Essays on Sugar

Do sugar, red meat, and processed meat cause cancer?

Neily on Nutrition features Karen Collins, an advisor for American Institute of Cancer Research. Collin’s expertise for over 25 years can help understand several things about cancer-causing foods. People need to know key things about the cause of cancers and some myths about the matter. Does sugar cause cancer? Does red meat cause cancer? Does processed meat also cause cancer? These are the common questions asked by health conscious people.
Technically, cancer cells are just like every cell in the human body that needs fuel for energy. Sugar is one of the needed substances to fuel the body

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Abstract

Reactions taking place in a biological system are usually catalyzed by enzymes. One of these enzymes is the cellobiase, which is works to degrade cellobiose into glucose monosaccharides. Just like any other enzyme, cellobiase works under very specific conditions and alteration of these factors may result in a reduction, in its activity. The experiment was done with an aim of studying the cellobiase in terms of its reaction rate and how factors such as temperature, pH concentration of enzyme and the substrate affect the rate of cellobiase activity. It was determined that cellobiase has an initial rate

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Evidences in recent times have revealed that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with several forms of microvascular and macrovascular events which occur overtime. These pathophysiologic changes influences the patients vessels and other organs of the body and one of the resultant effects which mostly associates with the condition is that of the cardiovascular system. These in most situations remain a major source of concern to the affected individual. The changes are from the line of thrombotic aftermath is a pathologic problem which caused by accumulation of fatty tissues and cells within the blood vessels.
Once this form of

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Abstract

Cellobiase is an enzyme that is involved in hydrolyzing the products of the exocellulase (cellobiose) to form individual monosaccharides. The process breaking down cellobiose is a natural process and helps most organisms produce glucose for use as a source of food. This experiment aimed to study the cellobiase by determining its rate of reaction and effects pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate or enzyme on the rate of reaction. The initial rate of a reaction catalyzed by cellobiase enzyme is 11.25nmole/Minute with the optimum temperature being 37OC and the optimum pH was pH5. The activity of the

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Pathophysiology: NRS-410V

2014
Type 1 Diabetes: the Islet Cells Transplant
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in the endocrine system. The pancreas produce insulin hormone to control the level of blood sugar. The amount of insulin needed depends on the blood sugar levels that center the body’s cells. Thus, for a person that has diabetes, the pancreas produce either inadequate amount of insulin or no insulin at all. There are two main forms of diabetes, known type 1 and type 2. Type 1diabetes or Juvenile-onset diabetes develops early in life, usually in children or young adults. Type 1 diabetes yields either

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Room Number 428
Lab Date and Time Wed AM
Abstract
Bananas are a fruit that must be transported under specific conditions to avoid ripening before they reach their destination. Fruit ripening can be quantified by examining the levels of glucose residues that are hydrolyzed from complex carbohydrates such as starches. This study set out to determine whether banana ripeness could be quantified using a DNS assay. This assay was also used to identify which storage conditions serve best for maintaining bananas during transport. The results of this study indicate that refrigeration can prevent banana fruit from overripening during transport.

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The case of Eleanor Ostrowski v Lynn M. Azzara was a case principally regarding the legal significance of a medical malpractice claimant’s pre-treatment health habits. Ostrowski, the plaintiff, consulted Dr. Azzara, the defendant, who was a podiatrist, for an inflamed left big toe. Azzara examined it and diagnosed Ostrowski with a fungal disease on the toenail requiring its removal. She further did a test that revealed high blood sugar level and some peripheral vascular disease. Ostrowski had always been highly diabetic and insulin-dependent, a heavy smoker and obese. Azzara explained the risk of losing the limb if the

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Our world is full of technology. No matter where we are we are surrounded by televisions, computers, smartphones, and radios. On all of these devices are advertisements for anything from skincare products to health insurance. Many of these advertisements are bright, colorful and aimed directly at children. Children are an easy target and one branch of marketing seems to understand this better than others: the food industry.
Food industries such as Kellogg’s and General Mills have been using funny and colorful cartoon character to attract children to their cereal for decades. Perhaps none of these characters are more

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This study aimed at characterizing the regulation of oxygen-sensing pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Cells were extracted from umbilical cord blood (UCB), adult bone marrow, and pediatric bone marrow. Expression of HIF-1a and PHDs in the three cells were determined under hypoxia and normoxia. The following activities were performed while conducting the study: cell culture and osteoinduction, characterization of hMSCs using flow cytometric method, hypoxic exposure and Western blot analysis, Quantitative Real -Time RT-PCR (Q-PCR), Glucose and Lactate Assays, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Determination of pH of the culture media, and Statistical Analyses.
The results showed that

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INTRODUCTION

Diabetes, a disease where the blood sugar content is supposed to increase above the normal range. The disease has become quite prevalent in the world today. Almost every third adult we meet is diabetic. Not just adults, nowadays diabetes has caught hold of the children too. It is a common finding to get a diabetic child almost in every school.
Nowadays even adolescents and young children are exhibiting the occurrence of the disease. More commonly, it is the obese children who run a high risk of the disease, children with a positive family history of diabetes are also at

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When considering what effects the development of the sugar industry in the British Caribbean had on the structure of society during the 17th century, it becomes apparent that there are various important factors involved that contribute to both the political and economic institutions of the Caribbean. These factors include not only the state of the industry itself, and the effects of its growth upon the social structure of the Caribbean islands that were held by the British. These changes had lasting effects upon the underlying institutions of the cultures that lived there.
There were various impacts that had a

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A cell is a functional, structural and a biological unit in all living organisms. They are the smallest unit of life and can replicate independently. Living cells exist in both plants and animals. They have some fundamental requirements that enable to sustain themselves such as electron acceptors, electron donors an energy source and even a carbon source.
Carbon in living cells and mostly plants is every vital for the plant cells. Plants intake carbon dioxide in the process of respiration and with the addition of water and energy obtained from sunlight, it makes glucose and produce oxygen gas. The

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All cells have what is called a primary structure, which is what determines the cell’s properties, or genetic code. That structure comprises a number of what may be called “chemical building blocks”, and it is the precise arrangement and chemical sequences of those building blocks that create the unique construction and function of any cell type. Bacteria cells are a relatively simple cell type and contain nucleotides, two types of acid: amino and fatty, and sugars. The nucleotides store and retrieve the cell’s biological information, or DNA and RNA, as well as having an important role in

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The cellular components in bacteria that are created from building blocks include polysaccharides, peptidoglycan and ribosomes. Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures that come into existence from repeating units that are bonded by glycosidic bonds. They provide energy by breaking down starches into glucose. In addition, the glucose produced is also important in treating shock in the bacteria cell.
On the other hand, peptidoglycan is a polymer that has sugars and amino acids that form a layer outside the plasma membrane of the bacteria. It forms the cell wall of the bacteria. This component plays a structural role in the

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Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes
Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in

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Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the

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Introduction

Have you ever pondered why many Americans today are victims of terminal diseases? Certainly, it is hard to comprehend with such thoughts yet the truth is; many Americans today suffer from terminal illnesses that are elicited by their eating habits. An individual’s dietary habits play a critical role in determining the health status. Poor dietary habits, especially the consumption of fast foods occurs as one of the most comprehensive factor that predisposes people to chronic illnesses that are expensive to manage. Apart from dietary practices, physical activity exercises such as going to the gym at least four times

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The ban on soda in New York City by the city’s mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is a move by the government to safeguard the people of New York against health implications associated with obesity. This is normally caused by high uptake of sugary beverages with high amounts of sugar and calories. The ban aims at restricting establishments in the city dealing with food services to offer drinks that are larger than sixteen ounces. This move was aimed at a large variety of soft drinks and other beverages. However, the move offered exceptions to some such as fruit juices,

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A NEW DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR DIABETES

According to WHO recommendation of 2011, a new diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes has been proposed. The proposed method is use of HbA1c levels for the analysis of diabetes and its related outcomes. More than as a diagnostic tool, it is used as a prognosis marker. The level of Hb1Ac indicates the severity of diabetes and how grave the disease can turn into. It can also be used as a screening test to determine the chances of developing diabetes in high risk patients, that is, the patients having a sedentary lifestyle, improper eating habits, pre existing heart

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Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works

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Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It

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The island nation of Cuba is known for its long and proud history of being one of the largest sugar manufacturers worldwide. Cultivation of sugar cane began as soon as Spaniards landed in the vicinity of the West Indies in the late 15th century, bringing with them the commodity which would drive the island’s economy for generations. Achieving phenomenal success throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Cuba’s flourishing agricultural industry earned it a spot among the most highly developed Latin American nations. In 1959, however, Cuba’s relative well-being came crashing down as Fidel Castro’s rebel

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Biosensors emerged as an important technology that has gained much attention in different fields of study. Biosensor is "a self-contained analytical device that combines the biological component with a physicochemical component for the detection of an analyte of biological importance." (Hasan et al. 2014). Perumal & Hashim (2013) defined it according to IUPAC recommendation of 1999, which states that a biosensor is, "an independently integrated receptor transducer device, which is capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element."The application of nanobiotechnology in the production of biosensors and various other applications is one of

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Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At

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Introduction

The human body possesses a remarkable capability that can however be jeopardized by disease. Dental conditions occur as some of the most pertinent concerns in human health. Often connoted as Xerostomia, dry mouth occurs as one the dental conditions that jeopardize human health in different ways. Speaking of dry mouth, this connotes to any dental condition that precipitates dryness of the mouth. In fact, dry mouth occurs in cases where an individual experiences frequent episodes whereby the mouth becomes unusually dry. Many at times, dry mouth is elicited by the decrease in saliva production, which is often caused by

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The classic fudge –Walnut Brownies are in the simplest and most common sense one of the most revered and loved delicacies of this times. The above stems from the fact that it is made through a rigorous process that requires class and guided attention or focus to prepare and to process. In the recent past, the classic fudge –Walnut Brownies has won international acclaim and recognition and in competitions because of the very nature and character of its preparation.It is to say that utilized carefully by melting chocolate and cocoa, which is by all means and fairness unique especially

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Have you ever faced a situation where you have to choose between preparing a healthy meal and going to a fast food restaurant? Millions of Americans face this decision on a daily basis and the impact of their choices has become apparent over the last three decades. In the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants doubled according to the Census of Retail Trade (Chou, Grossman, and Saffer). Since the same period, obesity and obesity related diseases increased rapidly in the U.S. Today, junk food is prevalent in our culture and is commonly found in fast food restaurants like

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Diabetes is characterized in two types: Type I and II. In the type I diabetes, the immune system abort the function of pancreatic cells and it stops making insulin hormone. In type II diabetes, alterations in insulin secretion occur, and body cannot utilize the insulin effectively because of increased resistance against insulin. If not treated and monitored properly, it can turn up into life threatening disease (Webmd.com, 2014; Rubin, 2011).
I. Diabetes Monitoring and Treatment

A. Glucose meters

Using a glucose meter for monitoring blood sugar on a daily basis has become a habit of millions of Americans. Glucose meters are small

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- Executive Summary
Quench is a brand leader in the soft drinks industry. It was formed in 1998 and has steadily expanded its operations to become a global multi-million pound company. Over the years, its main marketing strengths have been competitive pricing, strong advertising campaigns and positive brand image. Its main market sector consists primarily of customers with sporty, healthy and clean living style aspirations. Quench sponsors several sporting events not only in Britain but worldwide. The Quench brand is associated with trust and reliability.
This case study provides an informed evaluation and analysis of the problems that faced

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Von Gierke Disease

Introduction
Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants,

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Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis.
The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had

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Carbohydrates play a major role in maintaining and promoting human health: from the provision of energy to maintenance of the microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the functions of carbohydrates in the diet include the following: provision of energy, formation of various body structures, and sparing of other structural proteins from being used to obtain energy.
However, sometimes there is a need to reduce consumption of carbohydrates. For instance, whenever there is a need to reduce weight or to control blood sugar level, people often resort to the use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners. The sweeteners replace glucose

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Medical technology is greatly improving and would soon enter the stage where we do not need to regularly inject insulin or use finger prick blood tests to monitor diabetes. The advancement in the field of biosensors will open up a whole lot of opportunities. One of them is the efficient monitoring of the blood sugar levels with a small sensor implanted under the skin. Such devices can also release insulin when needed and also communicate the details to a smartphone connected to them (Coleiro, 2013). Biosensors have not only its application in diabetes monitoring. It exhibits state of art

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Background

Type II diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder found in adults that involves high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to insulin resistance as well as an insufficient amount of insulin. Type II diabetes differs from Type I diabetes, which is characterized by a complete lack of insulin. Symptoms of Type II diabetes include thirst, frequent urination and hunger. Long term complications include heart disease, strokes, vision problems and kidney failure. Today, there are close to 300 million people in the world who have been diagnosed with type II diabetes, an increase of 10 fold over the past 30 years. This

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Introduction

Obesity and overweight have been classified as global and serious conditions that have an adverse effect on the human health. Obesity and overweight conditions are defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat that may negatively affect health. In adults the obesity and overweight are measured by the body mass index (BMI), which is simple weight-for-height index (WHO, 2014). The BMI is computed by the ratio of the individual's body weight to the square of body height, indicated in Kg/m2 (WHO, 2014). According to W.H.O., (World Health Organisation), a BMI equal or above 25 is considered as overweight while

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Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber
Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’

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One often hears the popular views that the thing that one enjoys is often dangerous. Still, everyone looks love and comfort food, but is comfort foods healthy food choices? Often, individuals hear contradictory arguments about controversial foods such as fast foods, alcohol, and chocolate. One minute these foods help to ease the emotional stressors and physical well-being of individuals and the moment one hears the horrifying details of the dangers of these foods. Chocolate is one of the most controversial of these harmful foods. Many individuals recognize that chocolate contains mood-altering chemicals that elevate an individual’s mood from

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Historical background

Before the 20th century, diabetic conditions were rare in the human population. In early 1900, the problem was known as “honey urine” identified among the rich gluttons. In the late years, many physicians distinguished and identified insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. The adoption and classification of the disease as type one and type 2 diabetes took place in 1970. Until 1950, diet change was considered the only remedy for the problem. Type 2 diabetes was first identified and seen common among the wealthy people. Improvement in living standards influenced development of this condition among the people lower social class

Description and explanation of the disease

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IntroductionYeast is a single-celled organism and is a type of fungi. Yeast has been used for centuries as the driving force behind the process of fermentation, which enables dough to rise into a loaf of bread. To make a loaf rise, yeast converts sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen from the air (02) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20). When no oxygen is available, yeast will switch to an alternative pathway that does not need oxygen.Yeast metabolizes sugar (C6H12O6) to make carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and ethanol (C2H5OH) as end products. This carbon dioxide gas produced from yeast fermentation is

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Healthy eating and proper nutrition are tasks becoming more and more difficult in Western culture’s fast-food based environment. Obesity in the American public is a growing issue that over the last two decades have turned into nothing short of a global epidemic. Research nutritionists agree that the root cause of American obesity is caused by over consumption of sugar, fat and salt. Sugar and its counterparts of high fructose syrup and corn syrup are the worst perpetrators of this issue and the root causes of the obesity epidemic. Globalization of economies has led to a reduction in the

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