Essays on Vitro

AIDS, Early pregnancy and Artificial conception are just some of the main issues commonly interrelated with fertility or reproduction, both of which are sensitive topics, that ironically must be given more attention academically. This paper is divided in two parts. The first part tackles In-Vitro Fertilization and other kinds of artificial conception, and the correlation of AIDS, early pregnancy and prostitution, while the latter part focuses the socio-economic and health impacts of AIDS and prostitution with more emphasis on developing countries.

Emergence of Artificial Conception

Artificial insemination and In-Vitro Fertilization are just two ways of replicating pregnancy through the normal process of ...

Zaraska, Marta. "Is Lab-Grown Meat Good for Us?" The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 Aug. 2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

This article reports on the possible advantages lab-grown meat has over conventional meat. The first discussed advantage is the ability to alter the fat and iron content of the cultured meat. Saturated fats and heme iron are implicated in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and also certain cancers. Nutrition can also be altered by fortifying the cultured meat with vitamins and minerals, much like in the addition of vitamins in fruit juices. Another advantage is the decrease in risk of zoonosis, which occurs when infectious diseases are transferred from farmed animals to people. There are also distinct environmental advantages of growing ...

On the fifth of July 1996 the first cloned sheep was born, they called her ‘Dolly’ and she sparked off one of the hottest debates of the twentieth century, the debate over the nature of and consequences of cloning a human being, thus starting the idea of bio-ethics. Science furthering the lifespan of the human race has been at the core of scientific research since the dawn of time, organ donor-ship, organ transplants, advances in medical technology, like in vitro fertilisation, what seemed like science fiction to people of the past are now commonplace, everyday affair for those living ...

Introduction

Ethical dilemmas surround surrogacy and the donation of egg and/or sperm? The Dilemma of surrogate mothers in India Dilemma of multiple pregnancies from in-vitro conception Conclusion Abstract This document contains an analysis of assisted reproduction practices, especially, with reference to India. The ethical implications will be thoroughly explored from the perspective of it being a dilemma whereby surrogacy involving the egg /sperm donation poses immense moral difficulties justifying the process. Recent developments reveal that the process presents a dilemma for surrogate mothers in India due to financial commitments and incidences of multiple pregnancies occurring from in-vitro ...

Facts and Conclusion

Facts and Conclusion Before we describe what three-parent in vitro fertilization is, let us first define what in vitro fertilization (I.V.F) is in the first place. In vitro fertilization is a process wherein the man’s sperm and a woman’s egg are fertilized outside the woman’s body (Storck, 2014). Once fertilization occurs and the fertilized egg divides to become an embryo, the embryo is placed in the uterus (womb) of the woman. Pregnancy in this sense happens once the embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus (Storck, 2014). The process of in vitro fertilization is often ...

Abstract:

For every medicine, for every poison, for every food or anything that would entail human use or consumption; there would always be a test subject that would make sure it is safe for use, consume or dispose. While there are human trial tests in laboratories nowadays to test new strains of medicine, food or scientific improvement; scientists would often test their theories in animals if they would produce positive results that would be advantageous for humans. Nowadays, the issue on continuing animal testing in laboratories for whatever use has been questioned by animal rights groups and concerned citizens to the ...

Stem cell research has been termed by several health practitioners and scholars as one of the greatest milestones in medical research. Stem cells can be defined as any cells that have the ability to divide and thus can be specialized into any of the different kinds of cells found in the body . Such specialization and growth of cells into any of the functional cells implies that physicians can use the technology to cure many cell-related diseases. For instance, stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells due to cancer. Other diseases may lead to the damaging and degradation ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

Introduction

The neurophysiology of nerve pulses in the cell were the subject of the online laboratory experiment in order to better understand neuron communication from inside a cell to the outside of a cell. One of the incredible characteristics of the nervous system is its capability to communicate due to the existence of neurons. Neurons show a measurable response to their environment by producing an electrical signal. We can smell due to olfactory sensory neurons that can directly react to perfume, food or anything with an odor; these odors are the sensory stimuli. The function of the receptor potential is to trigger an ...

Discussion

Periostin, an ECM protein, was named because of its expression in the periodontal ligament and periosteum of adult mice.30 PN is expressed in tissue growth and remodeling, as in cardiac and valvular development and disease, wound repair, tumor tissues, and inflammation.31-37 PN is also widely expressed in various atherosclerotic vascular lesions: it could be located in the intima, preatheroma regions, and the extracellular matrix of advanced lesions with calcification. PN variants are associated with extent of atherosclerosis in young persons, which suggest the importance of PN in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall.38,39 This study used ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma is a devastating disease that oftentimes results in a poor prognosis because there are few effective chemotherapeutic options. The renal carcinoma cell line 769-P is an ideal in vitro model for investigating novel drug treatments for renal cell carcinoma. Two drugs that may potentially reduce renal cell carcinoma proliferation are Actinomycin D and phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA). Both of these drugs have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation in other in vitro models of cancer. This study examined the effects of Actinomycin D and PMA treatment on the proliferation of 769-P cells. Cell viability studies indicate that ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

The authors sought to determine if commercially available plastic resin bottles and products, which are advertised as bisphenol a free, actually release chemicals that possess estrogenic activity. The researchers quantified the amount of chemicals, with estrogenic activity, which were leached into saline or ethanol extracts, released by many commercially available plastics. The researchers concluded that many plastics were wrongly characterized as not having estrogenic activity because they were extracted only with one solvent. These materials, the researchers also pointed out, were not exposed to any form of common-use stress. The authors also announced that they can identify existing compounds, ...

The paper with the title “Hemoglobin: A Gas-Transport Molecule That Is Hormonally Regulated in the Ovarian Follicle in Mice and Humans” has been researched and written by researchers from University of Adelaide, Australia. Some of the important points related to this paper have been presented under the questions.

Introduction and Background:

Hypothesis of the paper

Researchers hypothesized and explored the temporal variations of hemoglobin expression and the genes controlling heme biosynthesis. They have also hypothesized that the possible function of hemoglobin is oxygen transport during in vitro maturation under low oxygen incubation conditions and tested it.

Why authors worked on this experiment?

Initially researchers found Hbb and ...

Part I

C. Discuss Cherlin’s argument for why Americans have both high rates of marriage and high rates of divorce compared to other industrialized nations. Andrew Cherlin reviewed the historical changes while noting that marriage still remained the most common and effective living arrangement for bringing up of children. However, children are more likely to grow up in single-parent families, and to experience instability of families especially minority and poor children. His view why the US has high marriage and divorce rates, which is called family metabolism, is attributed to cultural and economic forces that have continually transformed family ...

Science furthering the lifespan of the human race has been at the core of scientific research since the dawn of time, organ donor-ship, organ transplants, advances in medical technology, like in vitro fertilisation and cloning, what seemed like science fiction to people of the past are now commonplace, everyday affairs for those living today. Yesterday’s science fiction becomes tomorrow’s science fact. What if we could genetically alter babies to be immune to all diseases, what if we could breed them to be super intelligient, physically strong or talented? What if people could choose the traits of ...

Animal research has been used for a multitude of reasons. Few consumers realize that their money is going to fund animal research when in reality both tax dollars and charitable donations and more everyday seemingly harmless actions often channel substantial amounts of consumer dollars towards animal testing and research. Many citizens would be disturbed to learn the extraordinary cruelty perpetrated on millions or animals a year in the name of science. In this modern age, animal research is all but obsolete with higher quality and more efficient methods of testing available. So why does animal research still persist? By exploring the ...

Unconventional computer

Recently, there has been a growing interest into the development of hybrid wetware silicon devices focused on its applications in non-linear media computing and more specifically in cultured neurons. The objective of this research is to exploit the partially understood operations of vitro –neural networks to carry out more advanced computations effectively as compared to traditional architecture in order to facilitate the understanding of how the nervous system works. The outcomes of this study have come with it the increase in machines that have improved capability of cell culturing, wetware silicon interfacing as well as neurobiology. Medically these systems have ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

Abstract

This paper examines the arguments for and against the sue of animals in experiments. It offers a brief examination of the historical development of the opposition to using animals; it considers the question form the practical and the ethical standpoint; it examines some of the evidence which shows the inefficiency and unreliability of animal use; and it also shows the way ethical standpoints have changed in the 21st century.

Key words: the three Rs; in vitro testing ; principle of equality; human volunteers; computer simulations.

All over the world in research laboratories, animals are made use of to test new medicines ...

1.0 Introduction

The article reviewed in this paper is ‘In vitro fertilization as a Medical Treatment for male or female Infertility’ published by Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) in 2002. The paper was chosen because it comprehensively covers the subject of in vitro fertilization (IVF). In summary the paper looks at the history of the technology, the major approaches available, the outcomes, the success rate and the funding/ insurance policies on the same. In vitro fertilization is modern technology that is employed in the medical field as a remedy for infertility in either man or female. The message conveyed by the author is ...

The experiment aimed to show that Blm10 protein elevates the turnover of proteasomal substrate through an active gating mechanism. This was to be done by showing that Blm10 enhances degradation that is proteasome-mediated in vitro using hypophosphorylated unstructured tau-441 as the substrate.

The objective was achieved using various stains such as BY4741, yMS63, yMS94, yMS122b, yMS131, yMS152, yMS159, and yMS476 among others. To start with, the proteasomal activity was assayed by determining gate opening in yeast CP/20S proteasome by the C terminal peptides. Phenotypic analysis was also done by growing the stains overnight in YPD and diluted to a density ...

1. Personal perspective of the future of epidemiological research

Epidemiology is a wide and diverse field that requires a researcher to narrow down to one of the several paths. My perspective of the future epidemiological research has to do with medical research. There are several emerging infectious and noninfectious disease that continue to threaten the very existence of the human race. Of particular interest, the so called lifestyle disease such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, obesity and many others, have an immense impact on the quality of human life due to the fact that many reports indicate that the prevalence of these diseases (once thought to be diseases of old ...

Kathyann

Abstract Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

Abstract

It has been observed that cAC10 , a monoclonal antibody that is chimeric, has the capacity to cause the in vitro arrest of the growing of the CD30+ cell lines in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)in models of mice having Hodgkin disease (Chiarle et al. , 1999; Weiner and Adams, 2000 ). Thus, it can `be said that these antibodies have antitumor activity.

Introduction

The potency of CD30 +-targeted mAb activity was increased by generating an drug and antibody conjugate, “cAC10-vcMMAE”. MMAE is a synthetic analog of dolastatin 10. “cAC10-vcMMAE” has potent cytotoxic activity against CD30 expressing cell lines and has exhibited stability in physiological ...

Medical advances have no doubt done a lot for individuals with one medical condition or the other. Chronic medical conditions can now be managed; some genetic conditions are also being managed because of advances in technology. For instance, in the past, when in-vitro fertilization was invented, it was illegal because of the moral issues people had with it. However, nowadays, in-vitro fertilization has become so common nowadays. In-vitro fertilization has also given succor to a lot of couples who have one challenge or the other with their reproductive tract. Nowadays, they can also be given a chance to have their own ...

Animal experimentation has been widespread for numerous years and in some parts of the world it still is. The earliest references about animals being used for experimental reasons are dated back in the 4th and 2nd century B.C., when Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose writings were also focused on biology, and Greek anatomist Erasistratus, conducted experiments on animals (Cohen and Loew). Throughout the years, animal testing and especially vivisection has raised high levels of controversy and criticism. Vivisection is defined as the surgical act conducted on living animals in order to examine the internal structure of the animal for biomedical ...

The adult stem cells refer to the undifferentiated cells that are found all through the body after the body has undergone development (Jurukovski, 2012). The adult stem cells multiply through division in order to replenish the cells that are dying as well as regenerating the tissues that have been damaged. These cells are also referred to as somatic stem cells and are found in juvenile and adult animals as well as human bodies. The ability of the adult stem cells to divide or have an indefinite self–renewal has gathers great interest in science. The cells have been suggested ...

Recent studies have shown that mouse and human fibroblasts can be re-encoded into an advanced stem cell–like state when a combination of transcription aspects is introduced. Conversely, the salutary probable of induced pluripotent stem cells have remained indefinite. One of the things that make this article interesting is that it explores how the mice can be salvaged after uprooting by use of cultivated sickle cell anemia mouse model. This article also exclusively stipulates how this was achieved after rectification of the human, sickle hemoglobin. The article also presents the major goal of human therapy, which is developed, using methods ...

The term bioethics was coined in the early 1970s by biologists who brought to the public’s attention two pressing issues; the need to maintain the plant’s ecology and the implication of advances in the life sciences toward manipulating human nature. Van Rensselaer Potter has focused on the growing human ability to change the nature, including human nature and the implication of this for our global future [ CITATION Van71 \l 1033 ]. While bioethics has been interdisciplinary since its inception, theology played a fundamental role in its creation. It continues to have a profound influence today also. At its inception, ...

- Summary After a heart attack, the restoration of the cardiac function depends on the ability of the heart to generate cardiomyocytes, or new muscle cells. The ability is, however, weak and wanes with age. The alternative strategy involves delivering the newly grown cardiomyocytes to the damaged heart tissue. It requires the use of either induced pluripotent stem (iPS) or the embryonic stem (ES) cells. Embryos are the only sources of ES cells. On the other hand, the in vitro reprogramming of adult differentiated cells transforms them into undifferentiated stem cells. The method allows the production of iPS cells ...

I am responding to an article dated 16th December, 2013 posted on Articlesbase under the caption health medical tourism written by Sanjaygupta. It is entitled ‘Go Surrogacy India a place to where dreams come true.’ The author’s argument advances that the options offered for surrogacy in Indian are phenomenal because the process is 100% successful; far less expensive than when conducted in United States of America and other developed countries; laws are more parent-friendly; quality of treatment is internationally compatible and surrogates are easier to find (Sanjaygupta, 2013). This is definitely commendable, but the article while discussing the ...

Neupogen is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor that is in man-made form. The bacterium that is used in making this drug is Escherichia coli. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor substance is produced by stimulation of the body cells. Neupogen drug has been widely used and has shown great effectiveness previously in patients suffering from cancer. It is preferred to people fighting cancer since it can stimulate the replication of the white blood cells in the body mostly referred to as the neutrophils. The benefit of the production of more blood cells among these patients is because the latter reduces their body’s’ vulnerability ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation Colney and Pitts is a California based pharmaceutical company generating annual sales of $50 million. It is the chief producer in America of herbal remedies for prostate illnesses like prostate cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, incontinence, dysuria, polyuria and nycturia. The company has learned that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be found in Aberdares mountain ranges in eastern highlands of Kenya. With this information, the company wants to build a manufacturing plant near the mountain ranges. It has been known that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be used as an alternative medicine for ...

INTRODUCTION:

The stem cell research has been debated ever since the birth of it. However, the categorization of the stem cell research has been defined in a wrong manner. Moreover, the media is sensationalizing the topic. This has resulted in a wrong notion that all stem cell research is unethical. This is a wrong notion of the research because there are two types of stem cell research. The adult stem cell research is ethical than the embryonic stem cell research. Adult stem cell research refers to the usage of matured cells from mature adult human being without killing the host. On the ...

Complete Name of Professor

In his book entitled Redesigning Humans: Choosing Our Genes, Changing Our Future, Gregory Stock observes that genetic profiling and pre-conception screenings will soon become obligatory because of its supposed ideal advantages. He believes that humanity will soon be tracking the path to genetic manipulation. Many healthcare facilities in many parts of the world today offer pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, which aims to evaluate the health of embryos whether they are inflicted with diseases or have higher chances of developing genetic disorders. Also, there are medical procedures available today that would allow prospective parents to avail of sex selection. Stock finds ...

There exists about 300,000 plant species on earth, and every individual plant hosts one or more endophytes. However, it is just a few of these plants that have been researched relative to their endophytic biology. Hence, the chance for isolation of new, as well as, interesting endophytic bacteria in plants are important. Endophytic bacteria can be referred to as bacteria that can be isolated from tissues of a surface-disinfected plant or bacteria extracted from inside of a plant, which cause no visible negative effects to the plant. Almost every plant is populated by varied bacteria referred to as endophytes. Majority of ...

A review of the article by Jankowska, et al., 2008, titled “Reduction of human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit expression by modified U1 snRNA caused apoptosis in cervical cancer cells” Jankowska, et al in their article published in the journal “Molecular Cancer” demonstrate the expression of hCG-beta in cervical cancer and examine the functional significance of hCG- in-vitro cervical cancer cells by making use of modified U1snRNA to silence the mRNA of hCG-. Silencing of the maturation of mRNA by use of a novel silencing technique results in inhibition of growth and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Lipofectamine 2000 ...

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English [Number]

[Date Month Year]

Introduction Originally, 3D printing technologies were designed for nonbiological materials, such as metals, ceramics and thermoplastic polymers (Murphy and Atala 6). However, recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues, giving rise to a new technology referred to as ‘3D Bioprinting.’ However, unlike non-biological 3D printing, it involves important complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues (Murphy and Atala 1). Overall, 3D ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants but they also ...

Lab report #

Introduction In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

The product opportunity is based on the consistent on awareness on different types of cancer with a global date set to create global awareness annually. The awareness programs and campaigns are largely aimed at advocating need for testing among patients for early diagnosis in relation to creating a cancer free environment. However, the fact that those diagnosed are offered a new chance to fight the disease indicates the essence of chemotherapy drugs to facilitate full recovery of these patients. The significant problems that Chemotherapeutic Anti-cancer agents are likely to solve due to the compounds that it possess with potent activity within ...

Article Analysis: Ad5 Specific

Article Analysis: Ad5 Specific Since its discovery in 1983, scientists and researchers have been working hard to neutralize the threat of HIV against humans . This advance has included many strategies. Researchers have tried counterattacking the virus while it still hibernates in monkeys, once it was concluded that is where HIV originated . Other strategies have included offsetting the virus after it becomes active in humans. Unfortunately, some of these vaccinations, such as the Ad5 vaccination, allowed the vaccine to progress further, as seen in human trials . Other vectors, such as CMV were used in order to correct Ad5, and ...

Abstract

The primary aim of anticancer therapies is to induce the death of tumor cells. Cisplatin has done a good job in achieving this aim, which explains why it is the most commonly used adjuvant therapy of cancers. However, the success of applying CDDP and any other platinum compounds for cancer chemotherapy depends enormously on the ability to manage its side effects. This paper reviews the studies and literatures on cisplatin and some other similar platinum compounds. It presents its history and background, chemistry, mechanism of activity, as well as the side effects.

Introduction

The cisplatin has been described as a tiny little ...

In line with the issue, selecting the best Children, both the authors pointed that technology also gives us the privilege. The privelage of ensuring that the future generation would be more predisposed to being smarter, happier and healthier compared to the generation they preceded. One the points the authors pointed out that relates to this issue is the right (or freedom) to select the sexual partners to ensure that the genetical makeup is at par with what the couple wants. Other issues used by the authors to highlight their point in the concept include medical procedures such as Pre-implantation ...

Parenthood is an important period in the life of any family and avoiding mistakes on that path is crucial for creating a cohesive family unit. Sometimes, the unexpected happens and the couple is waiting for a child, even though it was not planned. For many of them, it causes frustration and determination to change it so that the carefully laid plans they had before are not ruined. However, the morality is in question. There are varying points of view regarding this idea. There are many clashes nowadays between the supporters of pro-life and pro-choice stances on abortion. The pro-life ideas ...

(Author’s Full Name)

The field of science and technology is ever-changing and continuously evolving. New discoveries and inventions are being devised by the minute. Old discoveries are revised, edited, deleted and updated. Scientists are working all across the world to improve the lives of people by experimenting with different drugs, medicines and technologies, as well as, using organic materials. Their particular focus over the past 50 years has been on stem cell technology. The concept of stem cells dates back to the early 1900s. However, detailed experimentation and examination of stem cells started in the United States ...

i(Name)

The process in which embryos that have been harvested from a patient are kept in a frozen state and then implanted into the same patient or a different patient is known as frozen embryo transfer. The process was first done successfully in human in July 1983 where an embryo was transferred from one woman and implanted into another woman. The process starts with the introduction of in vitro fertilization fertility drugs to stimulate the ovaries to release numerous eggs than usual. Once the eggs are produced, they are collected and subjected to fertilization using the sperms from the donor who ...

The regeneration of nerves throughout the human body has been a subject of much interest in biology recently. The unique characteristics of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide insights into the mechanisms occurring after once damage occurs. A good understanding of tThe differences between these mechanisms also may lead to new therapies for nerve-damaged patients, including stroke patients. Following injury, the nerves in the CNS of an adult mammal will not regenerate, while the PNS will. These differences appear in every stage of axon regeneration. Within hours of axotomy, the PNS begins ...

Every year, a number of animals are locked up and subjected to tests that cause them pain and even death. This is through the animal testing procedure. Animal experimentation is a procedure whereby non-animals are tested and used to develop treatments, check the safety of products for human use, and other commercial and biomedical uses. It is estimated that, over 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for animal experiments. Animal testing is a controversial topic and like any other contentious subject, it faces a great number of support and opposition depending on human perception. It has various advantages ...

In evolution, medicine, as well as ecology, it is recognized that nature together with symbiotic interactions’ outcome are frequently context-dependent. However, the importance of context-dependence in symbiosis associated with diseases of wildlife. The availability of information that context-dependent symbiosis is important and common has resulted in evolutionary theory development, enhanced the apprehension of activity of bicontrol in agriculture and intensified the apprehension of ecologies of several species and contributed to human medicine. The authors of this paper reviewed the proof for context-dependency in symbioses, in various taxa, as well as disciplines. Symbioses are used as a variable, and chytridiomycosis, the ...

Embryonic stem cells have the tendency to divide for long duration and continue to have their capacity to make all cell types within the organism. Thus they are termed pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from embryos which are particularly obtained from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro. The embryonic stem cells are recognized by two distinctive properties – their pluripotency and their ability to replicate indefinitely. Cell culture is a procedure wherein the embryonic stem cells are grown inside the laboratory. The human embryonic stem cells are first separated by removing the inner cell mass into ...

Introduction

Modern developments in science and technologies related to human health include significant numbers of medical jurisprudence issues, clearly demonstrating the conflict of moral values. Among them considerable attention is to be paid to the control of fertility issues, which include such modern challenges as control of the nature of the family (e.g., selecting the gender of a future child), manipulation of the family genetic pool, as well as questions, traditional for philosophical and legal debate, such as usage of contraception, sterilization and termination of pregnancy (abortion) (Mason&Laurie 154) Abortion is included into the range of issues under study due ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Stem cells have a major role in the biological processes. Because of the ability of the stem cells to divide, they are important in the development of an organism and repair of damaged tissues. Stem cells have the potential to treat degenerative diseases like diabetes, Parkinson’s and heart disease. The unique characteristics of stem cells include its ability to divide, replicate and renew themselves for long periods. They are unspecialized; thus, they can produce specialized cell types. They can differentiate into other cells. Stem cells have regenerative abilities which make it useful in therapeutic interventions. They can produce ...

<Student’s name> <Professor’s name>

Introduction Cloning (biology) is a natural occurrence or reception through multiple genetically identical organisms by asexual (including vegetative) reproduction. The term "cloning" in the same sense and is often used in relation to the cells of multicellular organisms. Cloning is also known as getting a number of identical copies of genetic molecules (molecular cloning). Finally, cloning is also commonly referred biotechnological techniques are used to obtain clones artificial organisms, cells or molecules. A group of genetically identical organisms or cells is a clone. Cloning is widespread in nature in different organisms. ...