Essays on Serotonin

Doctor

ABSTRACT Young people in the United States are battling depression in record numbers, reaching an all-time high of 3 million patients in 2015. Researchers are continuing to search for alternative or additional methods than therapy and medications to improve depressive symptoms in teenagers and young adults. Some studies have demonstrated that as possible option in easing depression is physical exercise. In addition to assisting mental health issues, exercise promotes social interaction, physical health, and appearance. However, research has focused primarily on adults and therefore additional studies are needed with focus on the impact of exercise on depression in young ...

Introduction

Migraine is a common type of headache disorder which is characterized by moderate to severe recurrent headache. Migraine headaches are generally severe and could last up to 3 days, wherein the pain affects half of the head but the pain is pulsating in nature. People with acute migraine headache may have suffer from sensitivity to light, vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to smell and sound. In some cases, the pain may become severe and worsen after physical activity. In 1/3rd of patients with migraine, a short period of visual disturbance or aura occurs which is an indication that the pain ...

The first indication of menopause is a broken thermostat. It’s either that or your weight. In any case, if you don’t do something, you could be dead by August.“ - D.B.Frank Discuss health challenges experienced by women in the menopause transition with reference to current aetiological theories, underlying mechanisms, and how it affects women’s lives.

Introduction

Menopause occurs when a woman reaches the age at which she is no longer in her reproductive prime. However, menopause does not have a sudden onset; rather, it occurs gradually over time as hormone balances shift. This period of time, when ...

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to find the connection between depression and suicide among youth, identify the percentage of young people that are affected by the depressive disorder and the percentage of those suffering from depression that have suicidal intentions. It is important to study this issue because mental illness and following suicide attempts is a wide-spread complicated problem all around the world nowadays.

Research Question/Hypothesis

Research questions of this study are as follows: What is the percentage of young people that suffer from depressive disorder? What is the percentage of depressed youth that have thoughts of suicide? Can depression ...

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein C. Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain Wayne A. Ray, PhD1; Cecilia P. Chung, MD, MPH2; Katherine T. Murray, MD2,3; Kathi Hall, BS1; C. Michael Stein, MB, ChB2,3 [+] Author Affiliations JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

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Abstract ABSTRACT | INTRODUCTION | METHODS | RESULTS | DISCUSSION | CONCLUSIONS | ARTICLE INFORMATION | REFERENCES Importance  Long-acting opioids increase the risk of unintentional overdose deaths but also may increase ...

Abstract

Continuous exposure to a wide spectrum of natural light has constructive impacts to not only one’s health but also their moods. The production of hormones such as serotonin and melatonin based on the intensity of light has a large impact on the distribution of an individual’s emotions. This study seeks to validate the role of sunlight in the distribution of a person’s mood and whether a lack thereof has a negative impact on their emotional balance. The paper utilizes similar researches conducted on this issue to establish an argument about the constructive impacts of sunlight on ...

Black Cohosh

Black cohosh is also known as black snakeroot (as the name appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in the year 1820), bugwort, columbine-leaved leontice, tall bugbane, cordate rattle top, rattleroot, macrotys, papoose root, and battleweed. Its Latin name is Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa. Macrotys actaeoides is also a synonym for the drug (Frostburg State University, frostburg.edu). It belongs to the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family (Kinghorn A 2). The plant was first described in 1690 in Phytographia by Leonard Plukenet as Christopheriana facie. Later in 1751, it was named as Actaea racemosa by Linnaeus. However, the name was later changed into ...

Efficacy of Ondansetron in oral rehydration

Introduction Ondansetron is a drug that blocks actions of chemicals within the body that can trigger an episode of vomiting or diarrhea (Freedman, 2016). The body has a system of regulating itself and fighting any harmful condition or substance. The medulla oblongata is responsible for the regulation of involuntary actions such as breathing, vomiting, thirst and heart rate. This part of the brain can detect various chemicals and hormones within the blood. When a potentially toxic substance gets detected, the chemoreceptor trigger zone initiates the vomiting process. Ondansetron prevents nausea and vomiting caused by surgical activities or cancer medication. ...

Description of the case

Complaints during consultations is a normal occurrence in the clinical practice. Family doctors experience their fair share of these complaints as discussed in this segment. As part of the resolution of complaints during consultations, effective communication is central in addressing this pertinent issue. By communicating effectively, family doctors can employ various tactics in addressing these complaints. To begin with, asking the patient how they feel concerning an issue is the foremost way of dealing with complaints. In this regard, questions such as “can you explain what is making you upset in your own words” can surface. In our case, ...

Introduction

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops because of exposure to a traumatic experience. According to the Institute of Medicine (2012), the vital element of PTSD is the development of the characteristic symptoms that follow exposure to extreme traumatic stressors, including personal experiences. For an event to cause PTSD, it has should have had an actual or implied dire injury or near death experience to the victim. Such events could also threaten one’s physical and psychological integrity. The most common traumatic events happen during military combat, hostage situations, violent assault, torture, terrorist attacks, and disasters. While PSTD is most common ...

Abstract

The health issues affecting older people have over the years faced constant ignorance in the society. It has become essential to include the elderly patients in the national policy issue because of their increased numbers in the population. The primary objective of such a move is to provide better health care and high quality of life for older adults and their respective families. Health care systems, health care providers, policy makers and health care organizations have to dedicate their efforts on sensitization of acute and chronic medical issues affecting older and improvising measures that can help protect the elderly ...

Q1 People, especially children, internalize what they see in the environment and imitate it. In this regard, a child will behave the way adults do in the environment. Moreover, one can learn by the process of association (classical conditioning) or adopts behaviors depending on reinforcement. Q2 The emotional learning system focuses on one’s understanding of the immediate experiences. In this regard, one chooses how to behave based on critical and constructive thinking. Events that may lead to emotional responses may include reaction to stressful environments or happiness. Q3 Emotion determines one’s way of reacting to events. It ...

A neuron is a specialized type of cell that helps in impulse conduction in the body. It is a basic unit of communication in the body. It receives and initiates the information reception and transmission to all parts of the body. The structure of the neuron is made of several parts that include dendrites, Soma (cell body), nucleus, cell membrane, axon, myelin sheath, a node of Ranvier and terminal Buttons or axon terminal (Marieb, 2004). The figure below shows the structure of the neuron. Figure 1: structure of neuron (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2010). For neural impulse to occur, the stimulus ...

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a syndrome, the causes of which rarely lie on the surface. It is characterized by obsessive thoughts (obsessions), for which a person responds with certain actions (compulsions). Obsession is a thought or desire that constantly emerges in the mind. It is difficult to control this thought or get rid of it, and it causes a lot of stress. In this paper I would like to tell what is obsessive-compulsive disorder, by what factors it may be caused, reasons of its appearance, what factors contribute to the development of this disease and how it is treated.

Briefly about OCD

Common ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Quite often, people experience anxiety when faced with a difficult situation, and the anxiety ends once the situation is resolved. Occasional anxiety is a common phenomenon that people face especially before undertaking tasks for which they have little confidence in accomplishing. Besides, whenever confronted with the need to make important decisions, people tend to experience anxiety over the possible consequences of such decisions. In general, anxiety occurs when one is facing a difficult situation, has to make a difficult decision, or is about to carry out a task that one has no confidence in accomplishing successfully. In all these ...

Influence of Temperature and Neurotransmitters on Heart Rate in crayfish

TA for the Experiment: Introduction The cardiovascular system achieves key physiological functions in animals. Particularly, crayfish (Procambarus clarkia), also known as freshwater lobster, have been used to study physiological processes. This is because it is easier to study them in this species than in any other organism. In Crayfish, the circulatory system is open. Blood moves from the heart through the arteries and goes back through the open sinuses. Their heart is located in the cephalotorax, in front of the first abdominal segment, in the dorsal portion. Basic heart rate beat and rhythm in adult crustaceans depends on a ...

This work seeks to summarize the article,” The Expanded Biology of Serotonin” authored by Berger, Gray, and Roth. According to authors, serotonin, a neurotransmitter that modulates neural activity and neuropsychological processes, is widely used in psychiatry and neurology. It is located mostly outside the central nervous system, and the 15 receptors of serotonin are found outside as well as inside the brain. It regulates a number of biological processes including, bowel motility, cardiovascular function, bladder control, and ejaculatory latency. However, they mention that serotonin regulates some other processes as well including platelet accumulation through receptor independent, but transglutaminase-dependent covalent ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

In fact, there are considerable differences in physical activity, emotions, interests, perception between men and women. Numerous scientists have explored and discussed if these differences are conditioned by social factors or biology. To make it clear, some think that it is biology that defines human behavior, tastes, skills etc.; others adhere to the opinion that society is a more influential impact on formation of behavior. In other words, socially created features of men and women are called "gender", "sex" is determined by biology. Unfortunately, nowadays it is possible to see numerous mistakes and discrepancies concerning the use of both ...

Depression

Psychodynamic psychology also called dynamic psychology is the chronological approach to the study of psychological forces and state of the mind in relation to human characteristics stressing the connection between unconscious and conscious procedures with effects to general mental functioning. Dynamic psychology is directed to the idea that humans life undertakings affects their unconscious and conscious ideologies and motivations which in turn correlate with the feelings, character, and general nature of behaviors. Freud the psychologist suggested that the conscious and unconscious parts of the brain come into conflict with each other, resulting to an observation known as repression. This ...

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a classification of mental disorders, that is used by mental health professionals. The American Psychiatric Association publishes it. The DSM constitutes a listing of psychiatric disorders and their diagnostic codes. The first DSM was published in 1952, other revisions includes DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-Revised, and DSM IV. The most revised version of the DSM, DSM-IV-Text revision, was published in 2000.

DSM IV has a list of 297 disorders. This version differs from the other DSM versions by including clinical significance criterion to more than half of the categories, which required causes ...

Why are babies, who are born to drug-addicted mothers, more likely to abuse drugs as teens and how can this be prevented?

Introduction

The term ‘Mothering’ is a manifestation of all the best practices constituted in the well being of a child. The way mothers perform this behavior is largely influenced by the social norms, rituals and myths. Then, the outcome of Mothering is an amalgamation of social, economic and political influences reflected in the character of a child. Hence mothers should be really concerned about how they raise their children and who is accountable for them. Family and household further extend support to the mothers as mothers alone cannot provide for all the needs of the children. It is the family and society ...