Essays on Synthesis

Childhood Obesity

The study by Datar, and Nancy Nicosia (2012) has Level VI (level of evidence), and is of sufficiently good quality as the research is empirical in nature and has minimal level of bias due to the appropriate data collection procedure and instrument validity. The study is significant as it is working on one of the most important healthcare problems in the world, i.e. childhood obesity. It is also important as the study deals with Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class (ECLS-K) along with instrumental variables, so that the outcomes would come on the basis of well-documented facts. With the ...

Abstract

The study of tiny particles and their applications have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties that make the particles useful in numerous applications. Accordingly, the present review investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The introduction section examines recent advances in nanotechnology and explains the significance of magnetic nanoparticles in scientific research. The section on results and discussion presents the findings of various researchers with a focus on the magnetic properties, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. ...

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Abstract

The field of Nanoscience has evolved due to the other advancements in the other fields of study such as the Nanotechnology. While the latter is a subset of the former, there is credible evidence that points to the fact that Nanotechnology has been developed thanks to various areas such as biology, material science, engineering physics, chemistry and much more. It is the foundation on which the Magnetic Nanoparticles have been embedded. MNP is nanoparticle that has the magnetic manipulation ability. Thus, this paper focuses on the study of the Magnetic Nanoparticles especially how they are formed or synthesized and ...

The principles of teaching and learning dictate that nursing tutors should employ Bloom’s taxonomy to set objectives used for assessment and evaluation of the learners (Gaberson & Oermann, 2010). Bloom’s taxonomy in cognitive domain entails knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Billings & Halstead, 2015). The set objectives are as follows;

Knowledge

List scientific strategies and arithmetic research principles applied in practical healthcare services. Mention the possible interventions towards mitigating various diseases. Comprehension Explain precautions taken while treating viral diseases. Describe ethical principles required to ensure clinical excellence in nursing. Application Prepare a well-organized history of the patient to ...

Introduction

Coal is a very cheap and abundant provision of energ. In fact, it is the most abundant fuel in the United States; U.S. has the highest coal reserve in the world, with up to 25% of the known world coal present in America and being mined in 26 out of the U.S. 50 states (fe.doe.gov, 2013). However, this abundant energy is seldom used because it is a very dirty energy. According to Hong & Slatick (1994), up to 204.3 pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu is emitted when coal having 78% carbon content is completely burned to attain a ...

Status of the document.

This document is a project proposal for the development of starch-based hemostatic products. Acknowledgement. Much thanks to the project supervisor who offered guidance in every step of the development of this proposal. Developing starch based hemostatic products Project summary. Purpose: This proposal is envisioned to develop a hemostatic agent from purified plant starch. In this case, the product of the reaction should be developed by the formation of microporous hemosphere particles after etherification, esterification and crosslinking of glucose molecules to form ethyl propanetriol (glycerol-ether links (1-3 deoxy propanol)). The second intention of this study is to investigate the properties ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

Synthetic biology is the latest trend that integrates biology with engineering. It deals with the making of biological molecules or systems that does not natural in the biological world. These molecules or system that are constructed, help to complement natural biological systems and help in performing particular biological task (Khalil and Collins 367-379). A simple example of synthetic biology would be manipulation of bacteria through recombinant technologies to produce recombinant protein. A vast number of applications are possible with synthetic biology. With the advancement that are currently happening in the area of bioinformatics, it is possible to reprogram human ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

Gold Nanoparticles Article Summaries.

Original Article Summary: Turkevich, Stevenson, & Hillier, 1951. In their 1951 article, Turkevich, Stevenson, and Hillier explore the nucleation processes and growth of colloidal gold nanoparticles during synthesis under different methods. The paper explores the standard preparation methods of colloidal gold which all use a nucleating agent which usually comprises reducing agents that later form a mixed polymer with a chloroauric ion before reduction to the nucleus occurs. The authors of this paper explore gold colloids synthesis methods such as Bredig’s electrical arc synthesis, the Faraday method, and reduction methods using acetone, tannin gold solution, oxalic acid, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ...

Importance of Nursing Informatics in Healthcare

Introduction One of the key factors for effective decision-making for nurses and other healthcare practitioners is information. It is also integral to the quality improvement of the practice of nursing. In most of the activities of nurses such as from assessing the health care needs of patients up to the developing of health care plans, information acquisition and evaluation is required. Information is also involved in the communication patients regarding the information to and from the other health care practitioners (Canadian Nurses Association np). Lastly, information is also involved in the analysis of the staff’s work as well ...

1. Introduction Link between consumer buying behaviour and social media is strengthening following the growing popularity of social medial platforms among large number of subscribers (Forbes & Forbes, 2013; Liu, 2013). Therefore, the problem statement is as follows: 1.1. Problem Statement Social media is shaping buying behaviour of consumers into different dimensions such as loyalty, buying decision, preferences, etc. The proposed research aims to dig into this tendency of modern consumer based on the influence of social media. 1.2. Research Objectives 2. Background Technological advancement that accelerated over past few decades has a strong impact on almost all walks of ...

The main decision that led to the development of this paper was upon realizing how the young generation takes education for granted in the present era. The high number of school dropouts each year and the increasing rate of unemployment in the country because of the lack of highly skilled people to handle professional careers is scaring. The paper discusses complexities in the learning sector especially those associated with adult learning. Many people who dropped from schools or never took education seriously during their teenage start looking for those opportunities during adulthood. However, these people experience major challenges because ...

A proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Introduction Wheat (Triticum sp.), an extensively adapted crop, is one of the primitive and primary staple food crops in the world. Wheat is cultivated from temperate; dry to irrigated or rain-fed areas, to warm, humid or cold conditions. Such a high adaptability is attributed to its intricate genome (Acevedo et al., 2002). Wheat cultivation covers more land area compared to other commercial crops and endures to be an essential food grain for humans (Curtis, 2002). Estimations reveal that by 2050, the population of the world will reach 9.1 billion (34 percent greater than today); correspondingly, the food requirement and ...

Writing on a complex problem like adult learning can itself be a complex process. An adult student’s cultural literacy is formed over a lifetime of experiences with the written word and encompasses their expectations, their goals, and their understanding of their relationship to the broader world. It is no surprise, then, that I faced several challenges as I began to explore this issue and its impact on the educational experience. Being able to explain a complex concept to others requires you to first reach a complete understanding of the topic—no small task in itself, when faced with ...

For the traditional student, college is the next step after high school. He takes only a few months off between high school and college as he did between the previous 12 years of his scholastic life, a whirlwind transition that leaves little time for maturation or new life experiences between being a senior in one place and a freshman in the next. Adult learners, however, bring a fully-formed identity as an adult with them into the college classroom. Educationally, they may have finished high school several years prior, not have finished high school at all, or be completing a ...

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement sample can be considered good if it presents the three pillars of a sound thesis statement. Sharp (17) asserts that through a thesis statement, a writer answers a question that they are willing to raise. Thus presentation of a topic details the first aspect of a good thesis statement. A sound thesis statement brings out the writer’s ability to engage in the ideas of another person through the topic. Demonstrations, arguments, criticism are some of the aspects eminent in topics of sound thesis statements. After the topic, a writer presents the position they would wish ...

For the traditional student, college is the next step after high school. He takes only a few months off between high school and college as he did between the previous 12 years of his scholastic life, a whirlwind transition that leaves little time for maturation or new life experiences between being a senior in one place and a freshman in the next. Adult learners, however, bring a fully-formed identity as an adult with them into the college classroom. Educationally, they may have finished high school several years prior, not have finished high school at all, or be completing a ...

The first sketches of the landscape in the form of contours of the mountains, trees and rivers appeared in primitive cave drawings. At that time, people made the first attempts to portray themselves surrounded by wildlife. Landscape elements can also be found in the art of ancient Greece. Halls of the Knossos Palace on Crete have so far preserved the frescoes, wall painting with a realistic pictures of people against the sea, garden and mountain landscape. Before appearing in the west, landscape as an independent genre appeared in ancient China as a lyrical direction, celebrating the beauty and elegance ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Introduction

The learning of a phenomenon requires the exploration of a variety of sources of information. The human personnel can be a source of specific information on certain aspect. For instance, interviewing a professional can help gather information on certain key aspects of the profession or a subject matter related to the profession. The interest in this paper is in the guidelines for the screening of colorectal cancer as a policy issue. To complement the secondary sources of information, this paper benefits from information gathered from an interview performed on the sixth day of July, 2016. The interviewee was Alison ...

1. Introduction This section defines a systematic approach using tools and techniques of research to carry out a research project (Jha, 2008; Kothari, 2004; Newman & Benz, 1998). 2. Research Approach The research aims to base the underlying study on quantitative approach for data collection. Quantitative methods will be utilized for the collection of theoretical data? A statistical analysis (linear regression analysis) will be conducted to achieve this purpose with the help of the secondary quantitative data relating to chosen economic indicators in India. Past studies can also have some numeric information and inference as well. This way, the study ...

1. Project Proposal 1.1. Research Background Media campaign has always been central consideration for any marketing plan. Trends of communication using different media have been undergoing steady evolution for the past several decades. Today’s marketing plan involves much more sophistications than ever before requiring companies to adopt state-of-the-art approach to it to maximize their chances of success (Napoli, 2011; Noll, 2007). The proposed research is going to revolve around the assessment of effective ways of collecting the required data for STA (a traveling agency) helping it develop its new marketing plan aligning to existing and emerging trends of ...

Abstract

The current government has consistently been trying to reduce the costs of healthcare and at the same time improve its quality. This paper focuses on the current state of healthcare through an extensive research on the population. The research uses a cross sectional design to collect data and come up with relevant conclusions. The research project aimed at using a homogenous population to come up with accurate results. Such a population involves participants who have the same knowledge about the subject. Such participants are easily obtained through a referral process where one participant refers another. A total of 50 ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2 The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Abstract

Forensic Science has long found important application in a criminal investigation, and its correct usage will enhance its effectiveness in crime detection. The use of forensic science in intelligence has allowed the possibility of crime scene reconstruction, identification of a suspect and the elements therein. Law enforcement has gone a notch higher in crime investigation in the sense that scouring for limited evidence at crime scenes has been made possible long after the perfect crime has taken place. The sole purpose of finding the obscure evidence is to have the criminals responsible brought to book and as a result, ...

Colorectal cancer can be treated to remission when it is detected early. This underscores the importance of screening for colorectal cancer (Miller et al., 2011). There is an increased incentive for screening for colorectal cancer considering that colorectal cancer ranks fourth among the top causes death for non-cutaneous cancers and an even higher second rank when all cancers are considered. Even with these incentives for compliance with screening protocols, Miller et al., (2011) finds that the compliance rates are still low and attributes it to several factors. These findings that are corroborated by Hernandez, Chowdhury, Fleming & Griffith, (2011) who ...

Advanced nursing practice is recognized as an advanced level of nursing care that uses in-depth nursing knowledge and nursing expertise to meet health care needs. Unlike traditional nursing practice, advanced nursing practice involves numerous streams of activities like: analysis, knowledge synthesis, critical thinking, decision making, interpreting, evidence based practice and managerial/administrative roles. The evolution of advanced nursing practitioners happened when nurses were expected to take extra responsibility in addition to their traditional role. Due to lack of a sufficient number of doctors to attend to people in remote areas and in families, nurses were given the added responsibility to ...

Recommendation Report

Tyrone T. Lewis Abstract Environmental pollution is a growing and enduring concern in New York City. Environmental pollution takes different dimensions. However, air pollution is particularly concerning with statistics from reputable bodies attributing it to premature deaths due to complications from respiratory diseases. Partnerships between the city authorities and community and volunteer groups have seen the implementation of programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the environmental pollution in the city. However, many of these programs are not sustainable because they fail to address the human aspect as a contributor to environmental pollution, and also as a resource towards the ...

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is a USA agency that deals with matters concerning the safety of the U.S citizens by checking off the terrorism outside and within the country. This body, mainly operates in airports and it contains many staffs that take different duties ensure maximum security of the country by scanning and screening the aliens that enter the country. Most of the employees working with TSA are armed Federal Air Marshal, mobiles dog handlers and screening agents. They ensure that no entry of terrorists in the country. In addition to that, they ensure the safety of all the ...

Abstract

Continuous exposure to a wide spectrum of natural light has constructive impacts to not only one’s health but also their moods. The production of hormones such as serotonin and melatonin based on the intensity of light has a large impact on the distribution of an individual’s emotions. This study seeks to validate the role of sunlight in the distribution of a person’s mood and whether a lack thereof has a negative impact on their emotional balance. The paper utilizes similar researches conducted on this issue to establish an argument about the constructive impacts of sunlight on ...

The main goal of speech modification is the control of non-linguistic information of various speech signals, as, for instance, voice quality and/or voice individuality. The term speech modification is usually used to refer to the different modifications, which may be applied to the sound produced by people. (McAulay and Quatieri, 1986) Speech modification is used in a big range of areas, such as speech synthesis, film and music industry, voice editing, dubbing, toys, chat rooms, games, communications (interpreting telephony, helium speech), voice pathology (voice restoration), high-end hearing aids, other applications (for example, confuse speaker identification systems). The process of ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a very influential technique that helps in amplifying the specific segments of DNA. This biochemical procedure is performed in-vitro that is quite different from cloning. This technique is a fusion of synthesis protocol of distinct repeated segments of DNA and thermostable DNA polymerase application that has given scientists a very potent analytical, immunological and molecular technique used prevalently in clinical laboratory science (Garibyan & Avashia, 2013). PCR is based on three primary steps that include denaturation of the template into single strands, annealing ...

The Translation Science Project

The current translation project focuses on colorectal cancer. The translation science project is a contribution to the efforts towards the improvement of the compliance with the screening protocol of colorectal cancer for Latin America patients aged between 50 and 70 years in a community health setting in Miami-Dade. The proposed project’s objective will help to determine how health care staff utilizes evidence-based practices (EBP) CRC screening protocol to improve compliance among Latin population aged 50 to 70 years old. In this project, the population of interest will consist of Latin American patients aged between 50 to 70 years ...

Question 1: What role has venture capitalism played in the market place?

A very significant role has been played by venture capitalists (VCs), as with the focus on funding companies in the technology sector, has helped the Biotechnology sector to grow and prosper, in an independent manner, since, Biotech companies had to rely on partnerships with big Pharmaceuticals (Phillips, 2016). The Full value chain that is desired by Biotech players, is helped by the VCs, capabilities in terms of funding, and also importantly, providing networking contacts and business management experience to run the facility effectively.

Question 2: What differences exist between the pharmaceutical industry and the biotech industry?

The key difference amid traditional pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is the method of production, in producing ...

Ivermectin

Abstract Ivermectin is a group of medicinal drugs under the larger group of avermectins. It was first discovered in the early 1970’s and accepted for use in the 1980’s in veterinary medicine applications and later for human conditions treatment. Biosynthesis of ivermectin is done from the primary compound avermectin and was discovered by a group of scientists who were led by Professor Satoshi Omura (Eng). The results of their research were later forwarded to the MSD research laboratories which isolated the compound avermectin from the sampled soil that was studied. Synthesis of avermectin results into eight main ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010). In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

The third period of the Renaissance is called "High Renaissance". The art of this period extends approximately in Italy from 1490s to 1527. The Catholic Church remained a major patron of the arts during the Renaissance, through the popes and other prelates, as well as the convents, monasteries, and confraternities (Raditsa, The Art of Renaissance Europe, 15). At this time, the center of the influence of Italian art changed from Florence to Rome, because of an accession to the papal throne Julius II, who was an ambitious, brave and adventurous person. He hired best Italian artists, who created numerous ...

Liver is the largest ‘gland’ of the digestive system. It is located right under the dome of the diaphragm, coated by the capsule. It is distinguished the liver’s convex upper surface adjacent to the diaphragm, and a lower, downwardly facing and in contact with the back and abdominal organs. On the part of the upper surface of the liver it can be seen its right and left lobes, the boundary of which is the crescent liver ligament. To the lower surface of the right lobe there is a gallbladder, close to the deep groove of the liver there ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden death of apparently healthy child aged up to 1 year as a result of cessation of breathing and heart failure, the cause of which cannot be established at the mortem expertise. Sometimes the syndrome is called as “death at the crib” or death for no reason. However, there are causes or risk factors for the development of this poorly studied phenomenon, and the parents, eliminating them from their life, can save the life and health of the child. SIDS is not a disease; it is a posthumous diagnosis that is exhibited ...

Homeostasis refers to any self-regulating process by which biological systems attempt to maintain stability despite changes in the external and internal environment (Sturmberg & Martin, 2013). Biological systems interact with each other to maintain a suitable condition of the internal environment for the survival of the living organism. The biological systems of the living organism are in a state of constant change. The regulation of the systems within a given range of various conditions helps to keep the living organisms alive and healthy. The systems also interact with the external environment in different ways. The conditions of the external environment ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Cholesterol is a fat that is needed to build cells, certain hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol synthesis is determined genetically, without it the body cannot fully function, but an excess can have the opposite, negative effect. After the growth of the organism is finished and the cells do not divide so rapidly, cholesterol continues to be synthesized by the liver in the same size. Moreover, a large part of the cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, while smaller part comes with the food. Fats in general and cholesterol in particular will not dissolve in blood, so to transport them ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

The patient presented in this case suffers from metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health problems that is associated with the presence of obesity and tissues resistance to insulin. The metabolic syndrome is a condition that causes a myriad of problems in the body such that the body becomes incapable of maintaining the circulation of the useful energy molecules such as glucose and lipids in the right quantities in the bloodstream (Huang, 2009). Other associated disorders of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The lipid problem is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and ...

Abstract

This paper discusses how exercise stimulates the release of growth hormone. Older people tend to have lower levels of the hormone. As a result, mechanisms have been formulated to help deal with the deficiency which includes inducing the growth hormone into the individual’s body. This, therefore, leads to the discussion of the exact mechanism through which the growth hormone facilitates exercise, maintains growth and repair of worn out muscles or even reverses the aging process among the aged. Also, the functions of IGF-I binding proteins during exercise and its importance in aiding the release of the GH is ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

Introduction

The conversion of gas into liquid fuels is an innovative technology that is well-known to many people. This technique is so promising and enhancing new options for environmentally friendly manufacturing of fuels and chemicals as well as other natural gases. Looking into the large natural gas and coal reserves and deteriorating petroleum reserves all over the world, it is anticipated to play an important role in the future. Cobalt-based chemical agents are the ideal catalysts for hydrogen synthesis since they have a high FTS functionality, discernment for long-chain paraffin as well as a low process for the water-gas change ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Dr. Albert Hofmann, a Swiss synthetic chemist, was born on January 11, 1906 (Luke, 2006). He was not from an economically stable family, and sometimes, due to the illness of his father, he was forced to work. He graduated from University of Zürich, and in 1929, he got his doctoral degree in medicinal chemistry (Pallardy, n.d.). After completion of graduation, he started working with Sandoz as a Director Pharmaceutical-Chemical Research Laboratories Basel (Fusar-Poli & Borgwardt, 2008). During his work in the company, he was associated with the synthesis of compounds that are commonly found in medicinal ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} A cell is a form of the miniature factory that encloses a distinct chemical system that is involved in structural maintenance, homeostasis, energy generation and reproduction. Every organism is made of these structural living units. The cell divides and produces more cells and assists in the growth of the organism. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing the genetic material. The Eukaryotic cells can be divided into three main parts, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (Cooper & ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} All drug delivery systems (DDS) use the nanostructures as drug containers. There are various types of these nanocontainers such as polymeric liposomal nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles (Singh and Lillard, 2009; Zarogoulidis et al., 2012). The mode of action of these nanostructures on the target site and the molecular proceedings occurring during this process provides a mechanistic foundation for drug discovery against cancerous developments. The several considerable points that an anti-cancer agent should have are targeted delivery to the impacted cells, least activity loss, ...

The Influence of Early Childhood Teachers’ Mental Health Literacy and Early Intervention for Special Needs Children: Methods

Introduction In recent decades, it has become common knowledge that early childhood education is of fundamental importance to the overall development of all children, whether those children have developmental disabilities, are intellectually disadvantaged, or present with other special needs (Virmani et al., 2013; World Health Organisation, 2016; Kay-Lambkin, Kemp, Stafford & Hazell, 2007). However, despite the importance of early childhood education for all students, there are special requirements that must be met for students with special needs. Teaching special needs students in the early education classroom can be difficult for a plethora of reasons. The purpose of this discussion will ...

Magnesium is an essential nutrient

Magnesium is a mineral which is of great abundance in the human body. Along with enzymes, it is important for protein synthesis, muscle regulation and a host of other important cellular factors such as oxidative phosporylation, energy production which involves production and utilization of ATP and glycolysis. Additionally, Magnesium is required to assist in different cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription and RNA translation(Barbagallo, 2012). Magnesium is found usually in the bones and or in the soft tissues of humans. Next to Potassium, it is the most abundant ion in the body. The plasma actually contains ...

Summary of Article

INTRODUCTION Altered oligonucleotides, specifically, labeled RNA serve as important tools in biochemical and biomedical research and have been commonly utilized for therapeutic and analytical purposes . Although there are many studies on post-synthetic techniques on DNA, such as by Marx et al., very few reports have described the techniques related to RNA. An efficient automated RNA synthesis with an optimal yield is a prerequisite for post-synthetic derivatization. It is a commonly accepted truth that RNA production is much more troublesome and challenging than DNA synthesis, owing to its lesser coupling efficiency in the synthesis cycle along with the requirement to ...