Essays on Sugar

Through last two decades much has been said about the relation between the almost unstoppable growing of nationwide obesity and fast food. Fast food is cheap, almost instantly available and filling, and yet full of fat, sugar and salts. Consequently, this altogether makes for a large amount of extra calories. However, to blame the so-called obesity epidemic on fast food alone is too simple and shallow. Many Americans struggle with it while not consuming fast food on a daily basis. Indeed, they do much of their cooking at home, where they can control the ingredients - but still find themselves struggling ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

The history of pathology testing is dated back to the 3rd century BC, when Greek scholars such as Herophilos and Eriasistratus began systematically examining dead bodies. At the beginning of the first century AD, several Greek, Roman and Arabian physicists made significant developments in the understanding of the pathology of tumors. In the 18th century, Giovanni Morgangi correlated the symptoms of his patients with the pathological evaluations o the autopsies. The discovery of the circulation of blood by William Harvey and the emergence of microsby is regarded as the foundation of modern pathology. The 19th and 20th centuries experienced ...

Research indicates that approximately 57% of American citizens drink coffee daily, which ranging between three to four cups on average. An article titled ‘the real cost of drinking”, highlights the cost of making coffee Americans. Most individuals enjoy their coffee at home in the morning and as such, they incur several costs. The first cost is the cost of a coffeemaker. It costs approximately between $25 -$200 for a good coffee maker and about $200 for an espresso machine. Milk, cream and sugar are additional costs that go into the preparation of homemade coffee. It costs around $4 for a gallon ...

Inadequate insulin secretion leads to a rise in blood glucose levels, which is the main characteristics of diabetes. By the time a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is made, 70 to 80% of beta cell mass loss is already done. Loss of beta cells of pancreas occurs gradually, beginning much before the diagnosis of diabetes is made and continuing even after that. For this reason, the damage becomes irreversible (Cnop, 2005).

Skeletal benefits of vitamin D are well known and described widely in the literature, but in recent years, research has shown that Vitamin D seems to aid in ...

The U.S. Department of Agriculture imposes regulatory on agricultural goods as a way of putting restriction on certain commodity supplies and raise the consumer price. Import barriers are used extensively by the sugar industry. It significant to note that through trade barriers, the prices are high and as a result of high prices, the consumers are hurt more because they are forced to buy fewer products at a high price. According to USDA there is a trade barrier in the sugar industry so as to protect the producers from competition so that they can increase their returns to scale (usda.gov). Though the government ...

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is distinguished by insulin resistance and a relative disorder in insulin secretion. The production and development of the disease is not completely understood and we find genetic factors as well as environmental factors affecting the insulin release. The disease is increasingly common and basically caused due to obesity and sedentary lifestyle. The chronic metabolic disorder affects both the insulin secretion and insulin action. It is the suppressed hepatic glucose production as well as lower insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the muscles that contribute equally to postprandial hyperglycemia.

The dominance of risk factors

Nearly 400 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes and ...

The Major Anatomical regions, landmarks, directions and cavities of the liver

The liver is considered as the heart of the digestive system. In humans, the liver is present in the upper right quadrant pf the abdominal cavity. The liver lies below the diaphragm. The gallbladder is covered by the liver to some extent. It is a vital organ that plays an important role in the production of chemicals for digestion in humans. The liver is divided in to two lobes, the left and the right lobe respectively. The two lobes are separated by the imaginary plan called the Cantlie's line. The liver is connected by two large blood vessels, the portal ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

Anwar et al., 2011 article “Associations between Periodontal Disease and Selected Risk Factors of Early Complications Among Youth with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes; A Pilot Study” offers a critical analysis of a wider array of issues on the relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes. Anwar et al., 2011 notes that there exists a specific association between type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease. Based on findings drawn from a pilot study, the current article suggests that the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease vary depending on the type of diabetes. For this purpose, the current article suggests the need to evaluate the ...

Biology Assignment

- Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which glucose is broken down in the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration or glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into ATP, which requires no oxygen. This process involves removal of hydrogen and electrons from glucose to generate NADH, pyruvate and energy equivalent to two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate undergoes fermentation, whereas in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is siphoned into the mitochondria and is completely broken down. The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and ...

- Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose Enzymes are organic catalysts. In this context, organic denotes the matter in question is generated or is obtained from a living life form. The word Catalyst indicates a matter that has the aptitude to boost a chemical reaction’s rate, and is neither transformed nor damaged by the reaction that it speeds up.

Many chemical reactions occur but a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. However, the enzymes are specific to certain functions. Generally, they may speed up a reaction, ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Question a

Diabetes mellitus (also type 2 diabetes) is a medical condition affecting the body’s use and conversion of energy. It may arise from various biological malfunctions such as over-secretion of glucagon hormone, insufficient secretion of insulin and resistance to regulation of glucose levels by insulin hormone. The condition may arise either from poor diets or from the effect of hereditary and environmental factors. Excessive consumption of high calorific foods, minimal exercising and obesity are some of the predisposing factors that may make one susceptible to the disease. This is especially so when these factors supplement genetic factors. The main risk ...

Introduction:

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to break down substances living thing need to sustain life. Most chemical reactions are too lengthy to do this on their own; even in the cases of relatively thermodynamically favored reactions like that of the oxidation of a sugar. An example of this is the oxidation of glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide and energy. Glucose on its own can remain exposed to air for years without any appreciable oxidation. Nevertheless, it is one of the substances most quickly broken down and absorbed in the human body due to the digestive system’ ...

- The Warburg effect was an observation found in cancer cells by a German biochemist Otto Heinrich Warburg. He was able to observe that in cancer cells, there is a high rate of glycolysis under aerobic conditions, a trait which is technically inefficient for energy production in multicellular organisms. Hence due to his discovery, it subsequently also became known as the “Warburg Effect” over the years.

- Apparently Warburg was wrong. It was said in the paper that not all cancer cells have their mitochondria improperly functioning.

- In a proliferating cell, more than just requiring energy (ATP) for cell function, it ...

Introduction

In today’s society, the relationship between the mother and the child is not always perfect. This was the message of the letter response of Sugar that was published in the web page “The Rumpus” on May 17, 2012 entitled “Dear Sugar, The Rumpus Advise Column#98: Monsters and Ghosts”.

Thesis Statement: Pain is a normal part in a person’s life, but what is important is how we learn from these struggles and make ourselves whole again.

Sugar supports this statement by recalling her sad childhood memories when she and her siblings visited their father, who they had not ...

History of the patient

The patient’s name has been changed and will be referred as John. The patient is a 25-year-old man living in New York City. He was diagnosed in 2010, that he had type 2 diabetes. Before that, he had all the symptoms of a person suffering from hyperglycaemia. According to his glucose level, that was 118-127 mg/dl, it was said to be ‘borderline diabetes’. The only action taken was that the patient was told to lose weight. He was referred to this clinic, which specialises in diabetes. This is because the patient’s weight continued to increase and his feet ...

- The role of the stomach is to act as the storage for food and allow its slow release into the small intestine at intervals. Also, it allows food churning which helps break the food into smaller particles for easier for digestion. It is also a site of absorption of some foods. The liver serves to regulate the amount of blood components that circulate in peripheral blood. This includes the regulation of blood concentration of glucose and lipids after digestion. It also secretes bile which is important in the digestion of fats in diet. Salivary glands produce saliva which helps ...

Diabetes affects nearly >20% of adults older than 65 years in the US (CDC website, 2011). Diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) occurs when the body fails to produce insulin appropriately or does not properly respond to insulin. Glucose, the fuel for various cells in human bodies, requires insulin, a hormone to absorb and suitably utilize it. Blood glucose level gets elevated when the insulin signaling mechanism gets compromised. This can lead to a host of metabolic abnormalities that leads to serious health complications. Complications caused by persistent elevated sugar level include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure blindness, foot amputation and ...

The main component of a healthy and balanced diet is in the parity of consumed nutrients and subsequent use of energy with the background of individual specifics and genetically predispositions (Grosvenor and Smolin, 2012, p.35).

Although the general guide is that a healthy diet is on balance of all food types, placing the main emphasis on vegetables, fruits, and only then on grains and proteins; but this also means that it is not enough simply to have a balance of fruits, grains, vegetables and proteins in equal measures, the assessment of individual necessity of particular nutrients is crucial for a healthy diet (Grosvenor ...

Section 6

According to Silberstein and Joyce, avocado oil is the best oil for cooking because it has the highest smoke point, which means it does not develop unhealthy toxins at high temperatures (“Oils and Butter”). However, they fail to mention that avocado oil is stable at high temperatures only when it is refined while virgin oils usually have a smoke point lower than 400°F (Eyres, Sherpa, and Hendriks 87). With that in mind, I doubt I would make a transition to the recommended oils because even though refining those oils filters some impurities, a lot of nutrients are lost in the ...

Abstract

This paper will investigate whether or not artificial artificial affect obesity. Everything that is sweeten with sugar can now be sweetened with an artificial sweetener; and for pennies morewe can have all the pleasures of sweet with half the calories; and so we slip onto ignorant bliss unaware that we might be adding calories instead of taking off calories,

As Americans we have a phobia of hard work, so rather than reading the label on food we look for the word “diet.” Recent studies have shown that we might be putting on more weight with fewer calories from sugar. ...

Living organisms depend on biochemistry to power various chemical reaction cycles which are important for the overall biological functioning of an organism. Chemical reactions occur at a specific rate in certain conditions and require input energy (activation energy) to be supplied before a reaction can begin. Since a reaction cycle consist of many consecutive step, slowing one step slows down the whole cycle. Enzymes are proteins which act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and speeds up reactions to rates that are high enough for biological functioning. Enzymes manage this by providing an alternative reaction route with lower activation energy.

The breakdown of ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

The human body is constituted in about 20% by protein. Proteins, on their hand, are constituted by amino acids. Therefore, the intake of proteic food is very important so that the proteins of such foods may be metabolized and the amino acids and energy gathered to maintain the body’s protein levels.

The existence of correct amounts of amino acids in the body is essential for several functions:

- the body’s skeletal muscle constitution; - for transport of nutrients to the same cells; - cell repair; - cell communication: - influence on organs’ good function; - eliminating residues from metabolism; - amino acids are also nutrients in itself, ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

Visiting a carpentry shop, I came across a sand paper which may be the coarsest sand paper I ever touched. It felt like the grains are as course as the grains of the sand. After two minutes, I tried rubbing my fingers again but the sand paper seems to become fewer courses just like rubbing my fingers to a sugar in a cup. After another two minutes, I tried rubbing again my fingers to the sand paper and this time, it was not as coarse as the sugar anymore. The grains seemed to become finer just like the grains of a coffee. Thinking of ...

Introduction

The tongue is comprised of small chemosensory receptors which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour or bitter. The information from the receptors is conveyed through the facial nerve, the glosspharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. The masking of the taste of the drugs is often done for several reasons. Key among these reasons is to avoid irritation of the stomach and the gut in addition to prevention of inactivation of the drug once it gets to the stomach.

The taste masking technologies can be grouped under three major categories which are: novel technologies, physical barriers, solid dispersion and ...

One of the most dreadful diseases that could happen to an individual is diabetes and it really isn’t that easy to classify this life-threatening and organ-attacking disease because it does not only have a single type; it has two. IDDM or the Insulin Dependent Type and the NIDDM or the non-insulin Dependent types are the two general classifications of diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder in drug metabolism because it basically permits or even promotes high sugar blood levels in the body which is life-threatening. Hormones insulin and glucagon are the ones that are involved in the maintenance of a stable blood ...

Introduction

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are very important processes. This paper highlights these two processes by giving an in-depth explanation of how these processes occur, where they occur, their importance, and the equations. The paper starts with the photosynthesis process as it answers the guiding questions, and ends with the cellular respiration process. Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then storing it in sugar bonds. It occurs in plants and algae of the kingdom Protista. Photosynthesis is a process whereby the green plants utilize energy from the sun to convert water, carbon ...

Purpose

Develop a website for Sugar Daddy’s Bakery which will successfully advertise the business as well as implement effective branding for potential customers to see online. The website also aims to implement a look and feel similar to the business’ level of quality and personalized service a lot of cake and pastries shop fail to present. The website aims to promote Sugar Daddy’s Bakery for its home-style approach when it comes to baking cakes, desserts, and pastries that are only made from fresh ingredients. The offerings are categorized into cakes, cupcakes, cheesecakes, pies, cookies, bars, and squares, which will be available ...

Introduction

The Boston museum of Fine Arts has a large collection of objects that have different historical relevancies. Most of the objects have similar characteristics as far as texture and composition are concerned. However, individual differences in aspects such as the spatial illusion they portray and the color they have makes the objects unique. Over the years, the museum has done a great work in collecting different objects from different artists in order for them to be stored. This paper will analyze two objects from the museum: Sons of Liberty Bowl and the sugar box. Important to note is the fact that ...

- Introduction Ice cream has been the favourite dessert option for a majority of population worldwide. High fat, low fat -- all sorts of options along with the flavours are available in the ice cream world for ice cream lovers. However, made up of cream, ice cream somehow could not be accepted completely by those with a health food fetish. In such a scenario, chefs worldwide worked hard to find a way to please these health freaks. With the innovationists trying their best, a new dawn appeared in the form of frozen yogurt. - Thesis statement

"Frozen Yogurt really is as healthy as it has been touted"

- History of Frozen Yogurt ...

Since its discovery, many years ago, coffee has arguably become one of the most popular drinks in the world. Some people enjoy a cup of coffee as breakfast, while others take it during a formal engagement such as during a meeting or a date. It is for this reason that many researchers associated with the study of coffee have dedicated most of their efforts in discovering new types of coffee, improved methods of refining it, and also the most appropriate methods of preparing coffee. The reasons and impacts of drinking coffee are limitless. There are communities which relate coffee to various religious situations, ...

Consumption and Metabolism1–3 Analytical Summary

The main topic addressed by this review is Fructose and whether or not the fructose hypothesis is valid. It presents new information that (at the very least) arouses the consideration that fructose alone is not the evil culprit of diseases for which it was blamed. It suggests that fructose was unfairly evaluated. This is based on the fact that fructose is ingested alongside of other causative agents such as food additives, fats, other types of sugars and preservatives. Meanwhile, none of the other additives were put on trial in the same manner. He positions the reader to consider that ...

Question 1

Stress and blood sugar levels are closely linked. Stress may be caused by various environmental factors. This is especially common in today’s society that comprises of things occurring at high speeds. When the body is under severe stress, the body releases stress hormones, such as cortisol. Stress hormones cause an automatic increase in the level of blood sugar. Adrenalin, which is released during instances of flight and flight, has a similar effect. The main reason for this kind of functionality is to enable the body to have sufficient energy to react to the cause of the stress. Under ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive metabolic disease that affects a lot of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization more than 436 million people worldwide have diabetic mellitus; however that number will likely double by the year 2030 without any intervention. The needs of diabetic patients are not only limited to adequate glycemic control but also correspond with preventing complications, disability limitations and rehabilitation. There are a lot of essential care behaviors in people with diabetic which predict good outcomes such as healthy eating, being active, monitoring blood sugar, compliant with medications, and risk reduction behaviors. Diabetic mellitus is associated ...

Do sugar, red meat, and processed meat cause cancer?

Neily on Nutrition features Karen Collins, an advisor for American Institute of Cancer Research. Collin’s expertise for over 25 years can help understand several things about cancer-causing foods. People need to know key things about the cause of cancers and some myths about the matter. Does sugar cause cancer? Does red meat cause cancer? Does processed meat also cause cancer? These are the common questions asked by health conscious people. Technically, cancer cells are just like every cell in the human body that needs fuel for energy. Sugar is one of the needed substances to fuel the ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Reactions taking place in a biological system are usually catalyzed by enzymes. One of these enzymes is the cellobiase, which is works to degrade cellobiose into glucose monosaccharides. Just like any other enzyme, cellobiase works under very specific conditions and alteration of these factors may result in a reduction, in its activity. The experiment was done with an aim of studying the cellobiase in terms of its reaction rate and how factors such as temperature, pH concentration of enzyme and the substrate affect the rate of cellobiase activity. It was determined that cellobiase has an initial rate of a reaction ...

Evidences in recent times have revealed that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with several forms of microvascular and macrovascular events which occur overtime. These pathophysiologic changes influences the patients vessels and other organs of the body and one of the resultant effects which mostly associates with the condition is that of the cardiovascular system. These in most situations remain a major source of concern to the affected individual. The changes are from the line of thrombotic aftermath is a pathologic problem which caused by accumulation of fatty tissues and cells within the blood vessels. Once this form of pathologic ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Cellobiase is an enzyme that is involved in hydrolyzing the products of the exocellulase (cellobiose) to form individual monosaccharides. The process breaking down cellobiose is a natural process and helps most organisms produce glucose for use as a source of food. This experiment aimed to study the cellobiase by determining its rate of reaction and effects pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate or enzyme on the rate of reaction. The initial rate of a reaction catalyzed by cellobiase enzyme is 11.25nmole/Minute with the optimum temperature being 37OC and the optimum pH was pH5. The activity of the enzyme is also ...

Pathophysiology: NRS-410V

2014 Type 1 Diabetes: the Islet Cells Transplant Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in the endocrine system. The pancreas produce insulin hormone to control the level of blood sugar. The amount of insulin needed depends on the blood sugar levels that center the body’s cells. Thus, for a person that has diabetes, the pancreas produce either inadequate amount of insulin or no insulin at all. There are two main forms of diabetes, known type 1 and type 2. Type 1diabetes or Juvenile-onset diabetes develops early in life, usually in children or young adults. Type 1 diabetes yields either ...

Lab Partner’s Name:

Room Number 428 Lab Date and Time Wed AM Abstract Bananas are a fruit that must be transported under specific conditions to avoid ripening before they reach their destination. Fruit ripening can be quantified by examining the levels of glucose residues that are hydrolyzed from complex carbohydrates such as starches. This study set out to determine whether banana ripeness could be quantified using a DNS assay. This assay was also used to identify which storage conditions serve best for maintaining bananas during transport. The results of this study indicate that refrigeration can prevent banana fruit from overripening during ...

The case of Eleanor Ostrowski v Lynn M. Azzara was a case principally regarding the legal significance of a medical malpractice claimant’s pre-treatment health habits. Ostrowski, the plaintiff, consulted Dr. Azzara, the defendant, who was a podiatrist, for an inflamed left big toe. Azzara examined it and diagnosed Ostrowski with a fungal disease on the toenail requiring its removal. She further did a test that revealed high blood sugar level and some peripheral vascular disease. Ostrowski had always been highly diabetic and insulin-dependent, a heavy smoker and obese. Azzara explained the risk of losing the limb if the blood sugar levels and weight were ...

Our world is full of technology. No matter where we are we are surrounded by televisions, computers, smartphones, and radios. On all of these devices are advertisements for anything from skincare products to health insurance. Many of these advertisements are bright, colorful and aimed directly at children. Children are an easy target and one branch of marketing seems to understand this better than others: the food industry. Food industries such as Kellogg’s and General Mills have been using funny and colorful cartoon character to attract children to their cereal for decades. Perhaps none of these characters are ...

This study aimed at characterizing the regulation of oxygen-sensing pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Cells were extracted from umbilical cord blood (UCB), adult bone marrow, and pediatric bone marrow. Expression of HIF-1a and PHDs in the three cells were determined under hypoxia and normoxia. The following activities were performed while conducting the study: cell culture and osteoinduction, characterization of hMSCs using flow cytometric method, hypoxic exposure and Western blot analysis, Quantitative Real -Time RT-PCR (Q-PCR), Glucose and Lactate Assays, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Determination of pH of the culture media, and Statistical Analyses. The results showed ...

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes, a disease where the blood sugar content is supposed to increase above the normal range. The disease has become quite prevalent in the world today. Almost every third adult we meet is diabetic. Not just adults, nowadays diabetes has caught hold of the children too. It is a common finding to get a diabetic child almost in every school. Nowadays even adolescents and young children are exhibiting the occurrence of the disease. More commonly, it is the obese children who run a high risk of the disease, children with a positive family history of diabetes are also at an increased risk (CDC.gov, ...

When considering what effects the development of the sugar industry in the British Caribbean had on the structure of society during the 17th century, it becomes apparent that there are various important factors involved that contribute to both the political and economic institutions of the Caribbean. These factors include not only the state of the industry itself, and the effects of its growth upon the social structure of the Caribbean islands that were held by the British. These changes had lasting effects upon the underlying institutions of the cultures that lived there. There were various impacts that had a ...

A cell is a functional, structural and a biological unit in all living organisms. They are the smallest unit of life and can replicate independently. Living cells exist in both plants and animals. They have some fundamental requirements that enable to sustain themselves such as electron acceptors, electron donors an energy source and even a carbon source. Carbon in living cells and mostly plants is every vital for the plant cells. Plants intake carbon dioxide in the process of respiration and with the addition of water and energy obtained from sunlight, it makes glucose and produce oxygen gas. The formation of ...

All cells have what is called a primary structure, which is what determines the cell’s properties, or genetic code. That structure comprises a number of what may be called “chemical building blocks”, and it is the precise arrangement and chemical sequences of those building blocks that create the unique construction and function of any cell type. Bacteria cells are a relatively simple cell type and contain nucleotides, two types of acid: amino and fatty, and sugars. The nucleotides store and retrieve the cell’s biological information, or DNA and RNA, as well as having an important role in the transfers of ...

The cellular components in bacteria that are created from building blocks include polysaccharides, peptidoglycan and ribosomes. Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures that come into existence from repeating units that are bonded by glycosidic bonds. They provide energy by breaking down starches into glucose. In addition, the glucose produced is also important in treating shock in the bacteria cell. On the other hand, peptidoglycan is a polymer that has sugars and amino acids that form a layer outside the plasma membrane of the bacteria. It forms the cell wall of the bacteria. This component plays a structural role in the bacteria cell ...

Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in the liver is the phosphorylation of ...

(Name of the class) (City, State)

Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

Introduction

Have you ever pondered why many Americans today are victims of terminal diseases? Certainly, it is hard to comprehend with such thoughts yet the truth is; many Americans today suffer from terminal illnesses that are elicited by their eating habits. An individual’s dietary habits play a critical role in determining the health status. Poor dietary habits, especially the consumption of fast foods occurs as one of the most comprehensive factor that predisposes people to chronic illnesses that are expensive to manage. Apart from dietary practices, physical activity exercises such as going to the gym at least four times in a ...

The ban on soda in New York City by the city’s mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is a move by the government to safeguard the people of New York against health implications associated with obesity. This is normally caused by high uptake of sugary beverages with high amounts of sugar and calories. The ban aims at restricting establishments in the city dealing with food services to offer drinks that are larger than sixteen ounces. This move was aimed at a large variety of soft drinks and other beverages. However, the move offered exceptions to some such as fruit juices, alcohol and ...

A NEW DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR DIABETES

According to WHO recommendation of 2011, a new diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes has been proposed. The proposed method is use of HbA1c levels for the analysis of diabetes and its related outcomes. More than as a diagnostic tool, it is used as a prognosis marker. The level of Hb1Ac indicates the severity of diabetes and how grave the disease can turn into. It can also be used as a screening test to determine the chances of developing diabetes in high risk patients, that is, the patients having a sedentary lifestyle, improper eating habits, pre existing heart diseases, patients with a positive family ...

Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works of ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...