Essays on Bladder

Obstetrics and Gynecology

The Genitourinary system consists of the urinary tract and reproductive organs. Diseases that affect this system are a variety of conditions that can affect people of all ages. Urologic diseases affect specific organs in males and in females – the urinary tract in females and urinary tract or reproductive organs in males (O'Connell, 2016). Some of the most common diseases include Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), Urinary Incontinence and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). UTI basically occurs when bacteria invades the urinary system and infects any part of the system although the bladder and urethra are the most commonly affected parts. Women ...

A nurse in a nursing home care facility observed that there is an increasing incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) among its elderly residents. Most of those who got infected happened to be using catheters. Thinking that the UTI may be caused by catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), the nurse looked up the Internet to see if there are ways to minimize the incidence of CAUTI among the residents. The nurse discovered that CAUTI is one of the types of infections in long-term health care facilities that are most common (Nicolle, 2014; Matthews & Lancaster, 2011). Fortunately, the nurse saw ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Care plan for a GU clinical Case

Patient Initials: ABC Age: 60 Sex: Male Subjective Data: HPI: Decreased urinary flow, symptoms exist for last two years Symptoms got worse in last two days Patient has been suffering from increased nocturia from last two weeks Slight terminal dysuria with weak strength of urinary flow Significant difficulty in starting urine flow that impacts his routine actions Passes urine four to five times during night No symptoms of any radiating pain Symptoms are turning severe Patient feels mild fever yesterday Severity of urinary obstruction led him to ...

While researching papers about grief and loss, the development of this emotions and analyzing the factors affecting the development of this emotion, I found a huge amount of scientists and researchers who published their works about this specific emotion. My goal in this paper is to examine the development of grief in children 2-6 years of age, support the research by the relevant examples of this emotion in a real situation and find out several solutions how to cope with this emotion, more specifically, how practitioners can help children understand and cope with it. Children are disenfranchised in grief ...

The condition usually starts around 30years of age in men, but mainly surfaces with the associated symptoms around age of 50 years (Thomas & Haitham, 2003). It is a condition cannot be cured hence management usually focuses on reducing the associated symptoms. The type of management that is instituted is placed on how severe the associated symptoms are or how the complications has affected the patients’ health (Timothy & James, 2008). It is important to let the patient understand what the BPH is all about. It is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate.

The normal, healthy ...

Introduction

Spinal cord injuries impede the ability of the spinal cord to neural messages to other parts of the body. These injuries are frequently caused by an injury to the vertebrae that causes pressure, tearing or severing to the spinal cord in such a manner so as to affect the spinal cord functions. . In some cases, this damage may be caused by physical trauma, in others it may be the result of disease or congenital birth defects. . According to the Foundation for Spinal Cord Injury Prevention Care & Cure in the year, 2009 there were approximately 259,000 people in the ...

My patient is a seventy five year old African American man with Geriatric condition. Geriatric is a condition that affects elderly people. The medication administered to such individuals is called Geriatric medicine. It is also called family medicine or internal medicine. This medicine helps to promote the prevention of disabilities and diseases in older adults (Kagan, 2010). The physician who administers geriatric medicine to the patient is called a geriatric physician or a geriatrician. In other words, Geriatrics is the ‘care of elderly or aged individuals’.

As said above, my patient is a seventy-five old African American male. His name is Caleb Rama. ...

5A. Niche Clientele is a portion of the market that an organization identifies as having some special features and determines that it is worth marketing to that portion of the market. The organizations tend to use niche clientele most often are those in the private sector-such organizations are owned and run by individuals. Considering a micro-finance: the questions usually asked in this case is: who will be their clientele with specific features and how will knowing their clientele help the organization? Such small finance corporation will often target people with low income or middle income level people. Understanding the specific income ...

1.0 Paediatric profile for Toddlerhood (age 1-3 years)

Toddlerhood is a stage between infancy and childhood during which the child learns how to walk, talk, solve problems and relate with other people. Toddlers desire to be independent hence they often explore and assert their independence by saying “no” often. Toddlers are often low on skill and high on self will. For this reason, the stage of toddlerhood is often referred to as “ the terrible twos.” The stage lasts between the ages of one and three with each stage marked by physical, social and emotional development. Theories have been developed by various scholars on the developmental changes ...

Question 1

Introduction A routine assessment of a client is a process through which a trained nurse conducts a health assessment on a patient through interviews, general observation, physical exam, vital signs and assessment of all the body systems (Robert, Morrow, Maben, Griffiths, & Callard, 2011). I conducted a health assessment on Mr. M who came to the hospital with complains of sudden onset of shaking chills, shortness of breath, night sweats, chest pain and cough. The patient was admitted to the medical ward with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia. I conducted the health assessment on Mr. M while in his ward bed during my routine ...

Diverticulitis refers to the rupturing of the diverticuli resulting to infection in the tissues that surround the colon. Diverticuli refers to small bulging sacs in the inner wall of the intestine which are as a result of pressure within the colon as a person ages. The sacs are known as diverticulum in singular and diverticuli in plural. Scholars have argued that a lower fiber diet may contribute to the development of diverticuli owing to the fact that the colon has to use more pressure to push the stool forward. Diverticulitis then occurs as a result of faces being trapped on the diverticuli resulting ...

Abstract

This research paper discusses post resuscitation Hypothermia use in Emergency medical services. Post therapeutic hypothermia improves the patient’s health outcomes by lowering the risks of injuring the tissues. The therapy increases the mortality of the cardiac arrest survivors. The therapy maintains a therapeutic hypothermia for 24 hours at a target temperature of 330 C, and it increases the survival chances. The therapy prevents brain damage by reducing the demand of oxygen in the brain. The main methods used in conducting the therapy using cooling blankets, ice water lavage, cooling helmets, ice packs, and cooling catheters. The diseases that require the ...

Reducing CAUTI through the Houdini Protocol

A. Identification of the Clinical Issue Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is defined as “a urinary tract infection in a patient who had an indwelling urinary catheter in place at the time of or within 48 hours prior to infection onset” (Amalaradjov & Venkitanarayanan, 2013, p. 357). CAUTI is one of the most common hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) second only to surgical site infections. The most important risk factor to CAUTI is prolonged catheterization. CAUTI is a clinical issue that applies to nursing in the medical-surgical unit as many patients in this setting are catheterized for indications such as surgery, urinary retention, ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Midlife, or the age between 35 and 55, can be a complicated time for a woman. As a female enters these years, sometimes it can be difficult to navigate the waters because the things that once made her happy are no longer available, or as satisfying. This can be confusing. Other things that she never enjoyed before may be cast in a new light, and be even more enjoyable than the female ever thought possible. There may be complicated feelings about life satisfaction, which can lead to new discoveries or depression. The female may attempt sexual exploration as her body continues to mature, ...

This is the discussion of the results of the anatomy of the urinary system. The report analyses the structure and functions of various organs and cells that are involved in the excretion of toxic material from the body.

Simple cuboidal epithelium of the kidney the

The epithelial cells: are uni-layered, they are square in shape. The nucleus is placed at the centre of theses tissues. They have Squamous cells that are plate like. They appear very thin. Surface epithelium: have different surface proteins. Facilitate absorption and transportation of filtered materials in the kidney tubes.

Transitional Epithelium of the Bladder

ct = connective tissuelu = lumenrbc = red blood cell (stained bright pink in ...

Introduction

Matters of sexuality and fertility especially during rehabilitation for the past thirty years have remained controversial because not so many people want to talk about them (Phelps et al., 2001). Persons with spinal cord injuries are in need of answers on how to handle their sexuality. These questions cannot be ignored. Most of them ask questions about their attractiveness, ability to have kids and relationships. To make the matters worse, studies on sexuality among people with spinal cord injuries are scarce (Karellou, 2003). On a positive note, advances in this sector have provided ways through which such people can ...

1.0 Introduction Many sports played across the world that involves throwing, hitting and kicking are done so using a ball. However, many parameters such as humidity, materials of manufacture of the ball, size of the ball, etc. control the movement of the ball in air. Research on golf balls and tennis balls reveal their aerodynamic properties and the various parameters affecting their flight. The effect of seams on a baseball on the flight has been evaluated along with the relationship between rotation and lateral forces (Watts & Sawyer 1987). Similar studies have also been conducted on cricket balls, rugby balls, volleyballs ...

Abstract

Human XPA is a protein engaged in DNA damage recognition and repair. A mutation in the gene encoding the protein causes an autosomal recessive disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which renders an individual sensitive to sunlight and causes skin cancer. XPA is a 273 amino acid protein, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus. It is expressed at both high and moderate levels in several tissues. The protein serves as a damage sensor in a nucleotide excision repair mechanism, through which the damage to a DNA strand is verified and repaired by formation of a newly synthesized strand. Besides this primary NER mechanism, XPA in conjunction ...

- History of tobacco smoking in America - The presence of tobacco in America dates back to the seventeenth century. Initially, tobacco was grown by poor farmers as a foundation crop. The demand was low and it was cheaper to acquire. However, subsequent wars increased the consumption of chewing tobacco, smoking pipes and cigars. Eventually, the market grew with the availability of slaves. Although slavery had existed long before tobacco was planted, the sudden increase in demand created an unexpected opportunity. The slave labor was incorporated into the tobacco labor force. Moreover, machine produced cigarettes reared its ugly head ...

Dealing with the concerns of children in between zero and three years of age can be nightmare for many families. The research indicates that there are 5 million children in this age group which suffer from infections due to frequent accidents within USA (Hodges, 2012). Considering the young age and the complete dependency of very small kids on the care givers, it is even essential that there be some sort of assistance for the families and caretakers who look after the small children. Every single child is different. While some of them get potty trained even before they ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

[Institution Title] The 60 year old male patient was the subject of this Genitourinary Clinical Case. The patient sought medical attention after experiencing severe discomfort from experiencing noctoria and slow urinary stream. Patient also becomes concern when his symptoms became worst from almost two years of enduring similar yet less severe symptoms. - As verbalized, patient reports that he had been experiencing the similar physical symptoms for past two years. However, the symptoms were less severe as this attack. - Patient had to wait until the symptoms becomes too unbearable before he sought medical attention. ...

[Institution Title] The following bulleted points were drawn from the Genitourinary Clinical Case which involved the 60 year old male patient complaining of decrease urinary flow. - Patient has been experiencing the physical symptoms for two years but waited until the severity of the condition became intolerable. - This particular health behavior requires NIC 4360 Behavior Modification. Delaying medical attention can only further aggravates the condition which can become fatal if neglected. - Patient also complains about noctria or increased urination. To address this issue, patient is recommended to 0570 Urinary Bladder Training so patient ...

[Institution Title]

Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: N/A Age: 60 years old Sex: Male Subjective Data: HPI (History of Present Illness): Patient has already been experiencing similar symptoms for the past two years. Similar symptoms of decrease in urinary flow, however, of a much lesser degree of severity.

PMH (Past Medical History—include current medications, any known allergies, any history of surgery or hospitalizations):

Patient has been previously diagnosed with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Client was also hospitalized five years ago for assumed angina but was overruled after. Patient is under maintenance medication of two drugs, specifically Cardizem 240mg and Zocor 20mg both taken once daily. Patient denies any medication allergy. Significant Family History: Patient has ...

Abstract

Neural tube defects are a common occurrence in many pregnancies. Some of them have fairly minimal consequences and in fact, many children born with these defects lead normal lives. Spina bifida is one of these defects and is indeed one of the most common. The defect emanates from the failure of the neural tube to close properly leaving an opening. This paper aims to look at this defect from several perspectives including a brief description of the disorder, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, the usual age of onset and relevant ethnic and cultural risk information. The paper will also look at the genetic ...

Where do Phobias come from?

Study conducted on mice showed that phobias are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next through chemical changes that occur in DNA or through experiences from ancestors. The study was conducted on mice, which were trained to fear cherry blossoms odour by use of electric shocks prior to breeding. The offsprings developed a fear of the cherry blossom odour in spite of never experiencing them proving that the experience can be transferred genetically to the offsprings.

Christmas: a Social Anxiety Minefield

Christmas can cause anxiety in people through worry about finances, potential drunkenness, and involvement in social events. The symptoms of this anxiety include ...

Analysis of NSAIDs non-selective take (Ibuprofen and Naproxen)

Health impact of many diseases leaves a potential consequence on the quality of life (QOL). The frequency at which such impact occurs could vary from one disease condition to the other. Affected individuals need to encounter physical and psychological distress. However, scientific advancements have made a progress in alleviating such problems. Especially, pharmaceutical science has become a reliable branch to cater the needs of people who suffer from illnesses. Understanding the efficacy and other properties of various drugs is important for the better therapeutic application of pharmacy. In such context, the present description deals with highlighting about Analysis of NSAID take by ...

People know the story of Typhoid Mary. According to newspapers and books written on Mary Mallon, the woman caused a typhoid outbreak in the United States. The outbreak happened in the 1900s and three people, out of the fifty-four Mary infected, died (Brooks 916). Mary Mallon was a cook in many the homes of some of the rich people in those days. In fact, her work at a rich man’s house led to the discovery that she is a carrier of Salmonella Typhi, the bacterium that causes typhoid (Brooks 916). The discovery happened because one of the children in the house tested ...

Article 1: Patterns of Anxiety in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support

This research study was done by Chlan and Savik, (2011) in an attempt to explore on the anxiety patterns in the ICU patients using mechanical ventilation support. The research employed descriptive statistics for ordinal and interval data that were presented as medians with ranges and provided the skewed data distributions. The categorical data was analyzed and presented as frequencies. The initial analysis graphed the anxiety trajectories for every participant to discern the pattern changes. The mixed model effects were then employed in the analysis since they accommodate non-homogeneous and correlated residuals that were expected in the repeated measures. The ...

Introduction

People put different things into their bodies every single day, and people are even less concerned about what the food they eat is made of; nutrition is nutrition. The artificial dye content in food is a cause for concern, there are some people that are clueless as far as what artificial food dye is harmful. There are many kinds of artificial dyes that are found in foods such as Red 40 Allura Red, Citrus Yellow and Blue along with Green. These artificial dyes are very dangerous, and have been known to trigger different reactions within people. Some have been known ...

The opening line of Elizabeth Bishop's "The Fish" is a startling one, "I caught a tremendous fish" as the poet beams with pride at its size and her accomplishment. She clearly has the intent of keeping her catch alive as she continues, "and held him beside the boat/Half out of water, with my hook/fast in a corner of his mouth." She conveys the main parts of the scenery very well -- boat, fish, water, and hook. Her description of the setting is visual. Her diction relates a sense of ease as she continues: "He didn't fight./He hadn't fought at all." She depicts ...

Introduction

There are thousands of things in the world that keep people awake at night whether it is a 4th of July firework jubilee or alley cats who will not shut up or arguing neighbors upstairs, these are only some of the things that keep people awake at night. Another thing that have been known to keep people awake at night is sleeping disorders, and it can turn the most studious person into a drowsy pool of lifeless jelly. College students are a fine example of this, most stay up all night studying and getting sleep is usually the last thing on their ...

A time has come whereby, I as the video reporter will embark on an exciting voyage piloting a mini sub in the process of miniaturization. In this journey, I and my sub are 8 microns long. This man hungrily sips the beer swallowing me and my associates. In this trip, I am tasked to describe the process of digestion of the consumed carbohydrates, proteins and fats. When we reach the distal ileum, we will enter the blood stream via the mucosal membrane through the superior Mesenteric vein. After getting into the blood stream, we will proceed with our journey to ...

Written Case Study – Pathophysiology II

(Location of the University) 1. Describe the underlying pathology of COPD. What impacts do these pathological changes have on normal physiology? In particular, describe alveolar ventilation in a normal individual and discuss how this might be different in Mr Wenham. (20 marks) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is touted to be the third leading cause of death in the United States of America. In 2010, it has claimed the lives of 134,676 individuals (CDC 2013). By definition, COPD presents persistent blockage of airflow in the lungs — thus interfering normal breathing. Those afflicted with such condition generally ...

Introduction

The urinary system is the filter mechanism used for flushing out toxic wastes and excess water out of the human body. Consisting of the two kidneys, the bladder, ureters and the urethra, the urinary system helps not only in discharging wastes from the body but also helps in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The kidneys are two bean shaped organs positioned near the middle of the back on both sides of the spinal column. The kidneys produce urine by processing around 200 quarts of blood every day, and the amount of urine varies among individuals depending on the ...

Meal Planning for Type II Diabetes Mellitus

As the Diabetes Education Centre dietitian, you must provide SG with dietary guidance. - Based on the information presented develop a nutrition diagnosis for SG. Write this as a PES statement. - Patient’s uncontrolled glucose and hyperglycemia is related to type 2 diabetes as evidenced by high fat and carbohydrates intake and abnormal laboratory results of Hb-A1C. - At the risk of cardiovascular and hypertension related to excessive consumption of saturated fat and trans-fatty acid food and pre-packaged products as evidenced by high lipid profile including high total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride level in laboratory results and ...

Spina bifida is a birth defect involving the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. Normally, it occurs towards the end of the first pregnancy a time when both sides of the embryo’s spine do not succeed to join together thereby resulting in an open area. There are also cases when the other membranes or the spinal cord may push through this opening in the back. This condition however is detectable before the baby is born and it can be treated right away. It is the most common of a group of defects known as neural tube defects which ...

Introduction

The kidneys refer to the organs that are involved with several important regulatory roles in vertebrate animals. Kidneys play a crucial role in the urinary system as well as in the homeostatic functions such as electrolyte regulation, maintaining a balance between the acids and bases, and in regulating blood pressure. Kidneys filter the blood removing wastes, which are then taken to the urinary bladder as urine. During urine production, wastes such as ammonia and urea are excreted while substances such as glucose, water and amino acids reabsorbed. The kidney is also responsible for the production of hormones such as erythropoietin and ...

Question 1: Echinoderms

Phylum Echinodemata gets the name from the Greek which means spiny skin. Therefore, members of this phylum have spiny skin although others do not have the spiny skin. Echinoderms have radial symmetry meaning they have appendages mostly occurring in a group of five with few in exception. One rare characteristic that occurs in the echinoderms is the water vascular system. This refers to a hydraulic system, usually with sea urchins and the sea stars and used for locomotion, waste transportation, food and respiration. This system comprises of canals that connect tube feet. The movement can be caused by the contraction of ...

Introduction

Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder (Keilman, 2010). The International Continence Society (ICS) defines the condition as a complaint of involuntary leakage of urine (Abrams, 2002). The involuntary leakage may range from just a few drops to total emptying of the bladder. It can severely, adversely affect a person’s quality of life (QoL) (McCarthy, 2009).

Prevalence and Impact of UI

UI is a debilitating condition and can be quite distressful. The condition becomes more prevalent as the population ages; therefore, extremely common among the elderly (Abrams, 2002). UI is also twice more common in women than in men and has a prevalence ...

Urolithiasis refers to the condition where there is the formation of urinary stones as well as their location in the urinary system. While the term urolithiasis refers to those stones that are in the ureter, nephrolithiasis also known as renal calculus refers to those stones that are found in the kidney, and cystolithiasis (vesical calculi) refers to the stones that are formed or located into the urinary bladder (Pearle, Calhoun, & Curhan, 2007). The urinary stones also known as calculi refer to the hardened mineral deposits forming in the kidney. The stones originate as microscopic after which they develop ...

Thesis Proposal: 1st Draft

How Temperature Effects Platelet Function During Hypothermic and Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass ABSTRACT Background During the process of Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), the physiology of platelet functions subjected to different temperature conditions largely determines whether a patient will experience increased or reduced postoperative bleeding. This research paper showed that platelets levels in normothermic patients are preserved better than in the hypothermic patients.

Methods

Meta-analysis test was applied in numerous peer-reviewed journals. Among the articles I reviewed, one hundred patients were randomized into the normothermic perfusion (35 to 37Cº, N=50) and the mild hypothermic CPB group (27-32Cº, N=50). They compared temperature ...

I have been placed into the community renal clinic at St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto. The centre provides its services with a help of a renal management clinic, 15 hemodialysis stations and offers peritoneal dialysis care. St. Joseph’s is also a teaching hospital, which commits to foster a healthy community by working with it in a close partnership. Its underlying goal is to serve, engage and raise the awareness about the disease so that the health of patients, their families and communities as a whole can be enhanced (St. Joseph’s, 2011). The community renal clinic makes a focus on a strategy, which can ...

The bony fish has several adaptive features that make it suited to its environment.

The most common shape of the bony fish is the roughly cylindrical form, which tapers at both the head and the tail. This shape allows for increased efficiency during swimming. Most species of bony fish have a form of pigmentation or the other. This pigmentation is an excellent way of camouflage the fish in its environment. The fins are another structure that aid, in no small way, in propelling the fish through water thereby bringing about movement from one place to another. Some of the fins are paired (the pelvic and pectoral fins), while the others are median ( ...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers spontaneously. Syncope ...

Introduction

Nurses are responsible for the delivery of safe, effective, efficient, timely and patient centered health care services. The first step in delivering health care services is identifying the actual health problems a patient has and potential health care complication the patient will likely have based on the patients health history and the current conditions. In this report, nursing problems are stated for the case of a geriatric patient recovering from a TURP operation. Possible interventions to arrest the identified problems and evaluation of their effectiveness in keeping with the clinical reasoning model are evaluated. TURP is commonly used to benign prostatic ...

Pregnancy and childbirth is the most important period in a woman’s life. In a menstrual cycle that is normal for a person and has the duration of 28 days the release of an egg called ovulation generally takes place in the range between the 12th and 14th days of the cycle. Egg must be fertilized in the fallopian tube not later than 24 hours after that, or it dies and dissolves. Pregnancy on average lasts for 280 days if we count from the first day of the last menstrual period and 266 days from the time of ovulation. To calculate ...

DRAFT

This memo provides a comprehensive discussion on the various causes of action that Shewin may asset in good faith. The memo will canvas the elements that must be proved in all available causes of action. The paper will examine the facts that support each element and the facts that disprove any elements.

CHART ANALYSING THE VARIOUS CAUSES OF ACTION

ANALYSIS OF SHEWIN’S PRIMA FACIE CASE AGAINST BLABBER NEWSPAPER There are three main causes of action available to Shewin, if she is to take legal action against Blabber. These are discrimination, sexual harassment and hostile work environment. This memo will, in this section, canvas the three ...

A Journey through the Digestive, Circulatory and Urinary Systems

My Fantastic Voyage: A Journey through the Digestive, Circulatory and Urinary Systems My journey begins with the ingestion of a cheeseburger, fries, and root beer by a 55 year old man. I begin my trip in the gastrointestinal tract. While in the mouth, the food is masticated by the teeth and combined with saliva to moisten the bolus and begin digestion. Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of starches into smaller sugars and salivary lipase begins breaking down the fats (“Saliva,” 2013). We are then swallowed and peristalsis moves us down the esophagus towards the stomach (University of Leicester, 2001). ...

Introduction

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine for a temporary period until it is passed during urination. Bladder cancer is a common cancer affecting the urinary system; and bladder is the most commonly affected cancer site in the urinary system. Most of the bladder cancers originate at the urothelium, which is a layer of mucosa lining the bladder (cancer.net). It is very common in the regions of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common carcinoma. Approximately, 2% of bladder cancers are adenocarcinomas and 0.3% to0.7% are small cell carcinomas(Medscape).

Epidemiology

In ...

Bladder cancer has been shown to respond to therapies focusing on the immune system and may thus represent a good candidate for the use of retroviral models designed to encode for antitumor genes associated with the immune system, such as the ProT gene. ProtT stimulates T cell formation and suppresses the development of tumors. In an animal study, Shiau et al evaluated the efficacy of prothymosin alpha (ProT) as gene therapy for the treatment of bladder cancer. The researchers created a recombinant retrovirus carrying the ProT gene and injected it into mice along with bladder cancer cells. The mice on which ...

Introduction

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine for a temporary period until it is passed during urination. Bladder cancer is a common cancer affecting the urinary system; and bladder is the most commonly affected cancer site in the urinary system. Most of the bladder cancers originate at the urothelium, which is a layer of mucosa lining the bladder (cancer.net). It is very common in the regions of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common carcinoma. Approximately, 2% of bladder cancers are adenocarcinomas and 0.3% to 0.7% are small cell carcinomas (Medscape).

Epidemiology

...

Unitary tract infection is one of the most common and complicated diseases facing the male segment of the paraplegic population (Hiros, Sadovic & Cavaljuga, 2011). This is according to a research carried out to establish the unitary tract infections of male paraplegic population in relation to different ways of bladder drainage. The research had strengths and weaknesses that either worked in favor or against the outcomes.

The use of cross-sectional study to carry out the survey was vital in the overall success of the research. This is because unitary tract infections are acute conditions affecting the paraplegic male population. Thus ...

Treatments for an Enlarged Prostate

An enlarged prostate or Benign-Prostate-Hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition caused by a non-cancerous growth of the prostate such that this growth, blocks the passage of urine via the urethra. The pressure exerted by the large prostate over the urethra results for the need of increased pressure than normal for the bladder in order to expel urine through the narrow urethra. Over some time, the bladder muscles become stronger and more sensitive such that contractions are occur at a small volume of urine, which leads to frequent urination. After some time, the bladder muscles can no longer bare the pressure caused by the ...

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of large food particles to smaller molecules that can be taken up into the blood (Winfred, 2005). The breakdown of large food starts in the mouth, through chewing, and goes all the way to the anus. The presence of saliva in the mouth that contains saliva amylase helps mechanical breakdown of food into bolus. The bolus then enters the stomach through the esophagus by a wavelike movement called peristalsis to the stomach. The churning of food and mixing of food begins in the stomach where both hydrochloric acid and gastric juice are ...

1. Motor pathways: Briefly describe important differences between the lateral and the medial (motor) systems

ANSWER:

The motor system is the corticospinal tract. The lateral part of the corticospinal tract decussates while the medial part does not. The lateral corticospinal tract controls limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract controls the axial and trunk muscles. The lateral corticospinal tract carries contralateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract carries ipsilateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the axial and trunk muscles.

2. What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

ANSWER:

...

Introduction

Panter-Brake (202) asserts that most people use beauty products with the assumption that these products have undergone thorough testing to ensure their safety before they reach the consumers. The assumption comes because the government is known to regulate most consumer products such as food, water, among others. Therefore, people expect that FDA ensures the health and safety in the cosmetic industry so as to protect consumers. Unfortunately, little power has been given to FDA in regulating cosmetics’ ingredients. The people who govern cosmetic industry are responsible for ensuring safety of the beauty products. Several studies reveal that consumer safety ...

Introduction

As people grow older there are certain biological and cognitive changes that take place in the body. The human body experiences decreased capabilities in its respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, neural and urinary functions. Due to the adverse challenges that the elderly face in their later life, it would be great for the various scientists and experts to come together and research more on the theories of aging or the causes of aging. They can come up with more treatments that will increase the immunity system of the old people. This way the older people are able to live their last ...