Essays on Neutrophil

The activity of AMPK supports the normal function of the endothelial barrier (Xing, Wang, Coughlan, Viollet, Moriasi, & Zou, 2013), while on the other hand, the exposure of LPS ensures that there is inhibition of AMPK, thus accentuating lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction (Kratzer et al., 2012). It is a fact that LPS increases the permeability of the endothelium, which occurs once there is a decrease in the AMPK activity. This is consistent with the fact that the activation of AMPK activator, AICAR, emphasizes LP, once it is applied in vitro to test the hyper endothelial permeability. Experiments done ...

This refers to moulds of a particularly microbial genus commonly found in the digestive system, decaying vegetable matter, plant surfaces, and soil. Depending on the route of infection, mucor can result in two types of infection (Ibrahim, Spellberg, Walsh, & Kontoyiannis, 2012). In the case of pulmonary exposure, the victim inhales fungal spores found in the environment which may cause an infection to develop in the sinuses, face, eyes and lungs. During cutaneous exposure, the fungus enters the skin via puncture wounds, cuts, or scrapes. Mucormycosis, though rare is an infection attributed to the organisms belonging to a group of ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

Neupogen is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor that is in man-made form. The bacterium that is used in making this drug is Escherichia coli. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor substance is produced by stimulation of the body cells. Neupogen drug has been widely used and has shown great effectiveness previously in patients suffering from cancer. It is preferred to people fighting cancer since it can stimulate the replication of the white blood cells in the body mostly referred to as the neutrophils. The benefit of the production of more blood cells among these patients is because the latter reduces their body’s’ vulnerability ...

[University’s name] According to DeWit and Kumagai (2013), patients with hematological disorders are given wide spectrum of treatment while the most common hematological disorder is anemia. Nevertheless, ferrous sulfate that is given to address iron deficiency anemia can cause gastrointestinal disturbance like nausea and nurses should keep a check on constipation. According to Adams and Urban (2013), ferrous sulfate should be given in empty stomach. This drug can turn the stool color to black and nurses should make sure that the drug is not taken with milk because it reduces absorption from gut. Sustained release or enteric coated ...

Indoor Air Pollution: Diagnosing the Causatives and Effects

Indoor air pollution is the presence of physical, chemical and biological contaminants in the indoor air that are never present in the quality and environmental friendly atmosphere. These contaminants can be particulates, gases, moulds or radon which is the main causes of the pollution. The human immune system protects the entire body against the negative effects of these contaminants. The contaminants impair the immune system after prolonged exposure. A survey published on the metropolitan area of Toronto revealed that almost 2 percents of the annual deaths were caused by indoor air pollution (Tom, 1996). In this essay, we have ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It has generally ...

Introduction

Neutrophils are produced from hematopoietic cells. Before these hematopoietic cells mature into fully functional neutrophils and enter the blood stream, they migrate through three cellular compartments, namely, the mitotic compartment, post-mitotic compartment and the storage compartment. Neutropenia is a condition characterized by decrease in the neutrophil count. Neutrophils are essential for fighting infections in the body. Common causes of neutropenia are chemotherapy, autoimmune disorders, drug reactions and genetic reasons. Absolute blood neutrophil count (ANC) in mild neutropenia is between 1.0 and 1.5 109/L. In severe neutropenia, the ANC is less than 0.5 109/L. Neutropenia can either be inherited or acquired. ( ...

Differentiation of white blood cells by light microscopy

Most mammals have blood consisting of three types of blood cells, Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes) and Platelets (Thrombocyte). These are collectively termed as hematocyte, which simply means blood cell. These cells constitute to around 40% to 45% of the blood volume. The remaining consist of Plasma, which is referred to the liquid part of blood. The total volume of blood can be determined by centrifugation or flow cytometry. The 45% of blood component (blood cells) is termed as hematocrit. Another important component of blood is hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. It is ...