Essays on Pope Urban

What four (4) reasons do Davis et al. give for the Christian Crusades against the Muslim Empire that contradict how they are "often portrayed" (1371)?

The Christian knights had united to help Constantinople with a concealed agenda of recovering Jerusalem and occupying it.

The Christians started a “holy war” that was a retaliation against the Muslims conquest in the region The Christians eventually settled and lived amongst Muslims after they found a way to live together. The crusades helped the Papacy assert in Muslim and other religious and secular groups while assisting kings to expand and consolidate their authority. What evidence is there to be found in "Pope Urban II's Call to the First Crusade" (1379-81) ...

The factors that contributed to Europe’s economic growth between 950 and 1100, otherwise known as the Early Middle Ages, were the development of new technology like crop rotation as well as the improved climate which allowed farmers to produce more crops which they could trade with thus helping the economy (Norton 2010). The increase in towns and commerce also helped as the “agricultural revolution served as a foundation for a new commercial revolution” (Norton 2010). Thus the towns became a symbol for the relationship which they shared with those who lived in the countryside as the goods that ...

The first crusade was an event launched by Pope Urban II and it started a series of crusades that were meant to recapture what was known as the Holy lands. Marcus Bull presents the first crusade as a pilgrimage even though the Crusaders carried weapons. The crusade later turned into a military expedition perpetrated by Roman Catholic. In the study of the writings of the first crusade, Bull brings out the different authors’ perspectives about the actions of the crusaders and their motivation. For example, Susanna Throop refers to the crusades as a means to commit vengeance on the ...

The First Crusade was organized in 1096 by the decision of Pope Urban II at the request of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I with the aim of helping the Eastern Christians in the defense of Anatolia (Asia Minor) from the onset of the Seljuks. During the campaign, further objective turned out to be the liberation of the holy city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. Initially, the Pope`s appeal was addressed only to the French knights, but, later, the Crusade turned into a full-scale military campaign, and its idea spread to all the Christian states of ...

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 founded the Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād which is the present day ISIL. Initially, the organization pledged support to the Al Qaeda and fought alongside them against the Multinational force which invaded Iraq in 2003 (Spark 3). In 2006, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi died and the remnants of his militant organization founded the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). Subsequent leadership who had the ability to keep the group aligned to the ideology of Al Qaeda died in US led attacks (Spark 4). Eventually, the Al Qaeda, in 2014 realized it could no longer keep ...

The Holy Crusades were a series of nine major military campaigns led by Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from Muslims. Religion played a much larger part of everyday life in the time of the crusades, so it is difficult for modern people to truly understand the motives of people involved in the crusades. While the crusades did seem to be fought generally in the name of God, it appears many people involved in the crusades fought more out of self-interest rather than some deep religious devotion. The Holy Crusades were not very holy. Evidence suggests that one of ...

The Renaissance produced a wide range of influential artists, many of whom are lauded as the most talented artists of all time. However, the long-lasting influence of the Renaissance lies in the successors of the most famous Renaissance artists, such as Bernini. Bernini came into his own during the ending years of the Renaissance, and his new sculptural and architectural techniques helped to usher in the Baroque era of art and architecture. Bernini was an Italian, and was fortunate enough to be born into an era in which his skill as an artist and architect was both encouraged and supported ...

Introduction:

Galileo Galilei was probably one of the most important scientific figures of all time and with his thesis and ideas which confirmed that it was the Earth that moved and not the Sun he cemented his place in history but at considerable personal cost to himself. In fact it was only less than 20 years ago that the catholic Church admitted it was wrong on this question after it had persecuted Galileo and led him to suppress his theories without any hope of having them implemented. Actually, Galileo was the forerunner of the science of physics which he ...

Introduction

The crusades were a sequence of Holy Wars waged by Christian states of Europe in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. The declared purpose of the Crusades, which were orchestrated and supported by the papal policy, was to reclaim the city of Jerusalem as well as other religious pilgrimage locations found within eastern region from the control of Muslims. The Muslim Turks conquered Palestine and Syria during the mid-eleventh century causing concern among Western Christians. Crusades started in 1095, when Pope Urban II preached at the Council of Clermont where he proposed that Western Europe should wage war ...