Essays on Conditionality

The notion "freedom" has many meanings, each of which applies to a particular sphere of life of the individual. Solving the problem of freedom is impossible without an understanding of the specifics of these values, and without disclosing the inner relationship of liberties. Most of all, to speak of freedom, it is possible to speak about two of its basic values. Speaking about free will, there is a possibility not to hesitate to define their internal desires, aspirations, and the second value is freedom of action, that is, the absence of obstacles to the implementation of the desired action. ...

China and Russia are two significant members of the group known as the BRICs. The other members are India, Brazil and South Africa. While China seeks to use its economic influence in buying world power, Russia seeks to regain its lost political influence by challenging the United States and Western Europe. This paper seeks to examine and explore China’s use of economic incentives in the form of cheap loans to gain influence in Sub-Saharan Africa. It also examines Russia’s constant antagonism with the United States and its allies in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The argument ...

Economic transformation in Africa is tied to the colonial legacy. The spectre of colonialism haunts growth and development efforts. The African economy as it is known today has its roots in the colonial exploitation and appropriation of resources. Colonialism introduced capitalism with its idea of the free market but this free market benefited the colonizing nations, leaving unprecedented levels of poverty throughout the continent. Understanding the history of colonial primitive accumulation is critical to understanding the economic realities of present day Africa, in particular, the continent’s insistence on trading with countries like China. This paper seeks to explore ...