INTRODUCTION.
The 21st Century represents a culmination of human development in different respects. In the natural resource sector, there have been massive establishments of modern petroleum industries, and the subsequent development and expansion of these industries are certainly among the significant success stories of this generation. Another significant development observed in this generation is the development and change in the environmental front, first observed in America then Western Europe in between late 1960 and early 1970’s. The environmental front poses unprecedented threats and challenges to the petroleum industry.
Exploration and extraction of petroleum causes detrimental impacts on water, soil, ecosystems, ...
