Essays on Bacteria

Probiotics

Probiotics are organisms that are supposed or held to have a pronounced role in improving human health. A good example of such probiotics is bacteria that are found in food and some supplements. They help in the digestion and they are as well important in boosting the immune system of an individual. One may wonder why it may be necessary to take live bacteria, when we spend a lot of time killing bacteria with the use of antibiotics. The reason is simple and this may include the right balance of bacteria in our bodies since they are of great ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

- Introduction
Ice cream has been the favourite dessert option for a majority of population worldwide. High fat, low fat -- all sorts of options along with the flavours are available in the ice cream world for ice cream lovers. However, made up of cream, ice cream somehow could not be accepted completely by those with a health food fetish. In such a scenario, chefs worldwide worked hard to find a way to please these health freaks. With the innovationists trying their best, a new dawn appeared in the form of frozen yogurt.
- Thesis statement

"Frozen Yogurt really is as healthy as it has been touted"

- History of ...

English

Fighting Superbugs; more refined tactics need to be discovered
Frequent use of antibiotics promotes growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbugs. These bacteria are immune to the strongest medications. Despite the great progress in healthcare and medical technology, antibiotic resistant bacteria still need to be addressed very effectively. Superbugs are at rage against the humankind. An estimated one in twenty, or five percent, of patients now pick up a threatening superbug infection from the hospitals and this number is rising all the time. A recent study has shown that more than 1.7 million patients in the United States develop ...

There exists about 300,000 plant species on earth, and every individual plant hosts one or more endophytes. However, it is just a few of these plants that have been researched relative to their endophytic biology. Hence, the chance for isolation of new, as well as, interesting endophytic bacteria in plants are important. Endophytic bacteria can be referred to as bacteria that can be isolated from tissues of a surface-disinfected plant or bacteria extracted from inside of a plant, which cause no visible negative effects to the plant. Almost every plant is populated by varied bacteria referred to as ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent ...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to ...

Observation and background information

The gypsy moth is one of the most devastating forest pests. It is currently one of the most damaging tree defoliators in the United States. It originated from Europe in 1868 (Davidson 12). The first gypsy moth in the United States occurred in the Boston area. The outbreak can quickly and effectively destroy forests. The gypsy moths are voracious eaters, and they completely destroy the entire trees. Their destruction impact forest and other related industries. The gypsy moths have natural few enemies because they are nonnative (Davidson 65).
The Gypsy moth causes various environmental and economic impacts. The Gypsy ...

Internet Encyclopedia of Garbage

- Term: Nitrogen Cycle Page of Coffel text:

Term: Nitrogen Cycle
Page Title: The Nitrogen Cycle: Processes, Players, and Human Impact
Organization Operating Server: Nature Education
Hyperlink: The Nitrogen Cycle: Processes, Players, and Human Impact
Brief Justification of Web Site as Appropriate: This page is from the Nature Education Knowledge Project. It explains the nitrogen cycle and illustrates how important it is for the survival of ecosystems which sustain plant and animal life. The implications of human interference with the nitrogen cycle are also explained.

Web Site No.: 2

Term: Nitrogen Cycle

Page Title: Water Treatment Solutions

Organization Operating Server: Lenntech
Hyperlink: Water Treatment Solutions
Brief Justification of ...

- pour the unfiltered water through the build filter and collect the filtered water with a glass from the hole made on the cap
- Conclusion

Water we consume comes from rivers, lakes and some of it from ground water. This water may appear clean for consumption; however, it is crucial to ensure that it is properly cleaned before use for domestic purposes. There are several ways in which water can be cleaned. First, it can be boiled to kill harmful bacteria; however, this process does not remove lead and other substances that may render water harmful for consumption. ...

Introduction

Most of the microorganisms naturally present in the human body are harmless commensals. However, there also exists other disease causing microorganisms known as pathogens and the mechanism by which they cause disease is known as pathogenesis. These pathogens persist or multiply within the host causing infection. Some pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as opportunistic pathogens that cause disease only in patients with compromised immunity and only under certain conditions. The infectious diseases may be treated with antibiotic drugs. However, it is important to know the different types of pathogens and the virulence factors by which they cause disease ...

It is widely assumed that the skin has organisms that contaminate it and which might cause pathological transformations when injected into the body through the injection of a needle. With this assumption as basis patients, nurses, trainee doctors and medical students are trained to prepare the skin before injecting it through cleansing with a kind of antiseptic to keep away any infections at the site of injection. Alcohol swab that is comprised of 70% of isopropyl has been used since the 19th century as the oldest and most highly effective antiseptic for the preparation of the skin just before ...

Abstract

Gum inflammation is a gingival disorder which is characterized by soreness, reddening and pain in gums. The source of such inflammation is an auto-immune reaction of the body within the oral cavity as a response to a negative impact of bacterial, chemical, physical or other nature. Apart from the most popular form of gingival inflammation due to decay, which is perceived as the prevalent form of gingivitis and may lead to subsequent periodontitis, there are several other factors that can contribute to gum inflammation of seemingly healthy people. These factors have uncommon origin and may require different methods of ...

Introduction

As a nursing practitioner, it is necessary to understand the nuances of antimicrobial therapy, as well as the differences between viral and bacterial infections. In the following, the differing categories of antimicrobial agents will be stated and defined. Furthermore, the vital differences between viral and bacterial infections will be elucidated. Finally, the importance of differentiating between viral and bacterial infections in an antimicrobial agent prescription will be explained. The ability to treat viral and bacterial infections is greatly increased with the help of antimicrobial agents, but it is crucial to properly identify the type of infection before prescribing treatment.

Categories of Antimicrobial Agents

...

Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that affects the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord that causes death and disability in a number of people worldwide. This is a highly contagious airborne disease that is spread through the transmission of three organisms present in the respiratory secretions: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The onset or origins of the disease varies among different age groups and geographic locations. According to estimates, 200,000 people die annually of meningitis. Case fatality rates vary with age at time of illness and also depend on the particular bacterial strain causing ...

Essay

Bacteria in a closed bioreactor grow and decay in four stages because they sterile culture of cells. It a bioreactor incorporates environmental conditions such as temperature, dissolved gases and nutrient concentration that integrate to help bacteria and eventually decaying. The underlying conditions make the bacteria to grow to maximum level. Since the bacteria is in a closed bioreactor, the underlying conditions become more as the maximum growth is attained thus leading to their decay.

Lag phase
In the lag phase, growth and reproduction has just begun. Inoculum is the bacteria undergoing metabolism and the environmental conditions required include nutrient ...

The cellular components in bacteria that are created from building blocks include polysaccharides, peptidoglycan and ribosomes. Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures that come into existence from repeating units that are bonded by glycosidic bonds. They provide energy by breaking down starches into glucose. In addition, the glucose produced is also important in treating shock in the bacteria cell.
On the other hand, peptidoglycan is a polymer that has sugars and amino acids that form a layer outside the plasma membrane of the bacteria. It forms the cell wall of the bacteria. This component plays a structural role in the ...

Introduction

Q1 . The fundamental requirement for a living cell to sustain itself are a carbon source, an energy source, an electron donor, an electron acceptor and elemental nutrients(N,P, S, Mg,) etc. Explain how each of these fundamental requirements are needed by the living cell to function. Explain how the cell can maintain its own internal biological processes without being in equilibrium with the external environment.
The living cells can function within a constricted range of such conditions such as nutrient availability, pH, ion, temperature, etc. The cell must coordinate different chemical reactions and consolidate many different molecules into ...

Canine Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet

Canines Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet
Abstract
Dogs and other cats alike suffer from similar maladies faced by humans. The similarity in the maladies between the two groups of organisms stems from the ability to suffer infections from microbiomes of the gut. However, most of the research and knowledge on canine microbiome is not comprehensive to enable the deduction of accurate and precise conclusions. Recently, the molecular studies conducted on the cat family indicated that there are complex microbiomes in the gastrointestinal tract of then organism. The family of microbiomes includes archaeal, fungal, bacterial, and viral groups that ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It ...

Introduction

The human body possesses a remarkable capability that can however be jeopardized by disease. Dental conditions occur as some of the most pertinent concerns in human health. Often connoted as Xerostomia, dry mouth occurs as one the dental conditions that jeopardize human health in different ways. Speaking of dry mouth, this connotes to any dental condition that precipitates dryness of the mouth. In fact, dry mouth occurs in cases where an individual experiences frequent episodes whereby the mouth becomes unusually dry. Many at times, dry mouth is elicited by the decrease in saliva production, which is often caused by ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants ...

Effect of lemon, garlic, and whole Jalapeño pepper on Bacillus

Introduction

Most of the commonly used fruits and spices have been studied for their possible antimicrobial properties. Spices can be defined as the plant substances that are used to increase the flavor. They may include leaves such as mint and coriander, flowers such as clover, bulbs such as turmeric and garlic, fruits such as pepper and lemon, stems such as cinnamon, and rhizomes such as ginger. These plants can have some bioactive molecules having both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Extracts from plants such as garlic and lemon are effective ...

Lab report #

Introduction
In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis.
The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had ...

Abstract

Solid waste and wastewater are primary sources of pollution from food processing industries. The wastewaters usually contain high suspended solids, organic starch and sugars that may contain toxic substances to the environment. Solid wastes come from organic materials while the mechanical preparation processes need biological treatment before releases into the environment. When untreated, they find their way into other water plants like lakes and streams. Since they have higher nutrient content, they result of eutrophication of the water systems hence causing algal growth. It, therefore, compromises the stability of the aquatic ecosystems as the water quality is changed. It ...

Introduction

Anthrax is an infectious disease that is primarily caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming bacterium). The spores of B. antracis is often associated with gastrointestinal anthrax and inhalation cutaneous. The spores are highly ineffective in most environmental conditions. Inhalation anthrax is considered as a great threat since it is caused by inhalation of anthrax spores and is associated with high fatality rate. However, the rate of person-to-person rate is rarely observed. (Sternbach G. 2003)
In the wild, anthrax is commonly observed (naturally found). The disease is also observed unvaccinated domestic animals. The disease is common among U.S workers ...

America disposes waste by treating sewage. Treatment of sewage involves the separation of waste water from contaminants. Chemical, physical, and biological processes are used in the treatment of sewage. Sewage treatment is performed so as to create a safe environment. Effluent is treated so as to avoid streams of unsafe sewage in the environment. The solid waste is also treated so as to make it possible to reuse it as fertilizer or to enable safe disposal. Sewage treatment is carried out in the US by sewage disposal factories. Some of these sewage disposal factories include Stickney Water Reclamation Plant, ...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes having more than ...

Organization:

The term biotechnology refers to any process that involves biology and technology. Though the term was coined as far back as 1919 by Karl Ereky (Verma et al., 2011), biotechnology was established as a field of applied science only in the late twentieth century with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the generation and application of recombinant DNA molecules or rDNA. In a nutshell, recombinant DNA technology involved the cutting of a fragment of DNA and its insertion into a specific circular DNA molecule called a vector. The DNA is cut by enzymes called restriction ...

Weighing the Evidence

The concept of understanding the reason behind certain conclusions made by researchers is crucial in the attempt to evaluate certain drawn conclusions (Schmidt & Brown, 2009). The interpretation of the information gathered or rather the analysis of the collected data is important in the decision making process. The measures applicable by the necessary authority on establishing long-lasting solution on the issue at hand are highly dependable on the conclusions drawn from the data. All the steps involved in the research that is from formulation process, data collection, data analysis, and the presentation of the information are pertinent to determine the ...

The study entitled “Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity” by Leclercq et al., (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.42 (2014): E4485-E4493) explores the possibilities of links between alterations in gut permeability, composition of gut-microbiota, as well as the activity of the gut metabolites and the increased depression, anxiety, and alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent subjects. Thus, the study aims to establish an association between gut dysfunction and the psychological symptoms resulting from alcohol dependence. In addition, reversibility of behavioral as well as biological parameters, after a short term alcohol detoxification was determined. There ...

People know the story of Typhoid Mary. According to newspapers and books written on Mary Mallon, the woman caused a typhoid outbreak in the United States. The outbreak happened in the 1900s and three people, out of the fifty-four Mary infected, died (Brooks 916). Mary Mallon was a cook in many the homes of some of the rich people in those days. In fact, her work at a rich man’s house led to the discovery that she is a carrier of Salmonella Typhi, the bacterium that causes typhoid (Brooks 916). The discovery happened because one of the children ...

(Author)

Introduction of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are highly diverse set of enzymes in bacteria that are used to identify specific 4- to 8-bp sequences referred to as restriction sites and cleave DNA strands internally at this site. These enzymes protect the bacteria from foreign DNA molecules such as those of phages. Restriction enzymes identify specific nucleotide sequences to differentiate between the “domestic” and “foreign” DNA. It attaches to the “recognition site” and breaks both strands of the DNA (Kufe et al.). Restriction enzymes may include EcoRV, EcoRI, and HindIII. EcoRV belongs to the type II restriction/modification system from ...

Water Supplies in Sun Valley, AZ

Sun Valley is located in Arizona. It is situated along interstate 40. It is 31.56 square miles. Sun Valley has different water supply options. Some of these options are groundwater, surface water and reclaimed water. Groundwater is water found beneath the ground. They are usually in rocks and pores of the soil. Sun Valley is supplied by Arizona’s water supply. Groundwaters that supply Sun Valley are aquifers and wells. Main aquifers in Arizona are stream alluvial and basins fill. Ground water can also be sourced from sedimentary rock. Basin Fills are of three type’s namely carefree formation, ...

[Author][Professor][Subject][Date of Submission]
1) Stress is a normal occurrence but what it does to human body is not normal at all. It can cause death. As presented in the documentary film “Stress: A Portrait of a Killer,” stress shuts down a person’s immune system that in return, activates bad bacteria inside the body that can cause several kinds of diseases. When people are anticipating stress, it shuts down some of the essential biological function. This is also the same with Zebra as when they face stress, they momentarily shuts down or even damage their other ...

Research Report on Remediation Methods for Arsenic

Introduction
Arsenic contamination of groundwater used for potable water supply is one of the serious problems plaguing the world today. Worldwide, a large number of people are unknowingly exposed to drinking water that has arsenic content higher than the safety level. A study conducted in 2007 reveals that more than 137 million people in over 70 countries are potentially affected by arsenic contamination of drinking water resources (USA Today, 2007). Though arsenic contamination is found in all the waters in the world, some of the places where the problem is a matter of concern is Bangladesh, Argentina, China, India, ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into ...

The health status of citizens gives an indication of the overall health levels in the nation. It involves several aspects on matters concerning health from personal health to the services provided at the healthcare setting. The PICOT questions analyzed is "in nurses who work in the orthopedic care centers (P), what effect do they, and the use of (C) different preoperative antibiotics prophylaxis among different patients (I) have on the rate of hospitalization or mortality of the patients (O)?" The issue about surgical site infection has been a great threat in ensuring the success of surgical procedures may ...

Bacillus cereus is an endemic Gram-positive bacterium that dwells in the soil. It is rod-shaped, beta hemolytic, as well as a motile. A number of its strains are detrimental to human beings and lead to food borne diseases. Other strains can be helpful as probiotics for animals1. Bacillus cereus causes of fried rice syndrome, since the bacteria are characteristically contracted from fried rice, which has been left for many hours at room temperature2. B. cereus bacteria are facultative anaerobes and can secrete protective endospores just as other genus Bacillus members. Its virulence factors are phospholipase C, as well as ...

Abstract

The report presents the results of a microbiological experiment to confirm the hypothesis that as leftover food sits out over time, the number of bacteria in the food will increase. The study was undertaken to indicate the risk of bacterial contamination and the importance of proper storage technique. The study was performed using a liquid food (corn tortilla soup) which was exposed to the external environment at room temperature. The control group in our experiment was the same food stored in a zip lock bag and refrigerated.
The soup was tested over a period of time, which served as ...

The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was one of the landmark events in the field of biology. By confirming DNA as the genetic material scientists made a huge leap that has advanced the cause of medical science to a great degree. While discussing the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, we mostly speak of Friedrich Miescher (1871), the man who discovered DNA. After the discovery of DNA a significant number of studies were conducted that proved DNA as the genetic material. Then Griffith, (1928) conducted studies on bacterial transformation and indicated that genetic information can be ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with ...

In the process of breathing, a molecule of oxygen has to pass through upper respiratory tract and then lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract consists of air passages of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the parts present within the chest cavity namely lower trachea and lungs. The oxygen (from air) enters the respiratory system through nose. Nose is made of bone and cartilage covered with skin and has two nostrils divided by a bony septum. The nostrils are lined with fine hair which blocks the entry of dust and ...

The following study was conducted to compare the efficacies of handwashing with soap and water alone on bacterial contamination of hands . Twenty volunteers, who intentionally contaminated their hands by contacting door handles and railings in public places, were assigned randomly to three treatments; handwashing, using water, handwashing with a plain non-antibacterial soap and no handwashing. Fecal bacterial species were detected in 44% of the samples after no handwashing. Handwashing with and water only decreased the bacterial contamination to 23 %, while handwashing with soap and water decreased the bacterial presence to 8% (p< 0.001) and the effective results were irrespective ...

Potential Research Interest in Nursing: Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT)

Arguably, the complexity associated with chronic wounds continues to challenge healthcare providers throughout the world. Notably, standard treatment of such wounds like antibiotics gives poor outcomes, therefore, prompting health practitioners to seek alternative biological liberal options. Such treatments include apitherapy, maggots, and leeches based treatments. However, this paper will be explicitly based on Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) since it is one of the most controversial pressure wound therapy yet posting incredible results.
The increasing prevalence in chronic wounds is partly due to the medical advances that have increased the life expectancy converting life threatening diseases to chronic wounds. In ...

Introduction

Symbiosis is the interaction two or more different organisms that generally live in close physical relationship. More often, these organisms are living for both of their advantages. Part of the normal lives of these organisms naturally depends to one another. On the other hand, other interaction between the biotic components of our ecosystem is the antibiosis. This interaction is an antagonistic relationship between two or more organisms in which commonly happens to microorganisms. In tis relationship, only one may be adversely affected. Also, the ecosystem’s biotic components interactions are normally controlled by various biotic and abiotic factors, which ...

Microbiology could be etymologically defined as the study of small living things invisible to the naked eye (Hogg, 2013). The progress of microbiology has been tied to the technology available at each time in history. Humans were not even aware of the existence of microorganisms until about 350 years ago, when Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed what he described as ‘animalcules’ through a rudimentary microscope he invented himself (Hogg, 2013). Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and other scientists in the microbiology field relied on the technologies available at their time to face the challenges that arose to them.
At the end ...

Asepsis

Microorganisms are the tiny microscopic structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes. They are present on all the living things and also in the environment. Some of these microorganisms are non pathogenic that is they do not cause any disease. However, many of the microorganisms are pathogenic in nature. The pathogenic microorganisms can cause disease or infections. Absence of these pathogenic microorganisms is known as asepsis.

Importance of asepsis

Asepsis is usually carried out in the laboratory mostly while dealing with microorganisms. The techniques used to carry out asepsis are known as aseptic techniques. If aseptic conditions are not maintained in ...

My telephone rings and it is Joe, my news manager.

“Jillian, there a breaking story. An invasion of the lungs. I need you on it. Where are you guys?”
“We’re just finishing up the interview in the femoral vein. We always edit later if you think it’s a hot story.”
“It’s bacteria. Our girls got a fever so you should be feeling the heat already,” he responds.
“We’re on it.” I tell my photographer Doug who also pilots this sub to head for the lungs.

“Which way?” he asks and I roll my eyes.

“If you would ever bother learning the background material before we’re miniaturized you wouldn’t have to ask. Head ...

Superbugs: The Bright Side

The term ‘superbug’ is grossly scary to the general public and is used for a resistant strain/species of a micro-organism that does not die easily. Such species are known to have developed a gene/segment of a gene that imparts the resistance to antibiotics and related drugs. These genes/gene segments are closed loops of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material present in humans as well as bacteria. In many bacteria, this DNA is not present inside the nucleus (as is the case with humans). However, it is present in the cytoplasm (extra-chromosomal DNA) and is called as plasmid. Scientists have ...

Introduction

The urinary system is the filter mechanism used for flushing out toxic wastes and excess water out of the human body. Consisting of the two kidneys, the bladder, ureters and the urethra, the urinary system helps not only in discharging wastes from the body but also helps in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The kidneys are two bean shaped organs positioned near the middle of the back on both sides of the spinal column. The kidneys produce urine by processing around 200 quarts of blood every day, and the amount of urine varies among individuals depending on the ...

Klebsiella Ozaenae Bacteria

A brief background of Klebsiella ozaenae bacteria; the generic name of Klebsiella is a member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiellae take the shape of the rod and are non-motile but have a polysaccharide capsule. What is the primary work of the encrypting capsule? Firstly, the capsule is responsible for the large appearance for the orgasm. It also provides resistance and immunity to the bacteria against the immune system and the defense mechanism of the host’s body (Goldstein, Lewis, Martin & Edelstein, 1978, p. 415). Members of the genus of Klebsiella typically express types of antigens on their cell ...

There has been use of a broad range of methods for controlling bacterial growth. The specific method employed is based on the kind of bacteria, as well as the nature of the material for which the user is seeking. Therefore, in order to control bacteria that form endospore needs techniques varied from the ones utilized for other cells, while surgical equipment sterilization would need treatments that are different from the ones employed in prevention of infection of an injury. Ultraviolet light, denoted as UV, can be termed as an electromagnetic radiation, which has a wavelength ranging from 100 to ...

Research Plan

Introduction
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems incorporate pervasively in prokaryotic genomes that have also been suggested to perform a role in numerous critical cellular operations (Van, & Bast, 2009). These systems characteristically comprise of a two-gene operon encoding a toxic protein molecule which aims at an important cellular purpose and an antitoxin that connects to and hinders the toxin. Control of toxin action is attained via differential constancy of the stable toxin as well as the unstable antitoxin (Kamada & Hanaoka, 2005). In several occasions, the antitoxin also operates as a transcriptional autorepressor of the operon, whereby the degradation of the antitoxin leads ...

Soap manufacturers develop various products that include conventional soaps and antibacterial soaps to address today’s microbial threats. Antibacterial soaps are developed based on conventional ones with antibacterial agents added to the product. These antibacterial agents must have the ability to kill germs, but should not give adverse effects to human’s skin and general physiology. Scientific approach to investigate the effectiveness of antibacterial soaps begins with the hypothesis that antibacterial soap reduces more bacterial contamination compared to the conventional (non-antibacterial) soap. The two hypotheses are:
- There will be decrease in bacterial growth variables (types, numbers of colonies, ...

Symbiosis is the association between two living organisms such that both parties derive usefulness or benefits from the association. The feature is especially observable between fungi and some trees. The fungi are especially useful in deriving nitrogen from the soil and providing it to the plant. The fungi benefits from the supply of carbon form the plant. Over and above the supply of nitrogenous nutrients, the fungi also provides phosphorus to the roots of the plant. These roots (or rhizae) are the ones that form an association with useful fungi in a symbiotic relationship that results in the formation ...

Introduction

Legionnaires’ disease was first recognized in 1976 following its breakout in a hotel in Philadelphia housing delegates who had attended American Legion convention (Lynch, Brightman, & Greenberg, 1994). Its causative agent is a bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila (Lynch, Brightman, & Greenberg, 1994). This disease presents with symptoms similar to those associated with pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila also cause another disease known as Pontiac fever (PF). Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease are collectively referred to as legionellosis. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), crude national incidence rate of legionellosis in the United States increased by 192% from 2000 to ...