Essays on Islam

Since its founding in 1948, Israeli has faced constant threats to its security. In the early year, the most serious threats to Israel’s existence were from other nations such as Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Over the last two decades, however national threats to Israel has mainly been replaced by threats from non-state actors such as Islamic fundamentalist groups and terrorist organizations. One of the most serious of these groups is Hezbollah. Hezbollah is a part Islamic fundamentalist group, part Lebanese political party, part terrorist organization. Its beginning can be traced to the Lebanese Civil War between 1975 and ...

The EU Should Admit the Western Balkan Countries Soon Even if They Do Not Meet all Criteria

The Name of the Class Introduction Nowadays there are 28 member countries in the European Union. From its humble beginning as a peace holder after the horrible outcomes of the end of the first and second world wars, European Union grew to the powerful and strong economic and political union. EU countries share common economic zone, political values, such as strict rules towards corruption, and so on. Historically, the reason why “ECSC or the European Coal and Steel Community” (Cia.gov, 2016) was so successful that it enabled to create EU afterwards, was because after couple of years of its ...

Introduction

Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, or commonly known as Avicenna, is an Iranian scientist and philosopher who lived during the 10th century. He is known for his exemplary talent in the field of medicine which led him to write several books about medicine. Because of his works and contributions in the field of medicine, the standards of medicine world were reflected to him from 12th to 16th century.

Body

Avicenna has several contributions which are especially noted in the field of medicine. Of all the contributions he had made, one of the greatest books of all time, al-Qanun, ...

the number of followers for each religion are in your state and your county:

Now, using the information in the charts, above, answer these questions:

Which religion is the youngest? Sikhism is the youngest religion Which three religions were founded in India? The three religion that were founded in India are Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism Which religion has no known founder? Hinduism is a religion that has no founder Which religions are older than Christianity? Hinduism, Judaism, and Buddhism are older than Christianity Which country today has the most Buddhists? Chaina has the most Buddhists Which country today has the most Muslims? Today Indonisia has the most Muslims population. What ...

Three important beliefs of Islam

There three important, basic beliefs of the religion Islam. They include: Belief in One God Belief in God’s Revealed Books Beliefs in the Prophets and Messengers of God The belief in One God relates to believing in One, incomparable entity who has no son or father and He has the sole right to be worshipped. He is the One, True God and there is no other deity worthy of worship, but Him. Also, the attributes of God cannot be attributed to anyone else, and His divinity is not shared with any other entity as well. This is mentioned ...

Huawei and ZTE are two major Chinese telecommunication companies with an international brand. Identify who leads these companies, if they are state-owned or private, and where these companies are based. Huawei is located in Shenzen, Guandong in China. It is one of the largest multinational networking and telecommunication equipment producers, and it is marketed all around the world. The company is identified as the "employee-owned" company, and the Chinese government is involved in the management. In another word, the company is owned by the employees; however, the workers do not have any information how the company is managed and ...

With the fossil fuel energies and oil fast depleting, the industrial civilization is at a crossroad. After all, the entire infrastructure behind industrial technologies is aging and needs a new perspective. Governments and businesses are in a tight spot with riding debts and unemployment. Ever since the 2008 economic recession, the governments, business communities and civil societies are at loggerheads as to how to revitalize the global economy and help the world grow and self-sustain (Rifkin 1). Clearly, the era of great energy is over. A bold new economic narrative is repaired to transform the society. 1.1 A New ...

Democratic revolutions like the Arab Spring has toppled down political regimes abusing their authority for personal gains creating nepotic cults that leave people impoverished. Contrary to expectations, a series of revolutionary movement mostly failed to reach the intended target. It is not that all uprisings were to no avail altogether. Tunisia had better resources than countries like Egypt to reform the country. Overall, the shortage of wealth, the presence of specific US interests in the region, a pro-military electoral mentality, and the dominance of political parties have halted the democratic progress in North Africa and the Middle East in ...

Introduction

Society has been distinguishing the concepts of good and evil since the ancient times. So, we can say that it had a specific morality - the system of moral relations, feelings, and consciousness. The morality is the central question of ethics, and still relevant to our society. Among the ethical systems I have learned, there are virtue ethics, utilitarianism, social contract, deontology with goals (Hinduism and Buddhism), deontology with divine authority (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), relativism (individual and cultural), and deontology with a categorical imperative (Kant). So, I would like to say a few words about each of them.

Ethical Systems

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In 2008, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) unanimously adopted a resolution to protect Iraq’s assets from any international threats stemming from Saddam Hussein’s era (MacFarquhar, 1). Such assets included oil, Iraq’s main asset, and other revenues from the country’s international trade. Given the precarious state that the country was in at the moment, it was necessary for the country to receive such protection or else it could be hit by a humanitarian crisis. It is estimated that Iraq has 144 billion barrels of oil hence making oil account for approximately 90% of revenues (MacFarquhar, ...

It is widely understood that the 9/11 attacks were acts of terrorism and involved certain Islamic individuals who were against the liberty, democracy and freedom practiced in the United States of America. The reality of the attacks and their motives are completely different from the claimed reasons. The attacks were mere reciprocity of their years of wrongdoing in Middle East through American foreign policies. Years after the attack and several first hand interviews of the attackers, it can be proven that the attacks were related to the American wrongdoings related to their foreign policy such as, supporting Israel, poor ...

This news article is about the anti-Islam rally, which was held in Dearborn, Michigan. The public protesters assembled to complete one of the planned 20-weekend rallies near mosques across the United States. It was a protest over their opposition to the coming of Syrian refugees, as well as against what they claim to be the danger brought about by the Muslim faith. The rally was met with counter-protest that made the city officials concerned about the event because both groups “brandished AK47 or AR15 rifles”(Warikoo). Nevertheless, the protest went on peacefully and the message that stuck came from ...

Lineage, birth and childhood

Muhammad was son of Abdullah who was ultimately a descendant of Adam. While his mother Amina was pregnant she came across a divine message which said that she was bearing God’s messenger and was supposed to name him Muhammad. Muhammad’s father died shortly after his birth and he was brought up under the guidance of his grandfather, Abd-Muttalib who roped in foster mothers for the child. The boy Muhammad was then nurtured via humans who found him deserving enough for the futuristic role (Peters, 45). Muhhamad told about himself that his heart was deprecated of any black ...

Stories of War in the Words of the Warrior

Bryan Turner is an American military veteran, English professor and poet (About Bryan Turner n.p.). Prior to his enlistment, Turner attended school at the University of Oregon where he earned a Master of Fine Arts degree. He spent a year in South Korea before enlisting in the United States Army. Since that time he has lived and worked abroad in many parts of the world. His work focuses on his experiences as a soldier during his service in the Middle East, and has earned him numerous awards in the literary world including the NEA Literature Fellowship in Poetry, the ...

There are many different types of ethnic and racial groups in our country. The number of different races are more prominent than what there was a century ago. The way we react to other people has changed as well. People often react towards other people’s racial backgrounds because of reason that may have occurred personally, or due to worldwide situations. Reactions have a huge impact on prior experiences, situations, and events that can change how we perceived people of different races. These experiences can be negative or positive, but can change the way we react to others due ...

Persepolis is the autobiographical graphic novel written by Marjane Satrapi, an Iranian born, and French. The book shows the early years of her life as the child of politically active Marxist supporters living in Iran during and after the Islamic revolution. The book’s title translates to the city of Persians, she chose the title in honor of one of the cities in which the battles took place. It tells the story of a girl forced to conform to Islamic traditions such as donning a veil even though her family was secular. It presents Satrapi as a protagonist, forced ...

Ancient African Art and architecture

Ancient African Art and architecture mostly reflects the time, needs and place in which it was established. Though the works of art are situated in different geographical regions there seems to be several similarities.

Djenne Mosque Mall

Mali is in the Black Africa part of the African continent. It is in here the Great Djenne Mosque is situated. The native black Africa has, and still suffered many years of poverty and political instability despite having gained independence (Creswell and Allan, 56). Though black Africa seems to be the same, it is further divided into two, with West Africa and East Africa on ...

Kobrinsky (2008) stated that negotiation is the act of solving disputes. Power based approach in negotiations aims at winning other than a win-win situation. In most cases, the power-based approach tends to use intimidation, coercion, and status among other aspects associated with one’s positions to discredit the accounts of the opponents and consequently overpower them. However, it is evident that the approach can be risky and costly (Cheng, 2009). For instance, if a school head tends to force a Muslim student to remove the Hijab with disregard to her religion and culture. As a result, the school head ...

Kenya is the 43rd largest country in the world situated in the east coast of Africa along the equator. The country borders Ethiopia to the north, Tanzania to the south and Uganda to the west. It is mostly termed as the cradle of mankind since archaeologists and palaeontologists have discovered very ancient remains of man which shows the earliest evidence of the ancestors of man. Kenya has a population of 41.6 million people (Kenya Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2009). The currency used in the country is the Kenyan shilling. Kenya’s capital city is Nairobi which acts as ...

I think that morality and religion are two distinct or different concepts. Morality works through reason and conscience. It aims at determining what is wrong or acceptable in the society based on clear discussion and analysis. Religion aims at adhering to God’s will. People show support and adherence to God’s will through practicing faith and obedience to God based on the religious teachings. Morality can be questioned and even subjected to intelligent debate. However, God’s will is rarely questioned. Religious followers are only expected to follow the set teachings. Most religions like Christianity and Muslim; for ...

The broad range of interviewed young Muslims feel alienated, suspected, if not traumatized (Semple). For women, raised unaware of earlier stigmatization right after 9/11 of Muslims, a hijab has become a mark of social alienation, if not anti-Muslim sentiments. Indeed, according to different accounts given by young Muslim women of different cultural backgrounds, putting on a hijab and, for that matter, being a Muslim has not only made young Muslim women feel increasingly pressured as peers in class and neighborhood cast more suspicions on people – Them – coming from elsewhere and spreading violence and alien ideologies, particularly in recent months ...

Affiliated University:

Abstract This research paper shades light on the Saudi Arabian-Iranian conflict and its severity on the involved parties’ economic stature and international relations. The research paper elaborates the background of the Saudi Arabian- Iranian conflict and the factor that have resulted to the spiraling of the conflict, such as proxy conflict. Moreover, this research presents areas that are key to understanding the conflict and thus, it provides information that proves to be fundamental to the formulation of solutions to the historic rivalry between the two antagonizing parties. Furthermore crucial research questions are presented in this proposal, for steering the ...

Abstract

The hotel and hospitality industry is expanding as the need for globalization in business operations continues to create much attention. The paper sought to conduct a study on the religious attitudes and behavior that make Muslim consumers subscribe to a particular food or service in hotels across Thailand. The sample for the study was 100 Muslim respondents who are residents as well as visitors. The sample was selected randomly with a structured questionnaire used to collect data from the respondents. Regression analysis was then conducted to determine level of significance ion the relationships between the identified variables and a ...

Sheikh Zayed is the third largest mosque in the world. The mosque was named after its founder who happened to be the first UAE president. The mosque is built 11m above the sea level and also 9.5m above the level of the street so that it may be conspicuously seen from all dimensions of the city. It was opened to both the public and prayers on 20th of December the year 2007. The mosque covers an area approximately 22,421m2; the amount of steel that was used to build it is 33,000 tons and 250,000 m3 of ...

Introductory Statement

Executive and managers of all levels are responsible for implementing and coping with so many issues within organizations. Certainly, all types of concerns and tasks are equally significant, however, in recent years, ethical principles and manners happened to take a first place within a corporate culture. In light of this tendency, the author exemplifies and addresses three hypothetical scenarios accounting for discipline, diversity and personal relationships with a purpose of illustrating how contemporary managers are supposed to handle them.

Discipline in the Workplace

Discipline and organizational values are expected to go hand in hand with the aim of proving that the company follows ...

Article Memo

The research is aimed at answering the question: Does Hard Work Help Students to "Make the Grade"? Does the article use nomothetic or idiographic explanations? Explain how it does this to show that you understand the concepts. The article uses nomothetic explanations; this is because the explanations seem to be based on the statistical concepts and laws that govern the fields of both qualitative and quantitative research. It uses the concepts of regression and correlation as in the statistical analysis to determine whether hard work help the students make the grade. The nomothetic methods as used in the ...

One of the contemporary ecological issues with environmental problems has become a major concern all around the globe. The unsustainable development, climate change, exploitation of resources and pollution will affect all human beings. Because the actions of humanity are the mirror of our values the religion and its effects on the ecology has been in in the interest of many researchers today and in the past. Narrower examination of the correlation between ecology and religion was examined by Hope and Jones (48-49). The examination of potential difference in the pro-environmental values and beliefs from Christian, Muslim and non-religious community ( ...

[Diversity management] Why is diversity management an important consideration for people managers today? Discuss the ways in which diversity management can impact an organization Diversity management is an all-encompassing aspect that allows an organization to focus on strengthening individuality within its operation. For most of the companies to succeed, it must be able to achieve a diversified range of its work force; with the diversified workforce, the organization is better placed in making diversified products that fit in many different cultures, philosophies and even diversified ideas (MOR-BARAK, 2011, pg. 89). The importance of the diversity management to people’s ...

Introduction

In 1993, Geerd Hofstede wrote about the universal management and was of the belief that management is not universal and each country has its own management principles. Fast forwarding 23 years and the world has certainly changed. With companies involved in global business and the use of the internet in global commerce the world has gotten smaller and more and more business people are recognizing that individual differences remain important. However the level of differences are lessened as people have learned to work together to achieve common goals. This paper will study the changes that the global ecommerce organizations ...

Religion and all its embodiments is one of the most widespread movements in the world since time immemorial. At times, it unites people as nothing else and gives us will and power to be merciful, kind and spiritually oriented. Among all the innumerable religious groups, I choose to stick to Druze, as it merges together the features of different traditions and opens a road to being a comprehensive human being. Apart from being a name for the religion, Druze is also a name of people in the Middle East, which has “has a unique historical, social and demographic structure” ( ...

One character whose story resonated with me as I watched the film is the narrator. Just like him, I have been concerned to find out more about the truth on the Muslim faith because many perspectives exist on the issue. Some of the stereotypes I have about Arab people and Muslims include the fact that they are viewed as brutal people, thieves, charlatans and murderers. Muslims are also perceived by many as selfish and hardliners. What I learnt about Arab culture from the film is that it is very patriarchal and holds to beliefs that violate the rights of ...

Introduction

“Debt markets are an integral part of the financial sector and effectively supplement the funds provided by the banking sector” (Tariq, 2004, p. 5). In developing markets, these marketplaces are nevertheless at a primary phase of their growth. Islamic rule (Shari’ah) forbids the charging and disbursing of interest. So, in nations anywhere Muslim populace establishes a significant section of the culture, customary debt marketplaces cannot succeed. Henceforth there is a great request and necessity for evolving options to current debt markets that can be satisfactory to the Islamic rule.

IDB Sukuk

According to (Anon., 2016), The Islamic Development Bank is ...

Ethnocentrism takes place when an individual perceives their culture, religion, and general belief system as superior to that of others. That leads many people to develop negative attitudes towards others to such an extent that they no longer appreciate cultural diversity (Taifel, 2010). In many cases, some actions or behavior exhibited by a person belonging to a different social standing becomes demonized, and small matters trivialized because an ethnocentric person. When a person disregards another on the basis of their conflicting ideologies or belief systems, it becomes less easy for members of society to get along well. In the ...

I am an immigrant from Jerusalem, as is the rest of my family. People hear that and assume my parents were rich professionals or some such. That was not my family’s experience. My family came from a dirt poor neighborhood in Jerusalem. Everyone hears stories about terrorism and violence there on the news, but what most people don’t realize is that it’s so much worse in the slums that aren’t judged colorful or tragic enough to be worth a globe-trotting journalist’s time. If a problem isn’t sexy enough for a journalist to care ...

The Book of Revelation has yielded different interpretive possibilities for just about as long as there have been theologians around to read and explain it. This is a book that is filled with mysteries, whether it is the identity of the four apocalyptic horsemen who are supposed to usher in the judgment of God, the timing of the rising of people from the dead for that judgment, and whether Jesus Christ returns before the tribulation of the believers or after -- or whether the 1,000-year reign that the book discusses is literal or figurative in nature. After all, ...

Between November 16th and 17th, the Bloomberg Politics poll carried out a survey on the religious perceptions. The topic was "When it comes to the Islamic faith, which of the following is closer to your view? Islam is a violent religion inherently, which leads its followers to violent acts. Islam is an inherently peaceful religion, but there are some who twist its teachings to justify violence," (“Religion,” 2015). The poll received responses from six hundred and twenty-eight adults nationwide. The margin error of the research was an absolute value of 3.5. The result showed that twenty-eight percent of the ...

I. Introduction Because of the intent of its purpose, this Advertising Strategy Brief will focus upon the salubrious qualities of the Muslim community, in terms of their sympathetic feelings towards Paris after the terror attacks of the city in November of 2015. The forthcoming details of this brief hopes to create an effective planning model and campaign, to mitigate the bad influence which is growing against Muslim society. Changing the perception of this group, under the task authorized by the Government, calls for a marketing strategy to address the negative media directed at Muslims perceived by the general public.

Background / Overview

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Abstract

It is well known that the debates on the religious topics are among the hottest in our time. Understanding the processes of possible differences can significantly smooth or eliminate the conflict altogether. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the relationships between representatives of different religions in different countries. Comparing these relations will help to identify possible scenarios for the behavior of the two sides and the possible outcome of the conflict between them. This paper examines the relations between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman ...

In this article David Senchina tried to show “pitfalls” of herbal supplements that are used by athletes. While products’ sales in the USA in 2011 increased by 4.5% in comparison with previous year, many buyers do not take them according to instructions or know much about side effects. Senchina tried to say that the word “herbal” or “natural” is not a synonym for “safe” and people should take over the counter supplements seriously. He said not all of them are completely “herbal”. This category of supplements contains different products of botanical, bacterial or fungal origin. Author also mentioned that ...

Biology is an interesting subject. It really is. Disgracefully few people have a genuine appreciation for the processes of living systems, both within the bodies of any given organism and in the context of a larger ecosystem. That said, I know that there are far too many unemployed graduates with Biology degrees to think picking this major by itself is path to anything other than a lifetime teaching high school. So while the study of biology is something I’m genuinely interested in, the reason I want to major in it is as a stepping stone to medical school. ...

John Calvert specializes in the field of social protest and political opposition. He explains that Qutb set the theoretical foundation for radical Islamism in the Sunni Muslim community. Unlike any other Islamist thinker, Sayyid was able to exert considerable influence on the development of Islamism of his own time and of the subsequent generations. Unfortunately, many tend to sully his reputation. As a rule, not only the popular media frequently portrays Sayyid as a terrorist, it illustrates him as an Islamo-Fascist and endorser of murder; it tries to persuade everyone that his moral purpose resembles the objectives and intentions ...

Introduction

Many people think that English Premier League consists of nothing, but players, clubs and supervisory authorities. In reality, the Football Association Premier League (also known as FAPL) is registered as a corporation in the United Kingdom. Legally, each club, which participates in the tournament, is registered as a shareholder with one vote (The FAPL, 2014). In order to oversee daily operations of the league, the clubs elect the chief executive, chairperson and board of directors (Singh, 2015). Despite the fact that the Football Association does not directly participate in the daily operations of the League, it has special veto ...

The place of woman in society has always been a very controversial issue; from culture to culture, from century to century the meaning of women’s rights and their freedom varies. In the article called “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?” Lila Abu-Lughod examines the real women’s role in what is nowadays called ‘War on Terrorism’. The main issue of her research is whether western community overlooks Muslim women in the right way. Her answer is definitely closer to being negative; “We now understand them as suffering from structural violence. We have become politicized about race and class, ...

Religion is one of the most important facets of the human experience. Throughout the world, considering different areas of space and moments of time, different cultures have worshiped deities in one form or another. This usually includes the active adoration of these gods, for which a certain locational frame is typically rendered especially suitable. Thomas A. Tweed, in his essay “Space” seeks to examine the nature and characteristics of religious space. In it, he proposes that these spaces are a dialectical construction between the pious and the physical location. In order to define space, he uses five different characteristics: ...

A half century ago, the terrorism and extremist forms of thought were not prevalent in certain sectors of Middle Eastern society as they are today. Up to the years between 1968 through 1979, Middle Eastern countries remained relatively benign with no outstanding threats of violent political Islam (Bar 127). The rise of international Islamic terrorism was born in the fragmentation of society brought on by the departure of colonialism. Economies had by this time been fundamentally disrupted. In major urban centers, oil contracts (particularly in the GCC) gave rise to rapid scales of development. Government systems were restructured. The ...

Abstract

Over the years, the countries of the Arab world have struggled with economic backwardness and various socio-political issues. Activation and intensive development of the Arab world began about 50 years ago. After the Second World War, Middle Eastern countries began economic and political integration, which allowed them to achieve a higher level of progress and strengthen their position in the world. Many researchers argue that the development of the Arab countries and their integration with the West caused the development of terrorism. Only a few decades ago, such reality as terrorism did not exist, but in the last decade, ...

The impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Arab lands that it inhabited were many and varied, as the Empire was both long standing and powerful. The Ottomans influenced the Arabs’ religious lives, their understanding of and access to their lands, and their cultural understanding of themselves. A look at the impact of this time period is paramount to understanding the Arab countries today. The religious experience of Arabs changed significantly during and after the Ottoman rule. While they had been Muslim previously, there was a shift in the nature of the people’s understanding during the Ottoman occupation ...

Introduction

Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world. Primarily, the country is considered as a republic yet there are certain elements in Egypt’s political system that makes it less democratic than most established democracies in the world. While Egypt has a political system that features elected representatives, the country is non-secular. Officially known as the Arab Republic of Egypt, the country has adopted Islam as its official religion, which makes its political system quite similar to other Islamic states in the Middle East and on other parts of the globe. In this sense, Egypt’s political ...

Racism is so strongly built in society today that it feels like a natural phenomenon. Children from a very young age when their minds are in the developmental phase are exposed to such racism; therefore, they are conditioned in a way that this behavior extends to future life as well. School books and stories describe how the Afro-American is always the culprit and the American or “white guy” is the hero of most stories. If not directly, but somewhere this element of racism gets transferred to the child’s subconscious memory and determines his actions and reactions. As a ...

“Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth” (Marcus Aurelius). The knower’s perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge. This aspect of knowledge is something worth considering because the nature of the human mindset is made in such a way that perspective always creates a filter on the way one interprets life and “truth”. One could even say that without perspective, there would be no need for the pursuit of knowledge. It is nearly unavoidable to remove one’s perspective when pursuing knowledge because it is often ...

The Armenian Genocide is one of the vigorously contested incidents of mass murder in the 20th Century. The Armenian Genocide is alleged to have been the Ottoman government’s systematic extermination of the minority Armenian population. This occurred in the historic homeland of the Armenians which is within the territory of present-day Turkey. In spite of the many claims, the Turkish government denies it was a genocide. They claim it was a war which involved the mass killing of Ottoman citizens including Muslims and Ottomans. The Turkish government also claims that the number of Armenians who died in the ...

Foreign policy is the way the United States interacts with other nations. It sets standards and rules of interactions for businesses and individual citizens. The official goal of the United States foreign policy is to build and sustain a better world for both American and international people. Foreign policy also dictates the use of nuclear technology and the use of nuclear hardware. This paper discusses the United States’ foreign policy, non-governmental organizations and their association with terrorism.

Terrorism

A main part of foreign policy has to deal with terrorism. Combating terrorism is a major objective for the United States. Combating ...

The problem of immigration is now a very urgent for many countries. Acceleration of the process of globalization leads to a sharp intensification of migration flows. According to data of Office for National Statistics , the number of European immigrants in 2015 reached 180 000 people, it increased by 42 000 persons; the number of non-European migrants in Europe has exceeded 201,000 people, which is 36 000 more than in 2014. In Europe, there are already 32, 6% of all international migrants. The first place in the number of migrants in the European countries is Germany (10.8 million migrants), ...

ISLAMIC FINANCE

Introduction “During the past decade, the Islamic finance industry has witnessed significant developments, particularly in the field of Sukuk (Islamic bonds)” (Chermi, 2015, p. 1). Sukuk signifies one of the best fruitful merchandises in Islamic finance. They have enticed the notice of numerous backers and turn out to be progressively well-liked in many marketplaces international. They have gotten fame as monetary tools supplying both government support through the issuance of sovereign sukuk and private sector backing through commercial sukuk.

According to Brian (Kettell, n.d.), a sukuk has financial features related to those of a conventional bond, nonetheless is arranged ...

Introduction

The ‘National Merchant’ was connoted by the Young Turks and Unionists in a determined effort of competing with the non-Muslim merchants and dominating the national trade. This was as a result of the initial dominance of trade by the non-Muslim ethnic communities that was in existence during the Ottoman Empire. The members of the ‘National Merchants’ were devoted to the development and consolidation of their positions and the positions of national manufacturers through the consequent promotion of commercial activities of Muslim Turks. The corporations that were established afterwards had little or no affiliation with non-Muslim Ottomans. These corporations were ...

Several historians have studied the development of cities over the Balkans during the Ottoman period. The explorations shed light on how the urban planning in the Balkans looked like and whether those cities could be labeled either Ottoman or a Balkan. However, the Balkan urbanism in the Ottoman era does need a much more profound approach. With the decline of the Cold War period, there was a revival of ethnic, national and linguistic identities in many parts of the world. The result was a new channel of expression within a group and community that led to a conflict of ...

Introduction

Islam, though one of the youngest religions in the world, is one of the fastest growing and the second in terms of adherents. Statistics from the Pew Research Center show that out of the 200 countries under consideration, the religion had 1.6 billion followers which represented 23.2% of the estimated world population of 6.8 billion people as of 2010. The statistics reveal that as of 2050, more than 29% of the world’s population will be made up of Muslims. As such, one in every four people is likely to be a Muslim going by these statistics and this ...

An orphaned child, according to Islamic law and as Islamic scholars agree, is a child below age 18 who parents, particularly the father, has died (“The Child’s Mother Died Will the Child be Called Orphan?” n. p.). The Arabic term for the word “orphan” is yatim, which means “singular” or “alone” (Al-Funaysan n. p.). Under the Kafala system, there are categories of orphans that can be adopted. Two of the more important categories include (a) the foundlings, children whose parentages are usually unknown, and (b) the children of imprisoned parents, especially when they were sentenced to stay a ...

I. Introduction Since the formation of the state of Kosovo, there have been disputes about the legitimacy of the state—some do not recognize the international legitimacy of this state to the current day. Kosovo faces a number of issues that are inherited from its long history of conflict; one of the key problems faced by the country and the future leadership of the country is the problem of security. Because of the conflicted nature of the territory, Kosovo faces significant internal and external pressures (Alexander 14-19; Shaw and Štiks 91). The entire region is war-torn, and this conflict ...

Introduction

The marriage is an institution of legal relationship between man and woman through the family system according to the divine religions. Both the society and civilization require the existence of marriage with a standard regulation of sexual expression of the married couple. Correspondingly, marital sex is a vital significance in the life of the individuals as it propagates the human life and the society at its dependent fulfillment of discipline. According to Prophet Mohammed, he recommends to his Ummah (Islamic community) the nikah (sex and marriage or marital contract) in Islam stating that “nikah is my Sunnah (a verbally ...