Essays on Heat

It has been argued that an individual must first perceive an idea in order to materialize an object. Philosophers argue that an individual must perceive an idea before materializing the object. There is no reliable account that seems to interlink objects and ideas, as the representation list approach tends to provide .
This made philosopher Berkeley to believe that objects and ideas are bound to be the atheism and skepticism. Even though thing are perceived in this manner, common sense provides that there exist only two important elements that are engaged in perception; this is what is perceived and the

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Polyvinyl chloride refers to the polymer that is third-most manufactured polymer. It is produced following a polymerization process using the vinyl chloride as the monomer (Patrick). The polyvinyl chloride is abbreviated as PVC and was accidentally produced Eugen Baumann, a chemist in France in the year 1835 and again in 1872 by Ivan Ostromislensky and his colleague Fritz Klatte. During the two incidents, the vinyl chloride was exposed to sunlight resulting in the production of a white solid in the flask where vinyl chloride was contained. Some of the major uses of PVC include in the construction since its

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1. Introduction
The geothermal is the type of ground energy, which is used to produce heat by using the earth’s geothermal heat. This type of energy is being drilled in the particular place on the earth. The geothermal heating is the direct type of geothermal energy. Humans have some advantages on the Geothermal heating. 28GW of the geothermal energy is currently presented in our earth. The thermal efficiency is high because no energy originates from the heat retained within the earth from the original formation of the earth. The high temperature energy Is used to originate from the

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A fire shelter is a safety device. This device is used by fire fighters particularly when they are stuck in wildfires. It is designed in a manner that it reflects radiant heat while protecting the firefighter from heat. The fire shelter can also trap fresh breathable air to be used by the wild firefighters. This is crucial because it preserves their life by protecting them from hot gases. Over time, materials which have been used to manufacture fire shelters are not environment-friendly. These materials are silica fiberglass and foil. Foil is a reflective material while fiberglass and silica act

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Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric.

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- Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)5.6/5.6
Pressure=500 mb
Pressure=1000 x (0.5)8.85/5.6
Pressure=334.40 mb
Pressure=1000 x (0.5)11.2/5.6
Pressure=250 mb
Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)50/5.6
Pressure=2.05 mb
- The temperature of the upper stratosphere is greater than that of the lower stratosphere due to the presence of the ozone layer. It is here where ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which triggers chemical reactions. These chemical reactions produce heat, a process which is not found in the lower stratosphere.
- Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects such as metal and wood when the molecules come in contact. Conversely,

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Chemistry

The system will start by using the procedure for normal capillary cycle. It will be allowed to run for five to ten minutes in order to stabilize. The process will start with evaporation of the refrigerant, taking heat from the low temperature part of the system and giving it out to the high temperature part of the system. The refrigerant must meet the requirement of having a vapor pressure of above one atmosphere at the refrigeration temperature but, not high pressure at the heat rejection temperature. We will take the wattmeter readings for the calculation of the power in

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1. Introduction
Agriculture and other food products are dried for use. The agriculture grains are dried for future use or production process, in order to dry the agriculture products the sun drying has been used for many years. The sun drying dries the products in a open air condition with the help of hot sun rays. In past centuries the sun drying systems has been used. Most of the industries use mechanized drying instead of sun drying system. The mechanized drying uses boilers and fan to heat and force the air to the required part. The time taken for

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1.0 Lab 1: Heating Value Measurements: Solid and Liquid Fuels with a Bomb Calorimeter
1.1 Introduction
Measurements of heating values can be derived for both solid and liquid combustible fuels using an Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. The calorimeter measures heat. Heat is not the same thing as temperature. The heat of combustion is called the calorific value. The calorific value is “:the number of heat units liberated by a unit mass of a sample when burned with oxygen in an enclosure of constant volume” (Introduction 2007). The experiment uses the 6100 Bomb Calorimeter. The definition of calorific value in a

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[Professor’s name appears here]
[Date appears here]

Geothermal energy (GE): An Introduction
Geothermal energy can be termed as a heat found inside the Earth. This type of heat is an uncontaminated, renewable fuel resource that supplies the energy needs of millions of people in the USA as well as all over the world for various utilizations and applications. Though domains like hot springs are more noticeable and are generally the first source of GE resources, the heat underneath the earth is accessible universally, and the scientists are able to utilize in a wide variety of circumstances.
GE

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Sun plays crucial role in the life of the Earth. The entire organic world of our planet is obliged to the Sun for its existence. It is not only the source of light and heat, but also the original source of many other types of energy (oil, coal, water, wind). Since people appeared on the Earth, they began using the sun's energy. According to archaeological data, it is known that housing preference was given to quiet places, closed from the cold winds and open to the sun's rays.
Perhaps the earliest known solar system can be considered the statue

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Sticky Pork Chops

(Served with Rice and greens)
(Serves three)

Ingredients

Pork cutlets, chopped and trimmed (4)
Sherry wine (1/3) cup
Soya sauce (1 tablespoon)
Chili sauce (2 tablespoons)
Honey (2 tablespoons)
Directions
Over medium heat, heat the frying pan and cook the meat for approximately two minutes until it is well browned on both sides. Remove and settle it aside while keeping it warm. Into the same cooking pan, add wine, the soy sauce, ginger, chili as well as the honey and cook for approximately three minutes. Put the meat back inside and cook each sides for about one minute. Then continue

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XX December 2013

Global warming is the gradual rise of the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere due to presence of certain gases in the atmosphere that traps heat. Under normal circumstances there are always gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. This is done by gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere. Others include methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons. They trap outgoing terrestrial long wave radiation and keep the earth’s atmosphere warm. Otherwise during night time when the solar radiation absorbed by the earth’s surface and the atmosphere escape, temperatures would

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Aluminium is produced from bauxite. Al2O3. This is referred to as Alumina, or aluminium oxide is extracted from the ore. After the extraction, electrolytic reduction process is used to transform Alumina to Aluminium. From every two tonnes of alumina, one tonne of aluminium is produced. The bauxite consists of ferrous oxide, titanium oxide, earth silicon, and alumina, approximately 40 to 60%. Bayer process is used to separate pure aluminium from bauxite (Habashi 16). This process involves heating the ore in an autoclave that contains caustic soda. Cooling then takes place, in order to separate the solid residue that is

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Pressure has over the time has been an important aspect in the thermal sterlialization of food . This is an alternative thermal process of food preservation which is highly effective(PATS) .The (PAT) is important in that it releases the diplicinic acid also known as the (DPA) from the individual endospores. It also rehydrates the core of the endospores and allows the process of the spore inactivation. A good combination can include 200 to 800 mpa which will also be at one hundred and twenty degrees, this combination can effectively eliminate any resistant spores of the organism Clostridium Botulinum. At

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Overview

After examining the college grounds I found out that the college has two environmental control measures implemented here which is an underground rainwater tank, insulation of most classroom ceilings and most lights automatically go out at 8pm.

Rain Water Tanks

Rainwater harvesting is when rainwater falling on the ground is being directed to storage tanks for non-potable purposes. Instead of letting the water to flow straight to drainages and lost during evaporation, it can still be used for clothes washing, gardening, and toilet flushing. The approach is useful in locations with less rainfall in a year (cibse.org, 2010). This approach encompasses a

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The apparatus that is used for heating and cooking food in a gradual process is referred to as the barbeque. There are a variety of barbeques available in the market. Over a period of time, the design and technical features of the barbeque have undergone several advancements.

A few design constraints that can be applied on the barbeque apparatus are given below.

- Solar Barbeque
Solar cells and panels can be used for trapping and utilizing the readily available solar energy for cooking food. To create the solar barbeque, it is required to provide a smooth and reflective surface on the top-side of the interior of the barbeque hood. A flexible mirror is the

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Introduction

The two sets of the experiment were conducted in which the apparatus was set in way that allows the fluids to flow and was just separated by what is referred to as the heat exchange surface. The aim of the experiment is mainly to help students to know how the heat exchanger works. The device works in a way that it enables the energy transfer from one moving fluid stream to another moving fluid stream. This is one of the heat transfer devices that do exist like the case of the car radiator and the air conditioning systems. This

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Citizens of Winesburg, Ohio are exhausted by the sweltering heat this summer. For several days the temperature has been so high that you can fry an egg on the hot asphalt.
On the 15th of June the air temperature reached 98 Fahrenheit. It's close to a record high of 103 degrees, which was recorded in 1942. The average temperature for this time of year is 88 degrees, but for the fifth day in a row, thermometers indicate more than 90 degrees. The situation is complicated by dangerous heat index value of 105. This combination of air temperature and humidity

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Introduction

With people becoming more conscious of the detrimental effects of fossil fuel, the demand for green sources of energy is on a rise. The Sun is the source of all the energy in this world. Even if a small percentage of solar irradiance is collected every day then all the problems related to the scarcity of sufficient energy will be solved. However, it is not very easy to collect and store solar energy in an effective way. Solar Collectors also known as Solar Thermal Collectors are designed to absorb solar energy from solar radiation which is then reduced to

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Introduction

The detail of the major differences between driving in summer or in winter depends upon where you live. Anyone living somewhere that enjoys mild summers and moderate winters would probably see the main difference as having to deal with more hot days in high summer, and the occasional frosts in winter. However, if you live somewhere that suffers extremes of climate, then there are particular problems for both seasons.

Summer vs Winter: Some Issues

Taking summer to begin with; an important benefit of the higher temperatures and all that sunshine in the longer daylight hours is that summer is kinder on our cars. There’

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Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is

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[Low flow anaesthesia with isoflurane in the dog].
This article in german compares the safety of high and low flow anesthesia in dogs preparing for surgery. Three groups of animals were divided into two low flow and one high flow groups. Vital signs were kept well controlled during the procedures. Notes the highest decrease in body temperature was in the high flow group, and a particularly cooled gas used for that group may have caused this.
At least in the context of dogs, this article seems to treat the question of flow rate and core body temp. as a

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Introduction

This case study reviews the loss of Flight TWA 800 a Boeing 747-131, (“Accident Overview”, n.d.), that on 17 July 1996 exploded in midair shortly after takeoff from JFK airport New York on a Paris-bound flight, and resulting in the deaths of all 230 on board. The case study looks at the accident causes, structural and mechanical factors involved, contributory factors, and the Investigation Board findings.

The Research
Causes of the Accident. Cornwell (Jul 2013), in an article published by Reuters, reported that the government investigators were maintaining their opinion that the accident was caused by a spark from

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Nuclear energy is a clean source of energy because it does not emit green house gas. Nuclear power plant produces energy like any other steam-electric power plant; but in nuclear power plant, source of heat to boil water is chain reaction due to nuclear fission of Uranium rather than using coal, oil or fossil fuel. Nuclear reaction is of two types- Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion. Nuclear Fusion produces more heat than Nuclear Fission. So, there are possibilities of using Nuclear Fusion for the eventual generation of electrical power. But Fusion cannot be controlled and a perfected nuclear reactor

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- Introduction
Thesis: The main steps in the process of heating water using solar thermal panel are (1) trapping the sun’s energy, (2) Heating water, (3) Storing hot water, and (4) Distributing hot water to points of use.
- Trapping sun (solar) energy
Solar thermal panel is a system designed for heating water using free heat from the sun. It converts sunlight directly into heat making converted heat available for different applications. Various factors affect the amount of solar energy collected in a panel. These are geographical location, season, time of the day, local weather and local landscape.

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Introduction

Renewable energy is actually the energy, which comes from the resources that are continually replenished. These resources include wind, rain, sunlight, geothermal heat, waves, and tides. Renewable sources of energy contribute approximately 16% of the global final energy. The country used to experience series of energy crises due to its dependence on the foreign oil. The lawmakers thus created the federal subsidies in early 1970s to both develop and promote these sources of energy. Currently, United States relies heavily on natural gas, oil, and coal. Fossils fuels as sources of energy are non-renewable. The energy crisis throughout the world

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Currently, I believe that my energy use is comparable to that of anyone else living in middle-class America; I require electricity from AC outlets to power my electronic devices. These include (but are not limited to) my television, DVD players, gaming consoles, laptop, iPad, lamps, printer, and smartphone. It also powers other essentials to my home, such as my refrigerator and central air conditioning system. This electricity is provided by my electric company, which supplies it through various forms of electricity generation by power plants located throughout my area. These power plants contain generators that spin electromagnets that are

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The Research .3

Cooking Pans: The Basic Requirements ...3
Composite Materials ..4

Nonstick Pans 4

Prioritizing High Heat Capability ..4

Conclusions 5

Introduction
This research paper discusses the respective properties and qualities of cooking pans made from copper, iron, stainless steel, aluminum and composite materials, including those with non-stick (usually Teflon) interior surface coatings, to find what is the safest and best material to use for cooking food on a high heat setting, and to assess any dangers inherent in the materials discussed.

The Research

Cooking Pans: The Basic Requirements. According to Chu (2005), the purpose of the cooking pan is to efficiently impart the heat energy from the

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[Heat Lost From a 6-Inch OD Steam Line]
Analyze heat lost from a 6-inch OD steam line. The line carries high-pressure steam throughout the factory at 400 psi, 400oF. Specify type and thickness for insulating the steam line. Compare the cost of energy lost with and without pipe insulation. You can assume steam is generated 8000 hours/year. Compare energy cost reductions based upon a gas fired boiler and a fuel oil fired boiler. Assume boiler energy input at 6.5(106) Btu/hr.

Given outer diameter OD = 6-inch, pressure = 400 psi, steam temperature = 400oF.

The following assumptions are made;

The steam pipe is made of mild

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The heat of capacity is usually a positive sign and hence the value for the heat capacity of the calorimeter can be given as 23.4 ± 0.1 J/OC.

Sample for the Calculations Using Trial #1

The weight of cold water was calculated by getting the difference between the weight of the calorimeter together with cold water and the weight of calorimeter as follows
Weight of cold water=51.7g-3.3g
=48.4 grams

The weight of hot water was calculated as follows

=Final weight of calorimeter + water -Weight of calorimeter + cold water
=100.4 g-51.7 g
=48.7 grams

The heat lost by hot water was calculated as follows

heat lost=heat capacity of water ×change in temperature×wight of hot water
=4.18 Jg-1℃-1×48.7 g×7.3 ℃
=1486.03 J

Heat gained by cold water was calculated as follows

heat gained=heat capacity

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This paper will focus on analysis of a gas fired rotary kiln in the processing of Bentonite. A rotary kiln is a drier that is used for increasing the temperatures of materials in a process called calcinations through a continuous progression. During the processing of minerals such as Bentonite and cement, this kiln is appropriate. Its thermal efficiency ranges from 50% to 65%. This kiln has a cylinder that is slightly incline horizontally and rotates gradually about its axis. Materials that are to be processed are fed into the kiln through the upper part of the cylinder. These materials

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- What are the major hazards?
In the case, stream 1 is seen to have a pressure of 220Pa. This is the same as 2atm. In this case, then, the vessel that has been utilized should have high pressure which is the same as that of an insulator (Ludwig).
De-C5 and C6+ stream should have a temperature change to 80.65 C.
Fuel gas stream and C2/C3 temperature is given by -55.05℃.
Temperature in i-C4 stream is given by -33.80℃.

Therefore, the columns are wrapped by an insulator to ensure safety

- Major uncertainties
This method makes use of enormous oil amounts. The consequence of this is that the minute changes

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Introduction

Geothermal energy is a source of energy that has become very common as a sustainable energy source in numerous countries across the world. Geothermal energy owes its origin to volcanic activity that occurs in the earth’s core and mantle. Rain water or water form surface runoff may collect in underground reservoirs of water. The volcanic activity below such reservoirs heats the water. The water is normally trapped such that it cannot escape. This leads to build up of a lot of pressure causing it to become superheated. Eventually, the water rises to the surface through fault lines on

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Key Words: Disperse dye, Poly Lactic Acid, Fabric, elongation, tensile strength

Introduction and statement of the problem

The polymerization of lactic acid yields polylactic acid. As such, the raw material used in the manufacture of polylactic acid is lactic acid. Lactic acid is a naturally occurring substance that is produced by living things during metabolism. The use of polylactic acid in the production of fibers for various applications in the textile industry can be traced back to a very useful discovery a few decades ago. The production of biodegradable surgical sutures using polylactic acid set the path clear for more applications of polylactic acid (Ren

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Affiliated institution

Geothermal Binary Rankine Cycles
Abstract
This report is for a LOW-BIN (Efficient Low Temperature Geothermal project. The main objective is to study and recommend specific optimal Rankine cycles using water as the primary source of heat. The water is at a temperature of 1600C. This Rankine cycle is using R134 as working fluid for the geothermal power machine. This project is supposed to generate electricity from low temperature resources with profitable operation down up to around 600C. The main Rankine Cycle parameters and components are idealized. This is as found in the shell, the tube condenser and the heat

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[Date (April 31, 2013)]

When investing on the solar heater system, the solar collectors are installed to capture the solar heat that is transferred to heat water in the most of the buildings. Different technologies are applied depending on the sun or the size.

The solar water heaters are composed of storage tanks, collectors and electric pumps depending on the system.

Types of collectors;
- Flat-plate
- Evacuated-tube
- Concentrating
There are different types of solar water heaters grouped either as passive or active. For the heat-transfer fluid to circulate in an active system, an electric pump is used while in passive system, no pump is used.

Factors that determine the amount of hot water

- Size and type of the system
- Available

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            Engines that use diesel or gasoline might look similar to an untrained eye. However, diesel engines are much older, and they are mostly used for heavy machinery. On the other hand, gasoline is commonly used in personal vehicles and light machinery. Therefore, both fuels have their own advantages leading us to ask the pertinent question on the best source of fuel. This question arouses different feelings in consumers of diesel and gasoline. The main factors to consider in this case are intended use and price of the type of fuel. In terms of efficiency of function and pricing, diesel

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Introduction

The computer hard disk drive, also known as hard drive, hard disk or simply HDD is a storage device which is non-volatile (HDD Scan, 2010). According to Mamun, Guo & Bi, (2007), it is used for the storage of digitally encoded data on platters which have magnetic surfaces. The platters are secured on an axle which holds then centrally to allow them to rotate. The motorized and mechanical aspect associated with the computer hard disk gives it the name “drive” (Bhargava, 2008). This is a distinction from other storage media like tapes or floppy disks in that it has an

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Introduction

A voltage stabilizer is an electronic gadget found in most of the circuit board of home electronics. A voltage stabilizer can be found in computers radios phone chargers and also DVD players. This important gadget comprises of diodes, capacitors, transistors, resistors and a step-down transformer. The work of a voltage stabilizer is to provide a steady current to the electronic equipment for it to function efficiently. A simple model of a voltage stabilizer looks like the diagram below. Symbols have their usual meaning.
In the above diagram, a step-down transformer reduces 240V of alternating current to around 10V of

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