Essays on Heat

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring instrument (digital) Continue reading...

Heated hose pipes are the pipes that offer constant water supply in freezing temperatures. Mostly, they are built and designed to fit personal equipment, structure and requirements. Mainly, they are made up of thermostat switches. As temperature approaches freezing zones, the heat from the heaters keeps the water flowing if need arises. Mainly, the heating element used is copper wire. It’s mainly inside the hose pipeline. It mainly regulates the water flow by turning on and off the heater. The element is usually 50 feet long as it runs with the hose pipe. The length and diameter plays Continue reading...

Abstract

The seawater forms 97% of water of the world, and the icecaps account for 2%. The portion of water available for human consumption is barely 0.5% and that also in aquifers. The widening gap between availability and requirement of potable water especially in the Gulf countries has necessitated newer methods and technologies for production of water suitable for human consumption. This situation in the Gulf region has developed due to non- availability of surface water, high growth of population and urbanization, and water depletion. The present paper takes account of the desalinization of seawater plant established in Abu Dhabi Continue reading...

Introduction

Therapeutic ultrasound is categorically as any form of ultrasonic procedure where ultrasound is used in advancing therapeutic benefits. Ultrasound is defined as a systematic oscillating pressure wave that has a higher frequency capacity compared to the human hearing frequency range. Its frequency in most cases supersedes the upper limit of the hearing range of human beings .The execution of the procedures is normally under the use of focused ultrasound (FUS) and unfocused ultrasound. Therapeutic ultrasound is used to reduce pain that emanates from body tissues by providing a viable solution to swelling and edema of the tissues. . Secondly, it Continue reading...

Introduction

Building simulation methods should focus on the effect that occurs between convective heat repulsion between external air circulation and the given wall surfaces. This study will take a closer look on the effects of heat transfer on a brick surface. A tetrahedral mesh will be used to scertain for the effects that are caused on the walls. A brick wall is known for its thermal characteristic of absorbing heat. Therefore, this thermal property will also be studied in this study. Most authors have attributed this norm to behavior of the different correlations that are used to estimate the exact Continue reading...

Sustainability in Saudi Cities

Sustainability in Saudi Cities

Introduction

Both defining and describing the sustainable relationship between the historic and newer built environment of Saudi Arabia’s state capital Riyadh focuses on culture as a mitigating factor in historic preservation and sustainability representative of Saudi cities. This scholarly exploration of the existing construction looks influences on their design from an environmental perspective. The following academic investigation therefore, both compares and contrasts the specifics of the time-honored urban design with the modern.
The following investigative account provides information on the environmental and cultural aspects underpinning traditional urban design versus the adoption of 1970s Western urban Continue reading...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Continue reading...

1. Introduction: The current environment especially in Western societies promotes increasing consumption of calories along with a relatively sedentary lifestyle thus fueling the global obesity epidemic. Body weight is regulated by complex interaction of genes that promote energy storage along with environmental factors that promote enhanced energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. This obesity promoting environment makes it difficult for many people to sustain weight loss for long periods of time and adequately maintain healthy lifestyle habits. Obesity can overall have many devastating effects on human health such as increased tendency to develop high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems and Continue reading...

Coordinator Name: Thomas Lyons

Abstract
This paper examines the air pollution problem in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Heavy pollution in the city has become a concern because of the increasing cases of health problems. Many babies are being born with defects in vital organs, pregnant women are miscarrying and the level of respiratory disease cases has risen. Although burning of coal in homes, during winter, causes pollution other sources of pollution contribute as well. The high altitude and the mountains surrounding Ulaanbaatar worsen pollution in the city. In winter, the Siberian anticyclone causes the city to have temperature inversion and high pressure, which do not Continue reading...

Today, one of the global issues people face to is different types of pollution. With human development, pollution is becoming worse, and as a result, other issues appear. Among them are global warming, new diseases, deforestation and many others. But, it was not like this all the time, as at the beginning the level of pollution was not so high. Otherwise, it would have been an apocalypse already. That was the industry development that caused global pollution.
Even in the late 13th century, people knew about air pollution. For instance, King of England Edward I punished every Londoner, who Continue reading...

“Roasting Brits lost their cool in a wide brown land” by Troy Lennon

Analysis of the Article
This article talks about the Australian weather that has been cited by Brits as extreme ever since the first Brit set foot on Australia in 1788. Troy talks of how the Australian weather was much more different from the weather in other European countries especially Britain. During the time of arrival of the British, the average temperatures in Australia were 20 degrees Celsius which were quite higher than the temperatures back home. The Brits found life difficult in Australia and had to adapt. First off they had to abandon their heavy clothing that was meant Continue reading...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with Continue reading...

Literature review

Heat transfer and friction characteristics in a square duct roughened by various shaped ribs on one wall [Aliaga, b, 1994]. Liquid crystal thermograph is used to measure local and average heat transfer coefficient of ribbed surface. The ribs height to duct hydraulic diameter ratio is fixed to 0.1. The rib pitch to height ratio varies from 8 to 15 and Reynolds number spans from 8000 to 20,000[Aliaga, b, 1994]. The experiment consists of heat transfer test and pressure test. The test experiment consists of 750mm long smooth duct followed by a rib-roughened section of equal length. Plexiglas Continue reading...

Nowadays, almost everyone heard at least something about global warming. But, it is not only the change of the climate, but also, the consequences of it. Usually, the term is used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. However, not every scientist believes the global warming is real. But, the data and facts say the planet is warming.
Interestingly, the humans knew about global warming even in the late 1800s, but did little to prevent it. So, Continue reading...

Pragmatism can be defined as a philosophical school of thought that places emphasis on practical ways of solving problems or doing things. According to Carolan (4), pragmatic environmentalism is the key to offering real-world solutions to environmental sustainability. It balances the importance of economic necessity while at the same time trying to preserve the environment. This requires individuals to create societies that are environmentally and economically sustainable. In understanding the current environmental issues facing the globe, the author places emphasis on the interactions between the material and social worlds. The social world basically refers to the dynamics and structures Continue reading...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam Continue reading...

Executive Summary

The athletes industry is highly competitive and unpredictable for organizations that venture. As such, the industry has been dominated by companies such as Adidas and Nike. Accordingly, the aforesaid companies that have sustained market dominance have controlled the sports apparel and footwear sector for decades. As well, the market dominance by the various companies has been as a result of clear comprehension of the market of operation. Nonetheless, Under Amour has emerged as a formidable force within the athletes industry. As a new company with less than 30 years of experience, the organization has been growing tremendously. Accordingly, the Continue reading...

The earth as we see it is composed of different components that make up the earth we know day. These components vary from the physical elements that are seen by the human eye to strange and unexplained forces that are in the visible elements of the earth. This has triggered the scientists to devise ways in which they will understand fully what happens on earth and why it is in the shape it is today. The scientists through governments have sent into space different space satellites that are able to help them get the desired knowledge of the different Continue reading...

List of figures

Figure 1: Energy concept for green building 7

Introduction

With the concern for reduction of global warming effects on the environment, focus is now shifting to how buildings can be built so that they need fewer mechanisms for cooling and heating. Buildings play an important role in the quest to reduce the heat that is being released to the environment. The buildings that have been put in place offer people protection from the extremes of the environment. Although this is the case, there are many ways in which buildings affect the environment in negative ways. They also affect the health Continue reading...

Essay 1:

There are different problems that are in the world that are created by global warming. Most of the problems that are brought by the global warming factor have been with human beings for a few decades and they have developed ways of dealing with these problems. The different problems created by global warming have been clearly identified and different groups have come out strongly to search for the solutions and suggested solutions to these problems. The chief problem of global warming is the increase in temperatures in the planet due to the trapping of the carbon dioxide gas. Scientists Continue reading...

Business

Introduction
Renewable energy has been a talking point in the recent years with the dependence of carbon fuels increasing among countries. Other factors like the depletion of the ozone layer and long lasting health effects as a result of use of nuclear energy has led to the rise of the bio fuels industry as a suitable and dependable replacement for the other sources of fuel. Biomass industries in Germany are currently playing a very significant role in the production of energy and are predicted to very key contributors in the coming years. The industry is not only important as Continue reading...

Introduction

Efficient energy utilization is an important aspect of human life. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can never be created nor destroyed. Thus, it is essential to utilize the energy available for us effectively and efficiently. Energy can be transformed from one form to another by use of appropriate transducers. When designing a house, it is essential to do it with the greatest regard to efficient energy use as well as safety to the environment. House designers should always come up with designs that promote efficient energy use. For instance, utilization of renewable energy should be Continue reading...

Motorcyclists and passengers requirement to wear helmets

With the increasing prices of fuel around the globe, motorcycles are seen by many as a perfect alternative to automobiles due to its fuel-efficiency, agility and easy parking. Most countries around the world, including the United States, have a huge motorcycle following due to this efficiency. However, while these alternate vehicles are indeed practical, the statistics of deaths related to motorcycle accidents have increased greatly each year especially in cases where in both the rider and the passenger are found without helmets. Where is society headed given the growing trend of motorcycle related deaths as many still prefer this Continue reading...

Pasteurization is a process that involves heating of raw milk to a certain temperature within a given set of time. This process kills harmful bacteria found in unpasteurized milk, for example, Salmonella, Listeria and E coli responsible for food borne illnesses. These bacterial organisms are responsible for human diseases such as Typhoid, diphtheria, Listeriosis and tuberculosis. The process was first initiated by Louis Pasteur in the year 1864. Pasteurized milk can stay for a certain period without refrigeration. However, refrigeration especially after opening the seal, is still necessary because of some nonpathogenic bacteria that because food spoilage and is Continue reading...

Objective

Purpose of this laboratory is to inspect the effect of precipitation hardening in Aluminum and steel alloys.
Theory
Hardness is a property of a material which delineates resistance to permanent or plastic deformation. For metals, hardness is generally defined as the resistance to indentation. One way to attain hardness is to look into the effect of precipitation hardening. This type of hardening helps to detain the yield strength in the material. There are four methods used to test hardness of a material: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation, while the other Continue reading...

The Body as a Complex Problem

The body harbours all the characteristics of a complex problem. For example, it is a complex system made up of many interconnected components; the legs, the arms, the ears, eyes, the head, the mouth and the waist are some of the distinct parts of the body. The enormity of body parts creates the idea of chaos; all these parts perform different functions, and it is difficult to determine the long-term behaviour of each one of them. However, it is puzzling to note that with so many parts performing different functions, the body appears well-coordinated unless problems arise within any Continue reading...

This paper entails that water has an extraordinarily large precise heat and large heats of fusion and vaporization. This is the reason as to why the weather and ecosystem depend upon water in all three states, i.e. gas, liquid and solid form. In addition, it shows the reason as to how the world would be like if water thermodynamic properties were like other materials. This will enable us to be aware of the significance of water thermodynamic properties in the world as a whole. It is an approach that will enable us be aware of how the world would Continue reading...

Introduction

The earth is operating in specifically complicated but fully effective procedures that enable it to withstand lengthened time of being reused over and over by humans from one generation to another. For centuries, the earth has proven itself full of vibrancy; an evident element that leaves humans in awe as they discover procedures and natural systems that make the world ‘go round’. However, an alarming series of data has been collected by scientists and environmental experts that create a distinct source of concern for people living within the present conditions of development (Choi, et al, 2005). The existence of Continue reading...

A health professional has the responsibility of ensuring maximum safety for all individuals within an organization regardless of their gender and backgrounds. Based upon the scenario the investigation process requires adequate resource for it to be effective. Therefore, the health officer is obliged to take into consideration the importance of setting up a communication process that would facilitate identification of potential or possible causes for the employees’ dizziness and feeling sick. This would increase the chances of conducting effective and proper evaluation of workers allegations. It is fundamental to state the major reasons for conducting an investigation. This normally Continue reading...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids Continue reading...

Introduction and Theory

The main aim of this experiment is to investigate energy and momentum conservation in a closed system. Momentum and energy conservation principles are significant physical variables that engineers use when describing various physical phenomenon. Momentum of a body is a vector quantity, which is given by the product of its velocity and mass. In collision theory, the momentum of the body is always conserved when two bodies collide. The principle of momentum conservation applies to both elastic and inelastic conservation irrespective of the dynamic interaction between the two objects. This report demonstrates the application of momentum equation in determination Continue reading...

Analysis of Oil Palm Shell Concrete-A Review

Many researches have been conducted on to use oil palm shell (OPS) as the light weight material in last three decades. It is an agricultural waste normally generated from palm oil industry. This industry is normally situated in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and some other countries. There are many products being made from OPS. The use of OPS as lightweight aggregate in making concrete mix is the main project of many companies in different countries including Malaysia that was first introduced by Abdullah in 1984. Malaysia playing an important role in manufacturing of different oil palm products as it gives Continue reading...

The debut book by Laura Esquivel under the name "Like Water for Chocolate" was published first in 1989 and met an unexpected success among the readers and the critics. The success was so big that in 1992 Alfonso Arau, a talented Mexican director, has shot a movie under the same name based on this book. The movie was also a success and brought much fame to a director and the actors making it one of the most recognized non-American films in Hollywood. Moreover, the book itself and the popularity of it made the world publishers reconsider their cooperation with Continue reading...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the Continue reading...

In order to decide this case, we must first look at three separate but interrelated legal issues. First, we must consider whether the police use of the heat sensing device to monitor the defendant’s house was legal. Next we must determine whether the search warrant to search the defendant’s house was valid. Finally, we must decide if the evidence obtained during the search of the defendant’s house was admissible at his trial. Fortunately, none of these issues are new and there is ample Court precedent to help guide use in our decision-making.
In terms of the Continue reading...

Introduction

An engine is a machine designed to transform energy into convenient mechanical motion. Heat engines, including external combustion engines and internal combustion engines, burns fuel to produce heat that then creates motion. This paper discusses petrol and diesel engines and compares the efficiency of the two engines.

Diesel Combustion Engine

A diesel engine, also referred to as compression ignition engine is an engine with internal combustion. It makes use of the heated compression to initiate ignition. Further, it burns fuel that has been injected in the combustion chamber. Diesel engines have the highest thermal efficiency at any standards, external and internal combustion Continue reading...

Natural gas represents a gases mixture that can be found in the ground and is created by the way of organic substances decomposition of anaerobic character. Typically, this type of gas is a mix of gaseous hydrocarbons, such as butane, ethane, methane, propane, etc., which is found in the earth's crust. It is broadly utilized as a fuel of very economical kind for various power plants in the glass and cement industry, nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy, building materials production and for household needs. It is also used as raw component for various organic compounds.
This type of gas is Continue reading...

The enigma of China is as fascinating as any other country but its charm lies in the simplicity that has grown from the lands. China is a land where numerous tribes lived for centuries, and who have grown in wisdom about its nature. Their culture, history, and architecture indicate the nearness to the environment and forests. Their architecture invites nature indoors while keeping the extremities out. Their art shows the simplicity of living and high thinking. This paper tries to explore the architectural realm of Chinese architecture and the use of walls as a reflection of their principles.

General features

Chinese Continue reading...

The Class Name

The 26th of April this year will be marked as the twenty-eighth anniversary of a disaster of a worldwide scale. So much time has passed after it and we still remember that fear of a nightmare of such a nuclear disaster that has changed millions of lives during a couple of days and it changed the nature itself, as well. The topic of our research is the Chernobyl Catastrophe (or “Chernobylska Katastropha” in Ukrainian); we`re going to describe its causes and consequences, the governmental meanings about it and how it changed the territory of Ukraine and the countries Continue reading...

- What causes climate change? Define the Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse gases (GHG) allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere and absorbs the heat produced by that light. Most of this heat energy is trapped within the atmosphere by the GHG while some of them are let out into the space. The phenomenon of atmospheric heating due to the GHG is called as the greenhouse effect. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases form the greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels, manufacturing processes, decay of organic matter, agricultural industries and emission of synthetic fluorinated gases from various industrial Continue reading...