Essays on Liver

The Major Anatomical regions, landmarks, directions and cavities of the liver

The liver is considered as the heart of the digestive system. In humans, the liver is present in the upper right quadrant pf the abdominal cavity. The liver lies below the diaphragm. The gallbladder is covered by the liver to some extent. It is a vital organ that plays an important role in the production of chemicals for digestion in humans. The liver is divided in to two lobes, the left and the right lobe respectively. The two lobes are separated by the imaginary plan called the Cantlie's line. The liver is connected by two large blood vessels, the portal ...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. ...

The liver appears as a wedge-shaped organ located in the right, upper section of the abdominal cavity underneath the diaphragm, and lying just above the stomach and intestines. The liver weighs approximately three pounds and cannot be felt through a physical examination because of protection by the rib cages. The liver is highly vascular, and this confers the characteristic dark, brown color. The liver has two distinct lobes, made up of many interconnected lobules.

At any given moment, the liver holds approximately 13 % of the body’s blood supply. The hepatic artery supplies the liver with oxygenated blood while the hepatic ...

LIVER DISEASE

Pathophysiology of the Disease Liver disease is a major concern all over the world. The initial stages are referred to as hepatic fibrosis. In case of severe and critical advancement, the stage is called cirrhosis. In this stage the disease is not reversible; the fibrous is scarred and the hepatic structure is characterized with interconnecting bands (Regenstein & Dickerson, 2006). Normal working of the liver is hindered by the resulting insufficient blood flow and continuous destruction of hepatocytes (Sorrell, Maddrey & Schiff, 2011). The etiological factors which lead to cirrhosis include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and abuse of ...

Abstract

Malta is situated in the central Mediterranean region and is a southern European nation in the form of three islands. Though age-standardized mortality rates are published in reports by the WHO, there seems to be a limitation of epidemiological research in the area of alcoholic liver disease in the region of Malta, which we can very well categorize as an unmet medical need. There has been a slow increase in standardized mortality rate due to cirrhosis from 1998 to 2003, but it is still low as compared to other EU nations. Besides, Malta stood at a lower rank at #51 in mortality statistics ...

Epidemiology

Cirrhosis is a serious health problem in United Kingdom. Approximately, 30,000 people in UK have cirrhosis (Cirrhosis of the liver n.d.). Each year close to 7,000 new diagnoses are reported in the country (Shafi, Rizwan & Azam n.d.). Between 1992 and 2001, the cirrhosis incidence and prevalence rate increased by 45% and 68% respectively. England, as at the year 2009 had a prevalence rate of 10.1 and 4.8 for male and female per 100,000 inhabitants respectively (National End of Life Care n.d.). The prevalence rate is higher in deprived population. Cirrhosis is one of the leading killer diseases in ...

Abstract

Alcohol abuse related problems contribute to numerous deaths in the United States. These involve heath and non-health related circumstances. This paper reviews alcohol related problems in a deeper perspective. It analyzes the psychological toils that prevail in an individual who abuses alcohol. Secondly, it analyzes the advanced stage of alcohol abuse which is alcohol addiction. The problems encountered by an alcoholic and the symptoms are listed to act as guidelines when analyzing an alcohol dependent individual. The psychological implications of excessive consumptions of alcohol are discussed and it is advised that if people must engage in drinking, they should only ...

Liver is a dark reddish-brown organ, which is located in the abdominal cavity. Liver performs very important functions in human organism. To better understand them it is worth noting that liver gets blood from two sources: blood flows from the hepatic artery and from the hepatic portal vein. It consists of two lobes each of which is divided into 8 segments. These segments, in their turn, are also divided into a thousand of lobules. They are connected and form the common hepatic duct. It transports the liver’s excretion called bile to the gallbladder and the first part of the small ...

MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES IN MALE ADULT PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

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ABSTRACT Ascites, the most common liver cirrhosis complication, affected approximately 85% of liver cirrhosis patients in the United States in the last 10 years. The development of ascites signifies an important landmark in the disorder that is associated with a 50% mortality rate (Gines, Quintero, Arroyo, Teres et al, 1987). It also indicates a need for liver transplantation as a surgical treatment. In UK, the true incidence and prevalence of ascites may be unknown, but its mortality has rate has increased to 12.7/100000 from 6/100000 (Fisher, Hanson, Phillips et al 1993-2000). The ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

Hepatitis is a condition pertaining to the liver. Its name literally means liver inflammation from the Greek words hêpar (liver) and –itis (inflammation). It is caused by several agents but worldwide, the most common medium for its distribution are viruses. There are five types of viruses namely Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E; these viruses are unrelated to each other except that they target the liver and cuase inflammation. Among all five Hepatitis B (HepB) is the most transmitted. HepB is caused by the hepatitis b virus (HBV) which belongs to the family hepadnaviridae which have single stranded ...

Introduction

Hepatitis is a major health threat to our environment because of the associated effects on liver and the mode of transmission. Hepatitis C which is one of the types of hepatitis that has become a major challenge since the discovery. Different factors have contributed to these challenges. One of those major challenges is the inability of researchers to discover suitable vaccine for the infection. The prolonged inactive period of the causative organism in the body before clinical manifestation is another factor (Department of health). The infectious course usually leads to enlargement of the liver and this in turn affects the functions ...

Definition and Causes

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of chronic liver disease. It arises due to the deposition of fats in the main cells of the liver. The disease ranges from the fatty changes and inflammation in the liver to cirrhosis and fibrosis. Studies suggest that the simple fatty liver is not harmful but the disease can progress and lead to a chronic condition of the liver. The discovery of the existence of the disease is not easy but it may happen through raised liver enzymes. The disease is associated with obesity. Nonalcoholic liver disease is similar to liver disease but ...

Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. The prefix hepat is the medical term for liver just as the term cardio is the medical term for the heart. The suffix –itis means inflammation and has been known for its attachments to many prefixes that represent different parts of the body. For instance, tonsillitis means inflammation of the tonsils, arthritis means inflammation of the joints, and bronchitis means inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs. When a part of the body or organ system is inflamed it means that there is a swelling or enlargement. This usually leads to other ...

Introduction

There are different ethical issues in the medical field just as there are in many other fields. Learning how to address them before they arise is critical. The decisions involved in organ procurement and allocation can at times involve ethical dilemmas. The main aim of organ transplanting is to reap medical benefits including saving lives and increasing the quality of life. All the necessary protocols should be observed so that the interests of all the parties involved including the donors, allocators and receivers are considered. There are different individuals how hold different positions regarding what is ethical and whether ...

- Scope and purpose The guideline under study is “Neurological problems in liver transplantation”, developed by Guarino et al. (2011). The guideline is dedicated to creating recommendations on preventing and combating several neurological problems that occur after orthopic and cadaveric liver transplantation. The six key conditions in medical practice include immunosuppresion neurotoxicity, seizures, central pontine myelinosys (CPM), neuromuscular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders and central nervous system (CNS) infections (Guarino et al., 2011, p.491). The body of the study consists of six subsections. Each of the subsections contains basic information about the conditions under study and recommendations that can be ...

Hepatitis B is an infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that invades liver cells to replicate therein and release virions which spread the infection within the organ (Peppa & Maini, 2012). Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hence, the infection can be passed on to others through the transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of needles among intravenous drug users, needlestick or sharps injuries, unprotected sexual intercourse, and from an infected mother to her newborn (Grieve, 2014). To a lesser extent, acupuncture and body piercing using unsterile equipment, and the sharing of toothbrushes and razors can also facilitate ...

Alcohol is the world’s oldest known drug that is abused by people. Alcohol has been used by many people for several years and its abuse has become a major societal health problem. The consequences of excessive alcohol intake vary from a mild hang-over to mass destruction, diseases, and death at its worst. When consumed in moderation, it has no or little effects for the drinkers and the people around them. Nonetheless, its misuse has become very dangerous to the drinker and the society. We all agree that, occasional taking of alcohol does not hurt, nonetheless it can lead to addiction ...

Drugs are substances that can act as medicine, intoxicants or something that can be used to enhance performance of a person or an animal when taken and it cannot be taken as food. They have for a long time played big roles in human being’s life (DUFFER &FULLER 2010). When drugs are well taken or consumed, they can have medicinal value. Drugs range from alcoholic drinks to soft drinks taken by people either for refreshment or for making funs. Among the elderly, alcohol has been considered as the most abused of all drugs in the world. Alcohol has great effects ...

Abstract

This is a report on Hepatitis C virus infection in Australia discussing the population at risk, clinical presentation, management, and issues with vaccine production. The findings in the report show that injecting drug users among youths are the major group at risk. The presentation of the disease could be in acute or chronic form. The management is not 100 percent achievable due to unclear reasons but the drugs are effective. There are major side effects associated with the drugs hence there is a need for pre and post testing counseling. The major issue with the infection is the absence of vaccine ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

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LIVER:

Anatomy: It is an encapsulated, wedge shaped largest gland of the body which is located in the right hypochondrium. Functions: It aids in metabolism of macromolecules and hormones as well as plasma protein synthesis and also acts as a storage house.

Diseases:

The diseases of liver are categorised based on their etiologies but few important clinical entities are viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alcoholic liver disease, paracetamol induced liver damage, liver abscess, liver ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...

My thesis statement is that medical charities are utmost important for the nation as well as humanity in general as they help to cope with medical emergencies and necessities thus saving several precious lives and providing much needed medical help on time. This is the reason I have chosen medical charities from among the other charities to donate the sum of $10,000 at my disposal. For efficiently gauging which are the best medical charities, I have done some preliminary research by poring through their websites in detail supported by secondary research of going through their performance parameters and ...

INTRODUCTION

A wave of religious revivalism swept over the United States in the 1820s and 1830s which led to increased calls for temperance and other perfection movements like abolition of slavery. By the turn of the century, women played a huge role in the temperance which occurred in 1920s and 1930s. In the temperament, alcohol was seen as destructive force in families and marriages and the source of all evil (Behr, 46, 1979). A new wave which was led by Anti-Saloon League attacked the sale of liquor. The attack was driven by a reaction to urban growth together with the rise of ...

Of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human Body

Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human Body Christmas is fast approaching; many people are now busy with their holiday shopping and most of the malls are now crowded with buyers aiming to buy goods at a cheaper price. Aside from the food ingredients, the holidays are not complete without a bottle of alcoholic drinks. Beers, wines, vodka, martini and Bloody Mary are one of the few popular names for alcoholic drinks, Tempting it may sound but alcoholic drinks are harmful to the body. Gifford, Friedman and Majerus (2009) argue that drinking alcohol causes the human body to become vulnerable ...

Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in the liver is the phosphorylation of ...

Diet pills, also called anti-obesity drugs, aim to allow weigh loss or weigh regulation by controlling the metabolism, suppressing appetite, or absorbing calories. However, most diet pills available are exploiting consumers through deceptive marketing using false claims that the product’s effectiveness and safety are supported by scientific evidence. Although fraudulent marketing is the main issue with over-the-counter diet pills, prescription diet pills usually carry similar risks. Scientific evidence for most products does not clarify their long-term effects, so it is not possible to guarantee safety when it comes to diet pills. Furthermore, research does not provide detailed insight ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Introduction

Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. The understanding of the basic theory of enzyme kinetic is an essential in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the activity of an enzyme, as well as in selecting the best method of analyzing the enzyme. There are several factors that have an effect on the rate of an enzymatic reaction. These factors include temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, as well as the concentration of the substrate (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, 2013).

The increase or decrease of the level ...

Side effects and Structure of Acetaminophen

The most common drug used in the United States for treating pain is the Acetaminophen. In 2005, there is an equivalent purchased of 28 billion doses of the medicine. Since 1997, the combination of hydrocodone–acetaminophen has been the most commonly recommended treatment in America. Nevertheless, beyond the limit of the suggested dose of acetaminophen can result to severe liver injury and can eventually lead to death. Acetaminophen is the general term for medications that can be obtained in numerous ordinary trade name of over the counter and prescription products. It is very significant because its effectiveness in ...

Abstract

The number of people being affected by various diseases that require them to have organ transplants increases every day. Meanwhile, the amount of donated organs is extremely insufficient to meet the high demand. There is also the problem of finding a donor match for a recipient and the need to take strong medications that suppress the immune system of the recipient so that the transplanted organ is not rejected. A solution to these problems has been and is still being developed, with laboratory-grown organs holding much promise. These organs can be tailor-made using the patient’s own cells or other cell sources, ...

Abstract

Alcoholism is a chronic disease that has the ability to impact every aspect of an individual’s life, as well as the lives of those around the alcoholic. The effects are far reaching, from the immediate family, to the co-workers and various medical personnel who are responsible for providing treatment for the myriad of physical and psychological ailments that are associated with alcoholism. While the disease is 100 percent preventable through abstinence, the negative health implications appear to be insufficient in preventing individuals from consuming alcohol. The following paper will outline three areas impacted by the effects of alcoholism, with ...

Living organisms depend on biochemistry to power various chemical reaction cycles which are important for the overall biological functioning of an organism. Chemical reactions occur at a specific rate in certain conditions and require input energy (activation energy) to be supplied before a reaction can begin. Since a reaction cycle consist of many consecutive step, slowing one step slows down the whole cycle. Enzymes are proteins which act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and speeds up reactions to rates that are high enough for biological functioning. Enzymes manage this by providing an alternative reaction route with lower activation energy.

The breakdown of ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Introduction

The academic language symbolizes the school language demands. This language consists of the language that is used on tests, in classrooms, textbooks, and in each discipline. Every form of communication has its functions, and neither is advanced than the other. A number of academic writing seeks to convey new information as well as discussing the existing ideas. Scientific writing is not different. In particular, the scientists should be in a position to present their data. What’s more, the scientists must explain what their data means in the study and the broader context of the scientific studies. To realize their ...

1

Thesis on: The detrimental effects of drinking alcohol

Alcoholism is an addictive disease, which is characterized by increased and regular drinking of alcohol. It is a detrimental disease, and causes many harmful effects over the mind and body of the individual afflicted with it. His friends, family, and even in extreme cases, the society suffers from the detrimental effects of alcohol. The signs that a person is suffering from alcohol are an increasing consumption of alcohol intake, sole interest in drinking, denial that alcohol is a problem, etc. He may hide alcohol bottles, finish an entire rink in a few gulps, have an immense longing for drinking, and lose control ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) exhibit genetic heterogeneity. Most of the HCC tumors are associated with activation of insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/Ras/Raf/MAPK/Erk and a WNT/Frizzled receptors/β catenin signaling cascade which provides targets for therapy. All the pathways are mediated by genetic mutations and signaling compounds and the loss of regulatory proteins also contributes for tumor generation. Two signaling pathways are involved in the carcinogenesis which includes insulin/IGF 1/IRS 1/MAPK and Wnt/FZD/β catenin pathways. The insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/MAPK cascade plays a crucial role in regulating regeneration of liver and embryonic development. The constitutive activation of these cascades which is due to IRS 1 over expression leads to HCC ...

In the very first chapter of the book, Nuland shares the story of an infant who has a mysterious lump in his belly, which is medically referred to as bezoar (Nuland 2000). It is important to understand that based on what most physicians see, the lump would have fallen into the category of an “undiagnosed mass that could be a congenital, neoplastic, traumatic, or inflammatory” in origin (p.31). However, despite the various possibilities that most doctors may have seen, the origin of the mass could not be understood until a combination of information was gathered. To “see” what was really going on, ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Von Gierke Disease

Introduction Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants, clinical picture, available therapeutic ...

Background

Type II diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder found in adults that involves high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to insulin resistance as well as an insufficient amount of insulin. Type II diabetes differs from Type I diabetes, which is characterized by a complete lack of insulin. Symptoms of Type II diabetes include thirst, frequent urination and hunger. Long term complications include heart disease, strokes, vision problems and kidney failure. Today, there are close to 300 million people in the world who have been diagnosed with type II diabetes, an increase of 10 fold over the past 30 years. This increase in ...

Introduction

The use of sport enhancing drugs among college students is not a new matter; however, the number of the students using the drugs is alarming and troubling. This paper discusses the increase in usage of sport enhancing drugs among college students. The use of drugs to help in enhancing sports performance is dangerous, and many college students understand the risks and potential of chronic diseases that may occur as a result of the drugs (Gardner, 2012). Many college students are ready to use sport enhancing drugs to help them to achieve the goal in fitness in sports. Additionally, it is hard ...

Introduction

Studies have shown that fescue toxicosis is caused by low levels of ergot alkaloids which are highly toxic in endophyte-infected tall fescue grass. It is believed that a number of the ergot alkaloids are involved in the modulation of physiological mechanisms in animals and man. One of the best approaches that can be used to solve the problem of fescue toxicosis from the body system is by adopting the process used by animals to remove the ergot alkaloids toxins from circulation. This can be achieved through understanding of the role played by the cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) in the elimination of ...

Health information management systems can simply be explained to be a combination of science, business and information technology. These systems are usually put in place to assist in the provision of quality healthcare by ensuring that a health practitioner has been equipped with the best available information so as to be able to make any healthcare decision effectively. Over the years, these systems have developed from simple tools and applications for collecting, aggregating, planning and disseminating the aggregate and individual patient’s clinical data into more complex and specialized applications that can be used by any individual and are easily accessible ...

Question 1.

- Location of pain, intensity and duration of pain can be misleading. Various causes of acute abdomen include appendicitis cholecystitis, hernia and other gynecological causes may be difficult to distinguish and diagnose. - Uncertainty of diagnosis and difficulty to identify abdominal pathology owing to the many organs within the abdominal viscera. An examiner will occasionally miss a diagnosis by mistaking the affected organ with an adjacent organ. - Pregnancy – pregnant women are usually difficult to examine per abdomen owing to the physical and physiological changes e.g. enlarged uterus. - Small children might be difficult to examine – they ...

- Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose Enzymes are organic catalysts. In this context, organic denotes the matter in question is generated or is obtained from a living life form. The word Catalyst indicates a matter that has the aptitude to boost a chemical reaction’s rate, and is neither transformed nor damaged by the reaction that it speeds up.

Many chemical reactions occur but a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. However, the enzymes are specific to certain functions. Generally, they may speed up a reaction, ...

Introduction

Hospitals are homes to different patients who require different attention. This means that there must be people who are qualified for different roles in the medical field. In this connection, hospitals are not required as a block where all patients are handled in the same room. Instead, departments should be formed where each of them operates in support of the other to ensure patients are handled and treated accordingly. This has resulted to existence of various experts for specific duties in the hospital. Among the most common departments in hospitals are Dermatology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, ...

Introduction:

This paper throws a light on the effects of alcohol on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. Alcohol is the oldest drug that has been used by mankind. Likeness for alcohol originated 30 to 40 million years ago when people lived on diet of ripe fruits. At that time, alcoholic drinks were low in alcohol content, but now the content of alcohol has increased with the discovery of distillation. Alcohol has both positive and negative effects on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. It has been considered as a drug for medicinal purposes by doctors. But, if ...

Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal system, which is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the associated accessory organs.The process of digestion occurs through six steps, namely ingestion, secretion, mixing,digestion, absorption and defecation. (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).

Anatomy of the digestive system

The GI tract or the alimentary canal is a long winding tube that measures approximately 30 feet (9 meters) in length. The mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus make up the GI tract.The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas and the liver make up the associated accessory organs (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008). The mouth. The mouth starts with the ...

Orphan Drug

Introduction The main purpose for the enactment of the U.S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 is to conduct a research on some of the rare diseases whose medical needs remain to be unresolved. The law has given incentives to various sponsors who have tried to develop therapies for some of the rare medical conditions that can affect at least 200,000 individuals on a yearly basis (Premiere Research 1). For this study, the objective is to create a regulatory strategy or path for Orphan Drug development, particularly on the oral iron chelator, one of the subsets of thalassemia or ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs. One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

“Abstract”

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the fluidity of plasma membrane in cells. Evidence of cholesterol evolution from lanosterol suggests that cholesterol has little sensitivity to changes in temperature as opposed to lanosterol. Simulations also revealed that there is no ld-lo coexistence and 3-phase lines in lipid/lanosterol systems as opposed to lipid/cholesterol systems. The sterol also favors a strong interaction with lipids having saturated acyl chains (Miao et al.) which is a key factor in understanding and characterizing the lipid bilayer model. Based on surface potential measurements, cholesterol and ergosterol reduce the penetration of water into the lipid monolayer. Results revealed that excess ...

According to Ibim (51) glycogen, which is also known as animal starch refers to a branched polysaccharides stored in the liver or muscle cells of animals after ignition of food excess in starch content. The body converts the extra glucose to glycogen, which react to prevent blood sugar from increasing more than the required level of the body that is 300mg/dl of blood. Therefore, when the body sugar level is low, glycogen is then broken down to glucose as a source of energy in a process known as glycolysis. It is the main energy supplier in the body during exercise when oxygen ...

Introduction

Even few decades ago alcohol was mainly a man's issue, but such is not the case now. In the US about 15.1 million people are alcohol dependent with 4.6 million or about 1/3rd out of them being women. In the USA women alcoholism mainly came into picture after the women received their emancipation following the feminist movement which caused a revolutionary change in the society with more and more women going out to work abreast with men and attending colleges. The National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism reports that about 5.3 million American women consume alcoholic beverages in a manner that “threatens ...

People who eat fast food are diverse, they come from different countries, experience various life situations, have different age and sex. Still, what unites them is their enormous life to fast food and often missing the possible consequences that this kind of food can bring to them. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of fast food eaters, the possible problems that they can experience, both mental and physical and the possible ways they can decrease the negative consequences of fast food consumption. One of the recent research found that US adults consume over one-tenth of the daily ...

People who eat fast food are diverse, they come from different countries, experience various life situations, have different age and sex. Still, what unites them is their enormous life to fast food and often missing the possible consequences that this kind of food can bring to them. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of fast food eaters, the possible problems that they can experience, both mental and physical and the possible ways they can decrease the negative consequences of fast food consumption. One of the recent research found that US adults consume over one-tenth of the daily ...