Essays on Menopause

The Women’s Health Initiative is a long-term national health study that started in April 1991. WHI is a result of a growing scientific interest and an urgent need for better understanding of the nature of women’s diseases. The entire project employed 161, 808 women of 50-79 years of age, and therefore, became one of the most far reaching women’s health experiments that have ever been taken in the U.S. The clinical trial consisted of three parts such as hormone therapy, dietary modification and calcium/vitamin D supplements. They were dedicated to the issue of preventing cancer, osteoporosis ...

Introduction

Osteoporosis is a health condition that affects bones. Osteoporosis condition makes bones thinner and weaker. The thinness and weakness of the bone increase risks of fall that may cause a fracture since a mild stress can easily bend and break the bone. Bone fractures associated with Osteoporosis occurs in wrist, spine, and hips. The condition affects both male and female of all races, but Asian and White women above the age of menopause are at greater risks of acquiring the disease. According to Peña & Perez (2012), the disease affects more women than men. More than 40 million Americans ...

The advancements in the medical and health sector have continually provided pharmacological interventions for various health issues that had previously remained unresolved. This is especially in relation to the aspects of hormonal changes that occur with advancement of age. One of the major achievements in the pharmacological inventions is the introduction and adoption of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). HRT while not being a conventional technique has gained popularity in its claim as a primary method that can be utilized in the treatment of menopause symptoms and related health issues (Hickey, Elliott & Davison, 2012). The benefits of HRT range from ...

Men and women handle many things in life differently. The aging process and middle age is one of those differences. The genetic make-up of male and female can have an impact on what effects middle age has on each gender. Middle age can also be known as mid-life crisis, and both male and females may experience changes in their self that reflect on the way their routine of life is handled at this point. Dementia in middle aged individuals is not uncommon. Health factors and memory loss can occur as we age due to the brain cells dying and ...

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Abstract

Insomnia is a very frequent condition which affects women in particular and older people more frequently than younger ones. The reasons for which these groups are more affected have to do with psychological and physiological causes. At the request of a large pharmaceutical company, this report tries to understand how a new insomnia drug could be efficiently marketed in the case of these target groups. Awareness campaigns which illustrate the causes of insomnia in different targeted groups increase the trust of people in the company. Marketing campaigns should be conducted on a variety of media most often employed ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Love may refer to the emotion that is associated with strong affection and attachment. It is the virtue that represents the human compassion, kindness and affection towards other human beings, animals or one’s self. In psychology, love is depicted as a social and a cognitive phenomenon. Robert Sternberg, who was a psychologist, came up with a triangular love theory arguing that love is made up of three different components. These components are commitment, intimacy, as well as passion.

The component of intimacy occurs when two individuals share confidences and other personal details of their lives. This is usually shown in romantic love ...

Before taking this course on anatomy and physiology, I used to know that Aging has a significant effect on the reproductive systems especially the effects of aging on fertility. However, I did not understand all the hormonal changes involved in the decline of fertility due to age in men and women. After taking this course on Reproduction, I now comprehend all the changes in reproductive systems with age in men and women. For women the most significant changes occur at menopause while changes in the male reproductive system occur gradually over a long period. The sexual functions and fertility decline with ...

Cover Letter

We appreciate your request to our consulting team for developing the marketing plan of one of your popular products. We respect Bodybuilding.com activity and its operation. It was very interesting and fruitful cooperation. Please, be kindly informed that upon your request on creating the marketing plan for one of your popular products, you are provided with the comprehensive plan below. The marketing plan consists of the description of current situation on the fitness market, competition level, formation of SWOT-analysis, recommended strategy for Bodybuilding.com, map of competitors and marketing mix details.

Thank you very much for your support.

In case any questions arise, please, contact us ...

The aim of this paper is to describe the physical, cognitive and socio-emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan, that is, from infancy to early, middle and late childhood and early, middle and late adulthood.

Infancy

Infancy is a period during which infants make significant gains in weight and length. Their bones also harden due to the deposition of calcium and other minerals. Their muscles also increase in size and strength. The brain of infants also grows tremendously at a faster rate than the rest of the body. Infancy is also the period during which the infant achieves major milestones like crawling, ...

Cover Letter

We appreciate your request to our consulting team for developing the marketing plan of one of your popular products. We respect Bodybuilding.com activity and its operation. It was very interesting and fruitful cooperation. Please, be kindly informed that upon your request on creating the marketing plan for one of your popular products, you are provided with the comprehensive plan below. The marketing plan consists of the description of current situation on the fitness market, competition level, formation of SWOT-analysis, recommended strategy for Bodybuilding.com, map of competitors and marketing mix details.

Thank you very much for your support.

In case any questions arise, please, contact us ...

X-ray Reading

X-ray Reading Figure 1 The patient in this x-ray image is centred with both lungs apices. The image has also captured the costophrenic angles but some of the bones are invisible in the picture. The reason some of the bone structures are invisible is because of poor reproduction. Additionally, the medial ends of clavicle are invincible thus it is impossible to assess rotation using this image. Another observation is that the trachea is patent and deviated to the right. The image also shows that the heart is deviated to the right. The heart of the patient has a ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Midlife, or the age between 35 and 55, can be a complicated time for a woman. As a female enters these years, sometimes it can be difficult to navigate the waters because the things that once made her happy are no longer available, or as satisfying. This can be confusing. Other things that she never enjoyed before may be cast in a new light, and be even more enjoyable than the female ever thought possible. There may be complicated feelings about life satisfaction, which can lead to new discoveries or depression. The female may attempt sexual exploration as her body continues to mature, ...

Menopause can be a difficult time in a woman’s life when she if faced with many changes that impact her body. Her hormones can cause a great deal of stress, hot flashes can be very uncomfortable, and there are several other side effects to menopause that make it a generally uncomfortable period. Typically after menopause it is commonly accepted that a woman’s childbearing years are over. However, many women are beginning to use technological advancements to defy this sentence, having children in a postmenopausal state. This is not safe to do for several reasons. The typical age a woman goes through menopause is between ...

Hormone replacement therapy can be simply defined as all the medications that contain female hormones for the replacement of those hormones that a female body does not manufacture after menopause. This therapy is a standard treatment to cure menopause symptoms. Although there are some benefits related with HRT, a majority of doctors are less likely to recommend this therapy as the concerns associated with it are much hazardous (especially for elder women). On the other hand, it could prove as a better option for certain women who have low risk factors (Cabot, 1995).

Risks of Hormone Therapy

At the same time as Hormone Replacement Therapy helps a majority ...

Hormone Replacement Therapy is also called ‘hormone therapy’. It is a process by which a person receives hormones for either of two reasons; one, to substitute other hormones with the naturally occurring ones, or two, to supplement the natural ones because they are insufficient (Peterson, Arcangelo, 2013). There are a number of forms. The first form is menopause therapy for hormone replacement therapy. This is done to replenish progesterone hormones and estrogen so as to reduce the discomfort that which is caused by lack of the mentioned hormones. It may also be done to individuals who have reached menopause prematurely. This form ...

The human development solely depends on the results of the diverse stages that occur in a human being. These stages start from the conception of a newborn until the day of death. Biological and sociological inheritance faced by an individual determines these stages of development. From the child’s conception to the death, the human being undergoes various stages to address and portray clear effects of the aging. The extended childhood, rapid maturity, gradually declining mental function and a post-productive period characterizes the development and growth in human. Various advancements occur that characterize these stages. For example, the proper use human bodies, ...

Discussion

Breast cancer continues to be the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women. Significant variation is observed in breast cancer survival rates from one geographic area to another (Jemal et al., 2010, Curado, 2011). Interestingly, while the Middle East, along with sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries have the lowest rates of breast cancer in the world, the incidence has been rapidly increasing over the last twenty years, as it has been with other cancers (Amoori et al., 2014). Some of the factors that play a role in early detection include improved screening practices and education (Curado, 2011). .In ...

Meadowbank TAFE

HLTAP501A/B/C Analyze Health Information HLTCOM510B Provide Services to Clients with Chronic Disease or Conditions PATHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT –ASTHMA– Abstract Asthma is a chronic problem that influences lung function. Clinically asthma is identified by the variation in expiratory airflow and abnormal respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, chest congestion, cough, and shortness of breath. The aetiology of asthma is linked to a mixture of genetic and environmental factors, though; heredity or atopy also plays a role in asthma. Asthma is categorized into two types: extrinsic (allergic) and intrinsic (nonallergic). Allergic asthma is an outcome of the reaction of an antibody ...

- History - Reason for Visit

Annual Well-woman examination

- Present Medical Status JA is a new female patient, 52 years of age, of black American descent. Patient has decided to visit the clinic for her annual well-woman examination procedure. - Family Medical and Health History Patient’s maternal family has had a history of HTN (hypertension) and DM (Diabetes Mellitus, type unspecified and unrecalled); and a paternal family history of CA (Cancer) of the breast and colon. Both maternal and paternal family has no history of Kidney Diseases, Vascular, and Pulmonary Disorders. - Diet and Nutritional Assessment Patient ...

In medical terms, breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor whose growth begins in the breast cells. Malignancy of tumors refers to that bunch of cancerous cells in the breast that are capable of not only growing in the specific cells, but also have the ability to invade the surrounding tissue and metastasize or spread to distant parts of the body. However, most often, breast cancer lumps are benign. This means that they are not cancerous or in other words cannot spread to other areas in the body. Although this disease is known to affect women, there have been a ...

Introduction

The urinary system is the filter mechanism used for flushing out toxic wastes and excess water out of the human body. Consisting of the two kidneys, the bladder, ureters and the urethra, the urinary system helps not only in discharging wastes from the body but also helps in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The kidneys are two bean shaped organs positioned near the middle of the back on both sides of the spinal column. The kidneys produce urine by processing around 200 quarts of blood every day, and the amount of urine varies among individuals depending on the ...

Abstract

This study was meant to find out the level of understanding of the various aspects of breast cancer in the society especially concerning its causes and the susceptible group. A survey was conducted and it was noted that there was some awareness about breast cancer in the society, however, it was not adequate. The study, therefore, also seeks to bring to light the approaches that have been proposed to combat the disease before it metastasizes.

Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases collectively characterized by the multiplication of body cells that are no longer controlled by the body. There are several ...

Abstract

With more than 340 million recorded cases worldwide, depression is one of the most common psychological disorders today. Women are at a high risk for developing depression, especially during menopause because their hormone levels fluctuate and personality traits may worsen vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. However, besides biological and psychological factors, lifestyle factors are important determinants of depression symptoms in middle-aged women, and modifying those factors is associated with significant improvements in depression symptoms. For example, transitioning from a sedentary lifestyle into a physically active lifestyle can reduce depression moods and improve the quality of life. The purpose of this paper is ...

Patient History:

56-year-old Caucasian female PMH: s/p fractures x 3. Right wrist fracture - after falling over a lamp cord in her single-level, carpeted home; 2 months later she fractured her left wrist after tripping and falling. Five years ago she fractured an ankle while making a (bad) landing while sky-diving for the first—and last—time. s/p hysterectomy at age 45 for fibroids; the ovaries were not removed. Menopause onset age 51 without hormone therapy. Medical Work-up: A review of the patient's previous medical records revealed that a spine x-ray had been done for persistent back pain about 4 months ...

Menopause is a common stage of life; this is a period whereby a woman experience differences on her periods as they gradually stop. Some of symptoms which can be revealed include changes on estrogen and even progesterone (Jeremy, 2005). Researchers and other professionals call this period menopausal transition. Normally, symptoms can be seen even before the last menstrual period. A woman is supposed to admit she has menopause after a full year without experiencing menstrual period. Scientifically, women experience menstrual period up to the age of 51. However, others experience menopause even before fifty’s. Moreover, there are women who still ...

Abstract

Over time, vital relationships in one’s life, like the familial, become significantly soured. And, as relationships wither, so does people’s well-being. Marital sex life experiences changes with marital duration, and especially after having children, which affects their relationship and inner balance, one way or another. If marital sex is defined as a means of expressing one’s emotions and need to be loved, then it is clear why marital sex changes are considered an important factor to a couple’s and a family’s well-being. This paper will focus on exploring the reasons why and how marital sex changes and ...

Introduction

According to Warnock (2002), human sexual desire is a mental state that has three components: the biological, motivational-affective and cognitive. In the case of women “desire is a response rather than a spontaneous event; that is a woman may choose to experience sexual activity in order to have intimate relationships needs met” (Warnock J.K., 2000, p.746). So in women motivational-affective desire can be affected by stressful situations and the psychiatric health of both partners. Letitia Peplaau of the UCLA examined sexuality on women and men. She reasons that men exhibit aggressive tendencies on sexuality more than women. Men in both heterosexual and ...

Breast cancer is harmful to women and men, can lead to the loss of a breast or can be fatal. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that originates from the tissues of the breast especially the inner lining of the milk duct or lobules that are involved in the supply of milk to the ducts (Sariego). Breast cancer just like the other cancers takes place through an interaction between environmental factors and the host who is genetically susceptible. Normal cells usually become cancerous after losing their ability to stop the division process. Breast cancer is divided into two main ...

Osteoporosis refers to a disease that is characterized by reduced bone mass as well as bone tissue deterioration. The disease results in an increase in the fragility of the bone and increases the chances of bone fracture. The bones that are at risk of breaking include bones of the spine, hips, shoulders and wrist. Osteoporosis is commonly referred to as a silent thief since the loss of bone mass occurs with no symptoms appearing. Incidents of fractures resulting from osteoporosis occur more often than a combination of stroke, heart attack and breast cancer. The disease is also the most common bone disease ( ...

Argumentative Essay on Fertility Donation

- Introduction Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), also referred to as third party reproduction, are a wide range of technologies that are used to help people to get children. The technologies are used in various circumstances that make it impossible for the person to bear a child, for instance where either of the partners is infertile, in gay marriages, where a genetic disorder that may be passed on the offspring has been detected in one of the partners and other circumstances that will be specifically mentioned in this paper. The assisted reproductive technologies, while they have helped people who could not have ...

Introduction

Today, one of the leading causes of mortality in the US is cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It is considered to be one of the serious illnesses; there are one out of four deaths every year from CVD in the US (Go, 2013). To understand the common factors that contribute to development of CVD, a study termed as the “Framingham Heart Study” was initiated way back in 1948 (FHS, 2013). At this time, there was very little knowledge on the general causes of heart disease, but there was a rising incidence of CVD in the US and it had almost become an epidemic. ...

The life expectancy has increased making the larger proportion of the world’s population to comprise the older people most of them being above the age of 65 years. The sexual health of these old people has not been keenly attended to, for long. The sexual concerns and problems of these people have not been taken good care of. The cultural aspects have led to the perspective that old people are sexually inactive, and that is the reason this issue has been neglected for long. It has been assumed that the old people are not interested with sex, and ...

WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study? Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)? After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry ...

Perhaps smoking is one of the most well-known types of using drugs. Since it is legal in most countries, it is very much patronized by people of all ages, shapes, sizes and gender. Young and old alike just love the sensation of having a smoke. According to Health Literacy World, there are various reasons why people smoke. For teens, they love smoking because of the pressure from other friends who smoke, they want to be accepted, or they want to look mature. Adults have different reasons. One of the most common reasons is that they want to get over the ...

Do natural supplements work?

Natural supplements are very popular right now all over the world and have been there for many years acting as an alternative t the manmade prescription drugs. The supplements usually come from plants. It has been said that herbs are a natural way in the treatment of depression, relieving symptoms of menopause and warding off flu, colds and others. Just for the reasons that a supplement is natural does not mean that it has no risks of side effects when it is taken . An example is the St. John’s Wort which is used by thousands of people daily to treat ...

Table of Contents

Introduction 2

Man and Woman, Woman and Woman or Man and Man 4 Procreation or Not 4 Optimum Environment for Children 5 Gay Relationships are Moral or Immoral 5 Federal Law 6 President Obama 7 Politicians and Media Figures 8 Conclusion 10 Work Cited 10

Gay Marriage Introduction Gay marriage is also known as same sex marriage. Gay marriage is the union between two people with the same biological gender identity or same sex. This marriage ...

Wellness: Health Promotion and Disease

Question 1

The psychologist Daniel Levinson identified five developmental tasks for young adults. These are 1) pursuing a dream; 2) creating relationships; 3) developing an occupational career; 4) forming a marriage and family; and 5) building responsibility in the larger community. The tasks are all interdependent, meaning that achieving one affects the possibility of accomplishing the other four (StudyMode.com, 2011). For example, developing a career may provide the financial stability necessary to pursue a dream or to form a family. Creating a relationship with another person may lead to marriage and a family, while creating a relationship with a mentor may lead to obtaining a career or to greater ...

Introduction

Body cells normally grow, divide, and die in a systematic manner. During adulthood, most cells divide to repair injuries or to replace the dying (worn-out) cells. Some cells, however, grow out of control. These cells are referred to as the cancer cells. Instead of dying, the cancer cells grow out of control (abnormally) and form new abnormal cells. Besides, the cancer cells can invade normal tissues. In most cases, the cancer cells form a mass of body cells that are malignant and have no physiological function, usually called the tumors. When they get into the blood stream or the lymph vessels, ...

Psychological Disorder Analysis

Marla is suffering from Major Depression or otherwise known as Clinical Depression. This condition is characterized by changes in thinking, general mood, reaction to the surrounding environment and physical wellbeing. Major depression patients exhibit negative thoughts about themselves, low moods, lack of motivation towards work and other activities and physical discomfort, which can expresses as headache or other general bodily aches (Comer, 2007). Her symptoms are best explained by substantial depression whose occurrence is common.

Major depression is a psychological disorder, which is said to affect about 6.7% of the American population of 18 years and above. Data from the ...

Cancers or carcinogenic growths affect the reproductive systems of both men and women around the world. In this discourse the writer will discuss breast cancer as it pertains to contributing factors; primary altered cell/tissue effects, effects of hormone levels; potential for metastasis and extended effects, treatments, and prognosis.

The primary contributory factors influencing breast cancer growths have been identified as late first births in women; family history of breast cancer; female gender; fibrocystic breast changes occuring during hormonal interactions during pregnancy. Scientists have discovered obesity, excessive alcohol intake; contraceptive pills and endocrine disruptors in the environment as secondary factors ( ...

Introduction

Health has become a major concern for women. Aside from degrading their quality of life, health issues and weaknesses also contribute to society’s perception of them, which in turn shape their perception of themselves.

Although modern society strives to achieve a sense of equality between the sexes and EVEN as more research is being conducted in efforts to understand and address women’s health issues, it is evident that a lot of prejudice and discrimination still exist around this aspect of women’s lives.

Orientations Toward Health and Illness by Gustafson

Gustafson (272) explains two orientations for getting a better understanding of girls’ and women’s health. These are ...

Carolyn Davis is a 42 year old female who presents with cold intolerance and weight gain. She is also suffering from insomnia. Physical examination and investigations reveal a derangement in the thyroid hormonal levels. She has goiter and medical treatment has failed. She had surgery to remove the goiter and a subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. The removal of the goiter [thyroidectomy] may lead to hypocalcaemia secondary to hypothyroidism. This would lead to symptoms which include numbness and tingling sensation in the digits or perioral area. There can also be carpopedal spasm. Severe symptoms include tetany, seizures, mental status changes or even ...

BLACK COHOSH

Black cohosh is scientifically known as Actaea racemosa. It mainly grows in North America. It is a herbaceous and perennial smooth plant that has wide compound leaves. This plant is used by inhabitants of North America to cure disorders like sore throats as well as gynecological problems, kidney issues and even depression. Black cohosh is mainly taken by ladies as a diet supplement for remedies of signs of premenstrual tension, menopause and other gynecological issues.

However, the use of cohosh is controversial in that it has side effects like physical pathways that are seen in age related disorders such as osteoporosis. ...

Menopause: An age related lifestyle phenomenon

Introduction

Many illnesses in societies across the world are lifestyle influenced, generally. They could emerge from occupational predispositions, hobby engagements, dietary habits as well as participation in social activities that define religious and spiritual interactive living. Research has shown where blood pressure levels were distinctly related to life style issues within a certain community and culture. (Ejike, et al. 2008). As such, the role of the nurse, as an educator, inevitably, should embrace considerations of lifestyle infringements on health status in relation to health promotion practices. Importantly, health promotion ought to be compatible with sensitive health issues related to ...

HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Hormone replacement therapy is a female medication containing estrogen and synthetic progesterone that replaces hormones that are no longer after menopause. Common symptoms that are likely to occur in menopause include; moods swings, hot rashes, lack of sexual desire, sleep problems and vaginal problems such as dryness and itching. These drugs can be taken in form of tablets or cream. Hormone therapy has a benefit of preventing heart diseases, colorectal cancer, osteoporosis and stroke for those women who take it for a short-period of time (Mayo, 2011). For those women who undergo menopause naturally, it’s important to prescribe estrogen together with ...

Abstract

Obesity and breast cancer are key health issues for American women. Obesity has approximately reached epidemic percentages in the United States and is more widespread among American women. The breast cancer mortality rate persists to mount in Americans. A review of the recent literature was conducted to bring into focus the relationship of these two health problems as they relate to American women. The review is separated into three subjects, obesity prevalence and incidence, breast cancer incidence and mortality and the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. The two studies reviewed are facts of a connection between obesity and breast ...