Essays on Theory

Introduction

I. Description of Theories Applied
II. Application of Social Penetration Theory

B. Application of Economic Aspect of Social Penetration Theory

III. Application of Uncertainty Reduction Theory

A. Virtual Communication and Uncertainty Reduction

B. Benefits of Virtual Interaction and Theoretical Explanation
Conclusion

Introduction
People tend to interact with the help of various social networks more frequently. USA Today reported that more people entrust the choice of their mates to Internet. Statistics represented in the article showed that 22% of men and 12% of women surveyed experienced “a romantic, sexual or erotic relationship online, even some of those over 65 (7%)” (Marcus, 2011).
I. Description of Theories Applied
Online relationship development support several concepts of Continue reading...

Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management (CPM) Theory measures boundaries between disclosure and concealing of private information.

Most of the theories considered only one concrete aspect of communication while Petronio’s Theory balances the extent of disclosure and concealing. The main findings of this theory are:
disclosed information may stay private if all parties agree as to the level of its confidentiality; the theory gives an explanation of how boundary rules can be established by parties involved in communication.

CPM intersects with other communication theories, such as Social Penetration Theory, Uncertainty Reduction Theory and Relational Dialectics relating different parts of these theories.
Social Penetration Theory explains the need of disclosure to develop closeness which is necessary for deep relationships and emphasizes on contradictions management. It also defines depth and breadth of disclosure while Continue reading...

Postpartum: Motivation Concept Theory

Motivation in general
can well be explained as one basic reason for life existence. Every animal that has the slightest capacity to make decisions has to be motivated towards choosing a certain way of action. Motivation is defined as a voluntary force generated from within or outside a being to act in a preferred manner for personal satisfaction in achieving or exceeding targeted goals (Shah & Gardner, 2008). The aspect of motivation has so many theories arising from research and studies over time that had different perspectives towards the same goal or end. Motivation
is differently perceived from one individual Continue reading...

Personality Assessment and Theories

In order to assess and test personality psychologists use four general methods: direct observation, personal interview, projective and objective tests. These methods are commonly associated with the major theories of personality in the following way: in the psychodynamic theory projective tests and personal interviews are used, as in here it is important to understand the unconscious thoughts, motives and feelings of a person, as well as the problems that are repressed since childhood. In the trait theory objective tests are used for personality assessment, as they allow to reveal and observe relatively permanent dispositions of individuals, which condition their Continue reading...

Film Studies Questions

There are three basic categories of sound in a movie: dialogue, special effects and music (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011, ch.6.4). In the film When Harry Met Sally, the film relies heavily upon the dialogue between Harry and Sally; they are two witty, intelligent characters whose friendship develops into romance and it is through their dialogue that we witness this happening. In Jaws, the film relies upon its music to engage the viewer in the fear that the various scenes exude. For instance, as the shark begins to enter the scene and is leading up to its attack, Continue reading...

My Personal Theory of How Personality Is Developed

It is a common fact that personality is considered to be possessed by all people in this or that way. How people tend to think, behave and feel and what causes individuals to have these tendencies are the questions addressed by personality study and research.
If developmental psychology and social psychology have merged as a subject matter in psychology, personality has never really found that unity. There has never been a fundamentally acceptable and precise definition as to what personality truly is.
These aspects have Continue reading...

Environmental psychology is a disciplinary field of study that focuses on the interaction between human and the surroundings. The field describes the term environment very widely including all the natural resources on the planet as well as built environments, social settings informational environments and learning environments. When solving predicaments involving human-surrounding interactions, whether local or global, one ought to have a replica of human nature that forecasts the environmental conditions under which individuals will behave in a creative and decent manner. With such a replica one can manage, design, restore and protect surroundings that improve reasonable behavior, predict what Continue reading...

Introduction
Psychology is simply defined as the study of the behavior of human Psychology is simply defined as the study of the human behavior and mind. Research in this area is geared towards explaining behavior, thoughts and emotions. Human identity is one of the major components of behavioral psychology. This forms the core of discussion in this article.
Identity is one of the key issues dealt with in the study of psychology. Behavioral scientists have developed several approaches to the study of identity. This article discusses two f the major theories of psychological approaches to identity and their contributions Continue reading...

It is hard to imagine that in our modern society, which is so materialistic, down-to-earth and at times does not trust even proved facts, a lot of philosophical ideas procreated in ancient times still remain very important and influential. Most of them are based on the substances that cannot be touched, heard or even seen, nevertheless, more and more people are involved in solving philosophical issues.
Metaphysics is one of the most disputable branches of philosophy that bothers people all over the world, apart from their social status, gender or age. As the matter of fact, many of those Continue reading...

Introduction

In our study I chose the topic which is related to the environment. Our study was based on the claim that Africans’ skins are dark due to the depletion of the ozone layer that has resulted into penetration of harmful sun rays that burn their skins.
The source of the claim is not reliable. There are many people having this claim but no particular individual has come out to claim responsibility. The claim seem to make sense but if looked into in a more careful manner, then it is Continue reading...

Introduction

In any negotiation process, there are always constraints involved and decision making process involves an analysis of the gains and tradeoffs one has to go through to reach the best optimal solution.

Decision making process is not just a psychological process as perceived by many but more of a game theory because both the bidder and the negotiator are faced by various constraints, which both have to develop a model with both constraints and targets and later iterate to obtain an optimum solution.
Here, again, BATNA (best alternative to a Continue reading...

Abstract

This paper talks about the study of Design history, the changes and the view of 19th and 20th century historians. Design history is not a conceptual development however it was developed over time and was criticized post evolution. Pioneers of the Modern Movement(Nikolaus Pevsner 1936) can be remembered as the first work which was later revised with a different name and introduced a narrative for design history, this is something criticized by today’s writers basically due to the discussion on historical narrative.

Till 60’s Pevsner & fellow historians were still very favorable of the aforesaid theory, Continue reading...

Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX)

Introduction
The Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) is premised on the belief that, by understanding the relationship between a leader and followers, one can appreciate how leaders influence employees. Different leaders forge varying types of relationships with their employees. In LMX, these relationships are categorized as high-quality or low-quality (Winkler, 2010).

High Quality LMX

In a high-quality LMX relationship, there is mutual trust, warmth, helpfulness and respect between the leader and followers. Moreover, both parties transcend their job-descriptions, in helping one another to achieve personal goals. This relationship is a combination of professionalism and mutuality. Such workers are more productive than others because Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper dwells on general equilibrium theory by putting into perspective various critical issues. The origin of the concept of general equilibrium theory is illuminated dating back to neoclassical period. Moreover, various models such as Walras model of pricing and modern equilibrium model is also put into consideration. Finally, the importance and application of general equilibrium has also been discussed at length. General equilibrium theory refers to a concept modeled around theoretical economics. The modern general equilibrium takes into consideration three important interpretations which should be taken into consideration. The idea of general equilibrium theory cannot be complete when Continue reading...

Chapter 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

For centuries, many have tried to learn about the smallest particle. As far as 2500 years ago, Democritus and Leucippus created an idea for the atom and called it ‘atmos’ meaning indivisible. Various philosophers and scientists have proposed models for what and how the atom should be. The initial theory proposed by Dalton in 1803 states that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of a particular material are identical. He also stated that atoms of different materials join to form compounds. J.J. Thompson proposed the initial model of the atom. It is called the plum pudding model. He Continue reading...

Answer one

A good supervisor is the one who understands the problems of the subordinates and tries to solve them. However, one cannot interfere in the subordinate’s personal life, but can try to sort out matters at workplace. In this case, Jan’s personal matters are affecting her performance at work. Moreover, she is developing negative attitude at workplace that is also affecting work performance of fellow friends. Therefore, supervisor must take immediate corrective actions. Some actions are suggested as follow:
- Listen to the issues of Jan that she is facing belonging to her home and work. By listening Continue reading...

Introduction

Language acquisition denotes the procedure by which humans gain the ability to recognize and understand language, along with the ability to create and make use of words and sentences for the purpose of communication.  Language acquisition is considered to be one of the exemplary human qualities,
Philosophers in early societies were concerned in how humans gained the ability to comprehend and create language well ahead of experimental methods for trying those theories that were developed. However, for the major part they seemed to consider language acquisition as a division of man's ability to gain information and become skilled at Continue reading...

An Analysis of the Formulation of California Senate Bill 4

Chapter III: Methodology
Overview
The purpose of this research has been to focus on the decision making and agenda setting policy concerning the regulation of hydraulic fracturing to drill for petroleum products when California Senate Bill (SB) 4 was passed. Hydraulic fracturing has been used for many years in California, but this is the first time a bill has been passed to regulate the activity. The bill was passed in the assembly first and then moved to the senate where it was passed in the form of SB 4.
The factors and actors that worked together to put hydraulic Continue reading...

In any given societal entity, there exist specific societal norms that should be adhered to. Many at times, such societal norms are necessary for the attainment of common good across various societal contexts. Notably, deviance occurs in cases where an individual violates the existing societal norms (Anderson 8). Evidently, societal norms may be enacted formally, whereas others are enacted informally. Worth noting is the fact that various theorists have come up with different hypothesis regarding deviance. Even so, all the theorists view deviance as actions, and feeling, which can violates the values a given society. As such, deviance varies Continue reading...

- Linear and Non-linear devices
A linear electrical component is an electrical element that has a linear relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. Examples include resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Non-linear electrical elements do not have a linear relationship between the current and voltage. An example is a diode where the current is a non-linear function of the voltage.
The load line analysis is a graphical analysis of the characteristics of non-linear electronic circuits to show the constraints that is placed on the non-linear devices by the rest of the circuit.
Using a simple diode (a non-linear electronic device) Continue reading...

Unidentified flying objects (UFO) refer to an apparent anomaly in the sky that is described as unknown phenomenon/phenomena. The observed phenomena are later described and explained removing the doubts surrounding it. However, some remain a mystery. There are scientific evidences that support the UFOs. Other Scientists tend to disagree with these evidences and dismiss the whole issue of UFOs as hoaxes and conspiracy theories. This paper describes the scientific support for and against the UFOs.
The evolution of the UFOs began with some mysterious observations and reporting. Some of the aerial observations could have been entirely astronomical in nature. Continue reading...

Fredrick W. Taylor started the scientific management movement. Taylor’s perspective focused on the principle that maximizing work performance done is more efficient than imposing on people. Taylor’s four doctrines of management were one; use scientific methods instead of the rule of thumb to study the work. The second rule is to match workers to specific jobs based on the motivation and productivity rather than random assignment. The third rule is to watch the performance closely and offer supervision and instructions. The fourth doctrine as advanced by Taylor is to allocate jobs between workers and managers. Frank Gilbreth Continue reading...

Introduction

Raising a morally upright child is the dream of every parent. Parents tend to experience anxiety when their children fail to depict the expected morals. However, it is vital to consider the development state of children before supposing that their immoral behavior is a negative sign of their future. There are various theories of moral development such as Kohlberg and Gilligan theories, which explain the moral development in different stages. They help in understanding the stage in which the child is in and expect parents and other adults will develop reasonable expectations in order to guide the child toward Continue reading...

Abstract

Researchers conduct researches on the basis of an ideology that seems to exist. During the study, researchers formulate a hypothesis, in which they state the existence or non-existence of the phenomena under study. For a good research, the researcher has to state the null and the alternative hypothesis. It is on the basis of these classes of hypothesis, that an error is classified as a type 1 or type 2 error. The type one error is based on the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis that affirms the relationship between phenomena. In the case that a researcher Continue reading...

Psychology

2014
Research
The study is about the ‘study habits of students of Rasmussen College. Study habits include areas like internet reading, book reading, reading from notes or other materials, reading during day or night etcetera. However, in order to better understand it, I can address a precise aspect of the study or simply formulate a hypothesis, like

Most of the students prefer to read from internet.

Doing research about the study, survey method would be a suitable one. Case study and experimental methods or more than one method (say survey and experimental method) can also be suitable for the study but, I would like to use the survey Continue reading...

Abstract

There is a strong mutual relationship between substance abuse and psychology. This study has found that the problem of substance abuse is caused by psychological contexts in which an individual undergoes and, therefore, psychological interventions are necessary as ways to control it. In the study too, it has been found that substance abuse has accounted to many mental and other psychological problems to addicts. The research has reviewed literatures from various sources: online psychological periodicals, research articles, white papers, books and experts views from psychologists. In this regard, it has defined substance abuse and discussed ways in which psychology Continue reading...

The Dow Jones Industrial Average Yearly Return I have obtained from the following table:

http://www.1stock1.com/1stock1_139.htm

We use the last column.

The U.S. GDP growth rate is below:

We use third column.

- Compute the average, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of each of the variables. In addition, graph the values of the DJIA on the percentage grow rate of the GDP.
I use Minitab 16 statistical software to complete this question:

Descriptive Statistics: GDP per capita growth, %; Dow Jones Rate

Variable Mean StDev CoefVar
GDP per capita growth, % 1,755 1,994 113,65
Dow Jones Rate 9,67 15,24 157,63
- Compute a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of each variable.

One-Sample T: GDP per capita growth, %; Dow Jones Rate

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI
GDP per capita growth, % 31 Continue reading...

Introduction

In 1852, Francis Guthrie was discussing with his brother Frederick the coloring of a map. He discovered the fact that he could color the map of England counties with the use of only four colors. He used the colors in such a way that each division had a single color and two segments sharing a common boundary had different colors. Thus, the four color problem was born and the question arose whether in a plane map, four colors were sufficient to denote the divisions of adjacent regions sharing the same boundary, without using the same colors.

Early Proofs

A.B. Kempe is Continue reading...

Samuel P. Huntington (1993) propounded theory, ‘clash of civilizations’ suggests that religious identity of people will play the main role in a conflicting world that takes place in the era of post cold world war. This theory is one of the most discussed and disputed theories in the modern world. Edward (2006) said introduced the theory of ‘Orientalism’ that focuses extensively on the cultures other than the western world. This paper intends to discuss both the theories and further tries to find out political motivations of these theories.
There are various aspects of Huntington’s theory. He believes that Continue reading...

Efficiency-wage theory states that the productivity of workers has a lot positive dependence on their wages. In a way, it explains the structural unemployment that is, to balance the supply and demand of labor, wages are set above the equilibrium wage. Labor union and other laws and regulations such as minimum-wage laws, also contributes to this phenomenon, and it also set on purpose to increase worker’s productivity. But this does not balance out the business cycle; the market does not clear and hence resulting into involuntary unemployment. There are several models that constitute this theory and explain its Continue reading...

5.0 Methodology
5.1 Research Philosophy
“As suggested by Remenyi et al. (1998), there are several major questions that require significant consideration by researchers such as „How to research?‟ and „What to research?‟ But central to the researcher‟s answers is their perspective on „Why research?‟
This refers to the systematic search for knowledge, existence, and reasoning. It involves an establishment of facts to both new and existing knowledge and behaviour. Research philosophies are aimed at addressing the objectives of a study rather than the research methodology itself. Whatever research philosophy you select, it will begin with certain assumptions. These Continue reading...

Broken Window Theory

The broken window (theory) refers to a criminological theory devised by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a structured and well-ordered condition can stop vandalism. The theory investigates the effects of social disorder such as anti-social behavior as it relates to community life. Additionally, it correlates vagrancy, social norms and quality of community life. It is imperative to define social norms and disorder in order to efficiently examine how the broken windows concept requires both police and neighborhood participation.

Disorder and Social Norms

According to Keizer and Lindengard (2008), social norms and Continue reading...

Communication Techniques

Abstract
In a society, it is very important for people to communicate in order to have a peaceful co-existence. This is also the same for an organization. The organization behaviour is essential because it guides and improves the behaviours and the attitudes of the people in the organization. This is why the organization theory was formulated. The organization theory has enabled people to form a hierarchy in, which communication occurs from the manager to the normal workers. Feedback was formulated in order for the workers to be able to communicate and provide imputes on important decisions made by the Continue reading...

Analysis And Evaluation of Nursing Theories and models

Introduction
In the analysis and evaluation of nursing theory and models, there are different aspects that one requires to put into considerations. A framework for the analysis and evaluation of nursing theories emphasize the most imperative features of grand theories and middle range theories and is apposite to the level of abstraction on these two categories of nursing theories (Fawcett, 2005). Framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models was first published in 1993. On the other hand, framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models was first published in 1980.

According to Fawcett (2000) the first step of Continue reading...

Introduction

In this study, we are interested in comparing the mean performance of the male and female student in the mathematics subject. The data to be used in the study was collected from university of Manitoba. The researcher decided that both male and female students performed equally well in the subject of mathematics. The researcher decided to test this hypothesis using independent sample t-test. According to Gardiner, W. P. & Gettinby, G. (1998), independent sample t-test is used when the variables tend to be normally distributed. In this case according to Ott, L. & Longnecker, M. (2010), the assumption of equal variance Continue reading...

Head size and intelligence: A correlational study

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between head size and intelligence. A cross-sectional research design was used in the study. Twenty (20) respondents with ages from 12-18 years were purposively selected. Ages, head circumferences and IQ scores were obtained from each of the respondents. One way ANOVA revealed a no significant difference among the respondents in reference to their ages, head sizes and intelligence (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed a no significant relationship between the respondents’ head circumferences and IQ scores (R2 = 0.002). Thus, this study concluded that having large head size doesn’t account for Continue reading...

The understanding of truth is an intriguing concept that has been the subject of many explanations and theories over the years. Many attempt to define its meaning and how to distinguish truth from other concepts. Truth can thus be considered a shifting, provisional, subjective and temporary concept. Its meaning varies depending on context and a variety of other factors. The attempt at understanding the concept fully remains elusive and incomplete. This analysis focuses on an effort to analyze truth; this occurs through the exploration of various types of truth. An understanding of the concept will help in knowing the Continue reading...

Daktronics' Capital Structure Policy

Worksheet 5:
Current Debt-Equity Policy of the company:
Referring to the financial statements of the company, we came to know that since the company has not acquired any debt financing in its capital structure, the debt equity ratio has been zero(0) since 2010. Thus, although the company is trading without any financial risk, but since it is not using the available debt resources, it is letting go the advantages offered by debt financing in the form of tax shield. Thus, the treasurer should consider including debt financing as it will only add value to the company because of Continue reading...

Nursing theories plays a very vital role in nursing education. The theories are a source of important information that creates awareness to nursing students. The nursing scholars understand the actions that they are required to perform in ensuring that they certify the professional standards of the nursing career. The theories help the nursing students to handle the patients during treatment and care in the right manner. Thus, I will provide a detailed analysis of the importance of nursing theories in creating a body of knowledge useful in nursing education.
The nursing theories help the learners to understand the expected Continue reading...

Introduction

The name of economics is not new for a country because, it is something very important from their own viewpoint in particular. Economics is not a new subject; it starts with the birth of a child and in the world it starts with the commencement of the Universe. The main theme of Economics is all about to earn the money and its consumption, as well.
Alfred Marshal and Adam Smith are known as the key players in the market of economics who identified the most basic definitions of this particular term and then the numbers of authors have identified Continue reading...