Essays on Bacteria

Background

Azithromycin has two names by which it is prescribed: Zmax and Zithromax. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of this medication to treat acute bacterial infections of the respiratory system, acute bacterial sinus infections, bacterial pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin structure infections, urethritis, cervicitis, and genital ulcer disease. The risks of using this medication include fatal heart rhythms when patients already suffer from cardiovascular conditions. The FDA also notes that this drug should not be used for long-term use1.

Azithromycin for Acute Bronchitis

Ten million adults visit their doctors every year to receive the diagnosis of acute bronchitis. In this pill-popping, ...

Presenting complaints: This is a presentation of a 14 year old female known as Mary X. who presented with a right side abdominal pain of 6 hours duration (started since 10am). Reason for admission/ History of presenting complaints: Mary’s abdominal pain begins near the belly button with tenderness around the central abdomen. This pain with a dull consistency at onset later increased in severity as it moves towards the right lower abdominal region. The pathophysiology that is associated with this condition is that which is caused by the fecalith blocking the appendix in about 50-80 percent of cases while in the ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

Introduction

It is important for the organization to train their nurses and explain the different types of patient care activities that could result in hand contamination. The advantages and disadvantages of hand-washing should be explained to the nurses in order to make them more efficient in their nursing practices. I have reviewed three articles in this direction so as to justify the arguments put forward.

- KuKanich, K.S., Kaur, R., Freeman, L.C., and Poweel, D.A. (2013). Evaluation of a Hand Hygiene Campaign in Outpatient Health Care Clinics. AJN, 113(3), 36-42.

- Why did you choose this article? After ...

Section E

INTRODUCTION Any food product, either vegetable or animal origin, has a definite shelf life. If the recommended temperature and humidity conditions for its storage are not maintained, food spoils at a very fast ratequickly as bacteria and other parasites from the environment take over. Therefore, the food should be eaten as fresh as possible. It is, however, difficult in the contemporary modern world as the population centers are furtherar away from where the food actually grows or comes fromgrown. Consequently, food preservation and processing has become a big industry where innovative and latestmodern technologies are used to minimize the threats of ...

There is no doubt that photosynthesis is believed to be the only storage of the solar energy processes on earth, and as well as the source of food and energy resources (Blankenship 434). This understanding concerning the origin and evolution of photosynthesis is critical in explaining all the complex paths followed by photosynthetic process.

The origin of life and photosynthesis

The origin of life is traceable to the origin and evolution of the process of photosynthesis. It is believed that the early atmospheric originally composed of neutral gases, mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Hartman 516). However, critics questioned the probability of the occurrence of the ...

Introduction

The human reproductive system can be affected by pathogens like any other organs. An example of a bacterium is Neiserria Gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea in both males and females. The disease can be treated through normal antibiotics. This presentation will highlight the human reproductive system of both sexes; how gonorrhea is caused, diagnosed, and treated; and the short and long term effects of the disease.

Male Reproductive System

It is grouped into two: external and internal organs. Internal organs include the penis, scrotum, epididymis, and testes. The penis engages in sexual intercourse, the scrotum is the outer skin covering the testes, the testes ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

Tuberculosis or TB is one of the leading causes of death that is due to an infectious disease called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only second to HIV/AIDS. When a person is infected with TB, the bacteria in the lungs multiply causing pneumonia; the patient experiences chest pain and has a persistent cough that often brings up blood. In addition, lymph nodes near the heart and lungs are enlarged. As the bacteria tries to spread to the other parts of the body they are interrupted by the body's immune system. The immune system forms scar tissue around the bacterium that helps fight the ...

Energy is the most important aspect in modern world, as the dependency on energy is inseparable from people’s life. Furthermore, the needs to travel using automobiles create an insatiable need for fossil fuel to power the movements. Unfortunately, fossil fuel is a non-renewable resource that is estimated to be depleted in 2042 (Shafiee and Topal 181). From environmental point of view, fossil fuel combustion from diesel and gasoline vehicles has high contribution to the pollution level in urban areas (Chow and Watson 222). In addition to the pollution level, combustion of fossil fuel releases CO2 a greenhouse gas that contributes ...

Biology is pertinent in studying about life. The subject has assisted me in understanding of the world and its inhabitants. Often, many people fail to comprehend the importance of species diversity. Some people are not able to understand the role played by microorganisms such as bacteria. There is much emphasis on the problems that fungi and bacteria cause. It is not easy for most people to visualize the positive role played by microorganisms. There is scarcity of resources in the planet. This means that organisms must compete for such resources. Perhaps, man fears competition. Maybe, I was once one ...

Overview of communicable disease (Tuberculosis)

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria is the type that attacks majorly the lungs, but can also affect the other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine and brain. If the condition is not treated on time, the result could be fatal. The spread of the infection is via the air transmission. The implication is that such condition can easily spread from one person to another. For such air transmission to occur, the patient with the disease must be a person with an active Tuberculosis infection.

The person serving as ...

Around the turn of the 20th century, tuberculosis (also referred to as consumption during the era), was a leading cause of death in the United States. Medical advances have largely eradicated TB from being a threat to our health. However, the deadly, infectious disease is still around. This brochure will help you understand some vital information about TB, including its signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and prognoses.

Please contact your physician immediately if you suspect that you have TB

Spread by germs that travel through the air, TB can be a deadly disease, if not treated in time. Besides the lungs, it can affect the brain, spine, or kidneys. ...

Human digestive system is distinctively different from herbivores and carnivores. Herbivores normally have longer digestive system compared to human and herbivores have digestive anatomy and bacteria symbiosis that allow them to digest cellulose from plant materials. Cellulose digestion in herbivores is assisted by bacteria in the rumen (partitioned stomach) or in the cecum (hindgut fermentation) in the case of cows and horses respectively. Carnivores have shorter digestive system compared to human, as carnivore’s nutrition comes from meat that can readily be broken down by enzymes into protein and amino acids.

Human is categorized as omnivore, and human ...

Known as the second deadliest disease in the world, tuberculosis remains a high rated disease with remarkable fatal rates. As earlier stated it is caused by a small aerobic, non motile bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis which in most cases lives in the lungs. This pathogen has a high lipid content, which confers to its unique characteristics. Tuberculosis is a worldwide disease that can be contacted by anybody so long as they are in contact with this bacterium. However, there is a population which is at risk of contacting this disease known as the target population. The target population is associated with risk ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

Respiratory syncytial infection is an acute viral disease characterized by phenomena of intoxication and moderate lesion predominantly lower divisions Respiratory with the frequent development of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. A characteristic feature of this virus is its ability to determine syncytium formation or cells in tissue culture. Replicates in tissue culture HeLa, HEp-2 and human embryonic kidney. In the external environment is unstable at a temperature of 55 ° C is inactivated for 5 min.

A study of the pathogenesis of this disease is difficult. The clinical course of the disease, both natural and experimental infection among adults, does not ...

Introduction

Any contact between two bacterial cells that translates to the transfer of genetic material constitutes bacterial conjugation (Casali and Preston, 2003). Transfer of the DNA through conjugation falls under horizontal gene transfer (Singh et al., 2013). The genetic information is transferred to the recipient bacterium on a plasmid, and the mechanism and proteins involved vary based on the plasmid type in the donor strain (Casali and Preston, 2003). Application of conjugation can cause transfer of disrupted genes on a self-transmissible plasmid to form a mutant strain. Conjugation allows for bacterial biodiversity, which is significant in the sense that bacteria can acquire ...

The Ozark Big Eared Bat

The Ozark Big Eared Bats (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) are found in different habitats accross the United States. They are limited in number and are found in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma; however, it was reported that they are no longer found in Missouri because of the destruction of the environment. In Oklahoma, they are found in Adair County and adjacent parts of Cherokee and Delaware counties. In the early 1970s, the Ozark big eared bats were documented to only be a hundred in Missouri. With efforts in the l980s, it was reported that an increase in number among these creatures have occurred. ...

Introduction

Proteins are food substances that are consumed with intention of maintaining the human hygiene and improving the status of health of living beings. However, there is a differentiated class of proteins that is referred to as the deceptive proteins. Grammatically, the term deceptive means something that is likely to create a notion that is different from the truth. In this case, the term deceptive protein is used to mean a category of protein that is intended to ensure balanced diet but instead creates a different impact in the performance of the body organs. For instance, deceptive proteins are said to create ...

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007). Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

Biology Assignment

- Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which glucose is broken down in the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration or glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into ATP, which requires no oxygen. This process involves removal of hydrogen and electrons from glucose to generate NADH, pyruvate and energy equivalent to two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate undergoes fermentation, whereas in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is siphoned into the mitochondria and is completely broken down. The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and ...

The statistical records of foodborne diseases are scattered and thus no official records of diseases are found. The foodborne diseases cases raise every now and, for example Escherichia coli O157:H7 first described in 1983 was regarded as a rare type of food borne diseases but to date it is the major foodborne disease in industrial countries. Apart from this pathogen, other pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E.coli, Listeria, and other pathogens are dangerous to the public health.

Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria which are obligate and lack their own metabolism while phages target the host specifically and are able ...

4-10. The various trophic levels present in the diagram are first, second and third trophic levels. Producers form the base of the first trophic level. The second trophic level contains the herbivores or the grazers that consume food from the first level, while the third trophic level contains the carnivores, which feed on the second level for their food . Producers are the organisms that convert the energy received from light into chemical energy, such as food and sugar through the process of photosynthesis. The common examples of producers are plants, algae, rice, wheat and corn. The first-order consumers or ...

The conversation and series of treatments administered to Addie from 8:06 to 10:00 underscore the significance of the Gram negative bacteria which are encapsulated with an impermeable lipid bilayer, which confers upon them the ability to exclude and combat the effect of a wide range of antibiotics. This part of the video aptly depicts how the nasty bacterium Stenotrophomonas develops multi-drug resistance through acquisition of certain resistance genes.

The images in the clipping 16:45 to 16:55 accurately illustrate the horizontal gene transfer mechanism of antibiotic resistance of bacteria containing NDM-1 gene that encodes the enzyme metallo-beta-lactamase, which can degrade the ...

Introduction

Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) that is usually associated with high-risk behaviors such as drug addiction, HIV-infected people and men who have sex with other men. Syphilis is transferred from one person to another by direct contact of externally occurring syphilis sores or from pregnant women to their unborn children (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012).

Stages

The stages of the disease syphilis are early, late and latent stages. The early stage consists of primary and secondary symptoms which are characterized by the occurrence of sores, rashes, swollen lymph glands, fever and fatigue (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012). The sore typically last ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

Bacterial Growth Curve

If a group of scientist were preparing to perform an experiment to characterize a bacterium's ability to utilize maltose as a sugar source, during which phase of the growth curve would it be best to sample the bacteria for your experiment? Why?

Bacterial growth can be divided into 4 phases, Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase and Death phase. Adaptation of bacteria to the environment mainly happens during the Lag phase. Bacteria start utilizing available nutrients and multiple in Log phase. In this case, the ability of Maltose utilization of a strain of bacteria could be done determined in the log phase. ...

A 10 year old boy with a fever of 39C, severe pain and tenderness in left leg was brought to doctor. The history of his leg injury was unknown. Symptoms have been ongoing for alomst week. His mother was using tylenol in the treatment. A series of tests were performed. X-Ray result of the knee was negative. Fluid aspiation of the knee resulted 3000 leekocytes/mm with 84% netrophill. There was a bone scan done that showed a hot spot in the distal tibea of the left leg. Bacteria cultures from the boy's knee joint fluid, blood, and tibial aspirate were ordered. ...

In philosophy, essentialism is a view that, for any specific unit of existence such as an animal, a group of people, a set of physical objects, a concept, etc., there is a set of characteristics which distinguishes the unit from other entities, and gives it a unique identity and function. The presence of common characteristics defines that object, unit or entity.

The concept of essentialism is found in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Some examples given in the article Unclassified projects bacterial behavior as part of essentialism. One common characteristic that is found only in bacteria is that they do not interbreed at all; ...

The world is suffering from several problems, and these problems are common in the developing as well as in the developed world. Such as Julian Cribb has described in, ‘The Coming Famine’ that there is a problem global food shortage prevailing in the world. The resources of high demand such as land, water, technology, knowledge, and energy are depleting that is effecting the economic growth (Cribb, 2010). Similarly, the spread of the infectious diseases is also a global problem that has disturbed the countries worldwide. The advent of the novel infections and diseases and there-emergence of the previous infections has ...

Pollution of water catchment areas is a catastrophic trend that has engulfed the world’s population. Water is a natural resource which every human being cannot survive without. Like the old adage says, “Water is Life” .Therefore, it is the responsibility of members of the society to preserve and safeguard this resource from interference by human nature. In the effort to investigate the key factors that contribute to pollution of this scarce natural resource, I came across books, articles, newspaper articles on how human effort has invaded the flow of water and contaminated its purity. In addition, several environmental ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

Introduction

The term “ecological problems” is nowadays used to define a number of environmental problems. Given the modern environmental mess and the truth that the world has many environmental problems than before, it is no surprise that a lot of emphasis is actually put at this negative ecological context. This is the reason why no difference exists between ecological and environmental problems in everyday talk. Environmental problems are also ecological problems since environment is essentially a center of all the ecological research. All sorts of pollution, climate change, endangered animals, deforestation, are all problems of ecology since ecology uses the scientific approach ...

Olsen Erik D. in his scientific research article “Protecting food safety” looks at the situation regarding a safe food supply in the United States. Statically, about 47 million Americans suffer each year from various illnesses caused by food. Of them, almost 3,000 people die. Nearly a million of the population develops long-term chronic diseases, for example, arthritis, neural, and heart and vascular problems. Such illnesses are usually caused by pathogens that are present in the process of food production, preparation, etc. Scientists have also found out that sodium and artificial fats are the major cause of the population’s ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

Podolsky, S. H. (2005). The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12): 2144-2154. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048397.

The article proposes the essence of understanding the history of pneumonia. The article covers historical data from the emerging awareness of the disease in 1930 to the 20th century. Within this timeline Podolsky illustrates the significance of vaccine, control programs and reeducation of physicians. The author also provides insights on how penicillin and sulfonamides affected control programs. As control programs regressed government concerns also become devoid. As a consequence, pneumonia reverted ...

Microbial nutrition is essential in the survival and growth of microorganisms. Talaro and Chess considers several factors which are key players in the survivability of microbes in order to adapt or “inhabit all parts of the biosphere.” Among these factors include nutrients, temperature, pH, water availability, atmospheric gases, light, pressure and other organisms inhabiting the earth. Nutrition in essence is that which chemical substance in the form of nutrients are ingested inside the body such that when assimilated leads to the formation of energy to be used for metabolic activities.

Organisms require organic forming compound elements such as ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

In 2003, scientists completed the mapping of the entire human genome. Understanding a human’s genetic makeup allows for all sorts of possibilities, like the cure for diseases. The first use of IVF treatment in 1978, allowed for the prescreening for certain diseases. For example, nowadays the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the detection of cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and hemophilia A. This is only the beginning; soon enough parents will be able to pick specific traits that they want passed down. One method of doing this is called germline gene therapy.

This means manipulating ...

The initial assumption after hearing about the 20-year-old female patient’s nausea and vomiting is that she had suffered from food intolerance because it is a common occurrence when people eat shellfish (LeBlond, Brown, & DeGowin, 2009). However, it is important to remember that misdiagnosis occurs in 30 – 40 percent of cases in which patients report abdominal pain (Seller & Symons, 2012), so a detailed assessment of the patient’s medical history should be performed, followed by physical examinations and diagnostic tests.

Previous or current pharmacological treatments and information about possible chronic disorders is relevant for reaching the correct diagnosis. ...

Question 1

The drug that would be recommendable for the treatment of acute otitis media in a patient with penicillin allergy would be trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (Sadé,1986). This combination will be necessary to offer empirical coverage for ntHi.

Question 2

Goldenseal is a natural antibiotic that can be used as an alternative remedy to reduce inflammation and remove infections. It is herbal remedy that is commonly used by the Native Americans. However this herbal remedy comes with side effects such as brain damage if they are administered to the newborns (Friedman, Barassi, 2001). Therefore, it is highly advised to avoid administering the drug to ...

Unlike many of his contemporaries in the realm of science fiction writing, H.G. Wells understood how to tell a story to an audience. Whereas many of the other writers of the era were fascinated by the many technological advances available to them and the implications of these advances, Wells used those advances to set up a story that would come to resonate in American culture for years to come.

Indeed, to this day, the trope of an “alien” is consistent with Wells’ original description of the Martians, which speaks to the timelessness of the novel that he created. One of ...

- Graphs are a way to convey information and trends in a convenient fashion. For this week's Discussion Board you should search the internet for a graph related to biology. Provide us with a link to the graph, describe the variables, and interpret the meaning of the graph. I recommend that you choose a graph that concerns a biological subject that you find interesting.

This graph is about the growth curve of bacteria. In the x-axis, the variable is time, and in the Y-axis, the variable is the given number of microbes. As time progresses, bacterial growth undergoes various phases: These entail the lag ...

Discussion Questions on Clinical Nursing

1. The cephalosporins are a family of bactericidal antibiotics structurally related to penicillin which were first derived from the fungus, Cephalosporum acremonium. 

Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class for antibiotics (eMedexpert, 2011). This class’ mode of action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephamycins. Every form of bacteria cell has a certain cell wall for protection. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which makes the bacteria cell walls break down and the bacteria eventually die (eMedexpert, 2011). One intravenous (IV) drug under this class is cefazolin. For adults, dosage for ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

Evidence based practice and applied nursing research are interrelated with emphasis being put on utilization of research related nursing practice. Nurses are encouraged to utilize research findings in order to make an impact on the health of individuals and groups that are under their Care and this has been directly linked to the development of the Evidence Based Practice (EBP). EBP is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that is rapidly gaining popularity; its basic principle is that all decisions and interventions are made based on research studies and evidence derived from systematic collection of data, observation, experiment, questionnaire ...

Significant characteristics of a disease

Virulence is a term that describes “the capacity of a microbe to cause disease after infection”. It is a multifaceted phenomenon is dependent on the “context and nature of the interaction between the host and the microbe.” The number of fatalities that occur as a result of infection by a given pathogen is used as a measure of the virulence. Based on this parameter, the Ebola virus would therefore be considered to be highly virulent as compared to small pox. Give that research has provided better understanding of pathogens thus led to the development of potent forms of therapy; some of the pathogens ...

1 (a). Study by Koutsoumanis et al, the survey on time-temperature conditions of the Hellenic pasteurized milk’s chill chain, the data were gathered through the exhaustive survey of temperature and time conditions during transportation to the storage at retail and domestic storage.

The truck’s temperature during transportation had mean of 6.7 and 6.5 median, making the average temperature of 6.66 °C and 2.0 h standard deviation (Koutsoumanis et al, 2010, p.2). The time of transportation is measured with weibull distribution model which is a fully parametric model. Weibull distribution is a more generalized form of the exponential (Wahingtom et ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

The Case Scenario

Recent clinical evidence-based guidelines suggest that a “watch and see” approach may be best in the management of pediatric acute otitis media. In this case scenario, a team of nurses in the outpatient clinic are considering whether they should use this approach to manage AOM in the children they see. They plan to evaluate clinical studies before making their final decision. The nurses are also aware of the possibility of parental concerns concerning a change in treatment protocols. The studies are analyzed in this paper.

Cautionary use of Antibiotics in Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common pediatric bacterial infection in the U.S. and ...

It is true that food has been used to satisfy the many and complex needs of human beings. The nutritional needs of humans have been met through the nutrients that humans extract from the meals that they have. It is true that needs such as temperature regulation, sleep and arousal, sickness, reproductive needs and control needs related to food ways are well explained. Sexual needs, on the other hand, depend much more on other things as compared to their relation to food. This is because sexual needs are more dependent on environment and culture than the diet of individuals.

...

Introduction

Believe it or not, a dramatic technological revolution has transformed the global environment of the 21st century. Though this era has witnessed many triumphs in technology, the most transforming technological event is the Information Technology revolution. The impact of computer based information technology, one of the most known manifestations in technology, is considered both as a boon and a bane. Apparently, computers have gripped our life firmly and its wings are impacting all aspects of human interactions and relationships. At the same time, we have to be globally competitive in providing quality product, service, and delivery. So, due to this tug of ...

Abstract

It is disheartening to stand and watch infants and children come for clinical checkups and get pumped with one antibiotic after another. Sad still is the fact that most parents tend to believe that by so doing, they are helping their children overcome illnesses. Acute otitis media, an occurrence that is quite prone to children between two months and two years, has shown warring trend lately. The challenge that is present is in the fact that enormous works have supported antibiotic administration to cure and curb the spread of the infections. However, it is not until lately that the ...

Introduction

The tongue is comprised of small chemosensory receptors which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour or bitter. The information from the receptors is conveyed through the facial nerve, the glosspharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. The masking of the taste of the drugs is often done for several reasons. Key among these reasons is to avoid irritation of the stomach and the gut in addition to prevention of inactivation of the drug once it gets to the stomach.

The taste masking technologies can be grouped under three major categories which are: novel technologies, physical barriers, solid dispersion and ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

IntroductionFood consumption is one of the major requirements for humans; people eat to live with at least majority of people been blessed with a meal each day, whereas others may afford three or more. People are independent of culture and customs, eating remains a key facet in different celebrations all over the world among and within friends and families. Moreover, people wish to have a nutritious and healthy meal but the problem is “The safety of the food people consume.”The improvement of livestock and plants for the production of food and the use of diverse conservation skills have been in application ...

Probiotics

Probiotics are organisms that are supposed or held to have a pronounced role in improving human health. A good example of such probiotics is bacteria that are found in food and some supplements. They help in the digestion and they are as well important in boosting the immune system of an individual. One may wonder why it may be necessary to take live bacteria, when we spend a lot of time killing bacteria with the use of antibiotics. The reason is simple and this may include the right balance of bacteria in our bodies since they are of great help (Floch, & ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Since ...