fructose and whether or not the fructose hypothesis is valid. It presents new information that (at the very least) arouses the consideration that fructose alone is not the evil culprit of diseases for which it was blamed. It suggests that fructose was unfairly evaluated. This is based on the fact that fructose is ingested alongside of other causative agents such as food additives, fats, other types of sugars and preservatives. Meanwhile, none of the other additives were put on trial in the same manner. He positions the reader to consider that Continue reading...

The term “Patents” came into existence as a legal mechanism created for the protection of the ‘intellectual capital’. It aims to protect inventor’s ideas from getting into the hands of others without appropriate permission or compensation (Bell 2013). This idea of patenting came up as a result of the early recognition that many inventors do not have the means to produce, develop, or even implement their invention at the time it was conceived. There is, therefore, a need for some protection that would encourage the inventors to aggressively pursue their ideas without someone else stealing it and thereby Continue reading...

Introduction:

Leadership is critical to the success of every organization. Various leadership theories suggest diverse ways in which leaders should involve their followers in realization of the organization’s goals. Equally, the theories bear similarities. In the modern complex organizations, no single leadership theory can be applied exclusively but application of a combination of leadership theories is critical to organizational success.

Description of the Substitute for Leadership Theory and Transformational Theory

Substitute for Leadership Theory
Substitute for leadership theory is founded on the principle that there are certain situational factors in which the leader’s influence is either neutralized or substituted i.e. the leader’s impact is limited. There are Continue reading...

Originally, Sigismund Schlomo Freud, Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Austria. His father, Jacob, is a former widower and a Jewish merchant. His mother, Amalia, is the second wife of Jacob. Freud is the first born, among the eight children of Jacob and Amalia. He is the favorite child of his parents; thus, giving him all the educational opportunities. He attended high school at Leopoldstadter Communal-Real-und Obergymnasium, where he already exhibited excellent intellectual prowess. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna, where Freud would spend most of his life. In 1881, Continue reading...

Anthropology

Despite the one child policy implemented into China, due to the turbulent history of China throughout the 20th century, the growth of anthropology made it extremely dissimilar, with major cutoffs in the continent, principally for the period of wars during 1938 thru 1949 and the partisan operations upon the 50’s to the mid 70’s. Paradoxically, the actual first Chinese communication with the effort of Marx along with other nineteenth century advanced philosophers existed through Japanese conversions. China is the second largest, export led economy throughout the globe while the humanity is abundant just over one- billion people Continue reading...

The first question that makes this research extremely useful or meaningful is based on the movement of people and cars in the older eastern areas and newer western areas of the Old City of Jeddah. The question revolves around the main forces behind the disappearance of traditional cities. The two regions have different following the forms of buildings in the area, as well as functions. This is because, excessive movement densities for cars and people can heighten the process of deterioration of the Old City.
The second question that the researcher seeks to address in this research is on Continue reading...

Faith is an important component of belief. A belief develops only when one has a strong faith upon a certain concept. Different people hold different beliefs; therefore, the question of a true believer arises. Eroc Hoffer identifies the true believer as an individual who relies solely on the knowledge obtained from scriptures and draws conclusions from the scripture rather than personal observations or experiences. The true believer also does not relent to face the society’s cruelty. This paper focuses on the actions of Simone Weil using Hoffer’s definition of a True Believer to establish whether Weil qualifies Continue reading...

Does the Marxist perspective hold any significance for contemporary American society? Why?

The Marxist perspective views social change on the socio-political and economic aspects of philosophy as being a result of economic factors. The means of production is the central tenet that determines a nation’s political life. Marx viewed capitalism as a class structure that would soon come to be outdated following revolution (socialism) rather than modification and this ideology forms the foundation for communism. The answer to the above question is NO. This is because the ideology does not seem applicable on a national scale. Furthermore, capitalism is so embedded on American’s conscience that it would be difficult Continue reading...

I have chosen to discuss Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner says that intelligence is the ability of a person to understand the world around them and also to solve all kinds of issues including environmental, cultural social ones. According to his theory, "we have eight different forms of intelligence, each relatively independent from the others: musical, bodily, kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic"(367). There is also the 9th intelligence that he presents. It is the ability to be sensitive to have a deeper devotion to understanding the tenets of human existence. This intelligence goes Continue reading...

- Working definition of lens
Mass media communication is the use of various media technologies with an objective to communicate to a large population. The media technologies include Television, radio, film and recorded music amongst others.
The communication phenomena that we understand is the role, impact and the significance of mass media and the best ways to utilize the sense of cultural phenomena in our lives.
Mass media heightens our awareness by informing us the things that happen in the society. It ensures that it validates particular social and cultural norms practiced in the society.
- Communication phenomenon for Continue reading...