Essays on Particle

Discovery of DNA Structure

Introduction Discovery of DNA was a landmark period in science history that generated further tremendous discoveries. Thanking to this groundbreaking discovery, it was possible to explore the impact of genetic information on the diseases, behavior, and personality. While there are a lot of disputes around the link between DNA and personality features or the ability to create lively beings with the help of DNA mapping, the discovery of the double helix structure opened the doors to the unimaginable dimensions of scientific abilities. It is believed that DNA has been discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the 1953, ...

Questionnaire

<Institutional Affiliation> The main reason why theories are created is that they tend to explain a fact or a phenomena using suggested ideas that are based on principles. Landing to the moon is an activity that was practiced and witnessed by human beings. Therefore, no theory is needed whatsoever to explain the event. The speed to be measured is that of wind. The materials needed are: four cups whose shapes are hemispherical, and a spindle. The cups are attached to the spindle and the spindle vertically mounted on the ground, in such a way that the cups are ...

A Dissertation Methodology

The electro-microprobe technology Modern geochemists (Donovan et al, 2003) generally agree that modern electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) is bringing the most precise and most accurate chemical analyses for solid specimens today. Moreover, these highest-quality results can be brought to routine achievements under carefully crafted analytical protocols. The modern EMPA technology already incorporates qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in a non-destructive mechanism even from micron-sized samples of surface materials at a sensitivity of many parts per million (ppm) (Cameca, 2012). In fact, a number of EMPA equipment today can incorporate one or two others of the four major surface and ...

A neutron is a fundamental particle in the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons have nearly the same mass and can exist as free particles away from the nucleus. Neutrons constitute more than half of all visible matter in the universe. They possess properties that make them ideal for various types of research. Their unique sensitivity to hydrogen, for example, allows them to locate precisely the atoms of hydrogen. Their sensitivity to hydrogen ensures the accurate determination of molecular structure ...

Intensification of open-ocean oxygen depletion by vertically migrating animals

Oxygen is a very important gas that is needed by all living organisms for the the purpose of respiration. It is, therefore, in the interest of everyone to understand the conservation and the significance of oxygen in an ecosystem (Daniele Bianchi, 2013). The research aimed at studying the dieL vertical (DVM) migration of the zooplankton within the depth ranging from the surface to the mesopelagic levels of the ocean water (Vinogradov, 1968).As a result, the focus was placed on determining the fluctuations in amounts of carbon accompanying the respiration of the marine organisms at varying times. To obtain data on ...

Abstract

Cell membranes act as hindrances to most, not all, molecules. Advancement of a cell layer that could permit a few materials to pass while obliging the movement of different molecules was a significant venture in the evolution of the unit. Unit membranes are differentially (or semi-) penetrable obstructions dividing the internal cell environment from the external cell (or) nature's domain.

Water potential is the inclination of water to move from a zone of higher focus to one of easier fixation. Energy exists in two structures: potential and kinetic. Water molecules move consistent with contrasts in potential energy between where they are and ...

Protein degradation is a regulatory process of all living beings that helps to weed out proteins that are faulty in nature. The fault maybe in their sequence or folding. The proteins are degraded via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The proteasome is made up of an outer activating module and an inner core particle (CP), which in turn is made up of outer α subunits and inner β subunits. The α subunits guard a N-terminal gates pore, which open up when proteasome activators (PA) binds to it. The β subunits have the active sites that can broadly accommodate different faulty proteins for degradation. ...

Q1. Describe the three main layers of the Sun’s interior.

The three main layers of the Sun’s interior are the core, the radiative envelope and the connective envelope.

The core is the center of the Sun, with a density of 150 g/cc and a temperature of 15 million K. This is the region where high energy fusion reactions take place and energy is produced. The energy produced is mainly in the form neutrino and gamma rays, which are actually high energy protons which travel several light years and supply energy to the Earth and other planets. The energy produced in the core then radiates outwards through the radiative zone. The ...

Abstract

There are many forms of optics that occur in the sky at different times. Some of the optics are more common and can be observed at almost any time while others are extremely rare. This paper examines atmospheric optics and how they relate to various phenomena that are observed in the skies. The article covers scattering of light, sky and cloud coloration as well as their causes. Additionally, it addresses the halo effect, the incidence of glory, rainbows and how they are formed, the Mirage and its various forms and crepuscular rays. Atmospheric optics is useful in many fields ...

1. Introduction

Taste is a chemical reaction from sensory response of four main taste perceptions sweet, bitter, sour and salt. In the pharmaceutical industry oral administration is the most popular method of drug delivery and most of the drugs elicit bitter taste. Taste is an important factor in determining the drug palatability which in turn is vital in ensuring the consumers compliance in taking the drug and hence effective chemotherapy. In addition, in the ever competitive market, organoleptic properties (test, mouth feel and smell) are vital factors in marketing of drugs. Thus taste masking technology is an important factor in ensuring high ...

1.0 Introduction

Nano-thermal analysis is a primary technique used in the study of the characteristics of pharmaceutical materials in the initial phase of drug design and development. Some of the drug properties that can be studied using nano-thermal analysis include the spatial distribution of the constituents, shape, and size particularly in multicomponent drug sample. Using nano-thermal procedures the different components of these multicomponent drugs can be studied and characterized without having to dissociate the drug. The technique is particularly useful in increasing the dissolution of drugs with low water solubility hence improve their bioavailability. This is by facilitating the formation of solid ...

1.1 Overview Quantum mechanics is a branch of Physics that deals with the behaviors of energy and matter in the smallest perspective such as the nuclear, atomic, and microscopic levels. Quantum, meaning “how much”, refers to the quantifiable units to energy and matter as observed and predicted through physics. This branch of studies stated with mathematical reasoning of certain experiments that are non-explainable through the classical mathematical methods. Physics revolutionized during the early 20th century (Coolman, 2014). Various models has been developed by scientists since them to help them in their experiments in studying particular behaviors of reaction mechanisms ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Solid dispersion can be defined as a cluster of solid creations made up of at least two distinguished components one being a hydrophobic drug and the other a hydrophilic matrix which can take any form depending on the crystalline or amorphous nature of the solids used (see figure 1). In the context of pharmaceuticals, this technology was developed to help improve the solubility and bioavailability of oral drugs. Studies have indicated that a score of patients prefers oral drugs for their simplicity in administration hence they show more compliance in comparison to other types of drugs administered in different ways. However, the functionality ...

Abstract

This paper pertains to discussing the Schrodinger equation along with its historical background. The paper starts with an introduction to quantum mechanics and requirement of Schrodinger equation. The paper highlights the need of Schrodinger equation in light of progresses made in quantum mechanics. The paper also highlights the historical background of the development of Schrodinger equation after which the paper also briefly touches the development of the same through classical means. The paper discusses about the Schrodinger equation while presenting the same for a hydrogen atom. The paper ends with conclusion in which the importance of Schrodinger equation is highlighted.

...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, a main cause of worldwide AIDs, belongs to the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family. Pathogen causes chronic type of symptoms, taking a long time of latency it constantly keeps replicating inside human body. HIV is categorised into two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The genome of this retrovirus consists of two single-stranded RNA molecules. Though, both are involved in AIDS, HIV-2 seemed less virulent and demonstrated more frequent connections with the disease of central nervous system (Fanales-Belasio et al. 5). Like other retroviruses, the genes located on HIV chromosome are gag, pol, env. The functions of gag, pol ...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163). High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with heart ...

INTRODUCTION

Baghouse filters are fabric filter units consisting of one or more isolated sections containing an array of fabric bags (Vatavuk, 1998). Shapes of these bags range from round, flat, tube-shaped, to pleated cartridges. In theory, gas containing high particulate matter level passes through the fabric bag surface. The particulate matter is retained while the cleaned gas is either recycled to the process or vented off the exhaust. This paper attempts to discuss the different concepts behind baghouse filters in relation to environmental engineering. Specifically, this paper discusses (a) particle pollution, (b) baghouse filter principle, (c) filter media selection, (d) types of ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

The Current State of Research on New Methods and Technologies for the Safety and Reliability of Assessment of Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics1

Abstract

Materials with high energy have in the past and are still in use for both intensive military and civil purposes. Research and studies have been conducted recently to try establishing and inventing new materials likely to have enhanced high performance and that are less sensitive to heat and shock as compared to existing materials. In future military applications have a threshold to be adjusted to. This paper is mainly focusing on the on the advancements, possible formulations of ...

Introduction

Creativity is the gift given to man by nature. Human Creativity knows no bound. Innovative people find inspiration to improve their work in each and everything they observe. Sky is the limit for those with innovativeness. Nature is like a teacher for man, and hence, it is the source of inspiration for flourishing the creativity. Nature is involved in every creative work, may it be art, painting, sculpture, or even architecture. If we observe the world around us, we can find several examples of creative works. If the creative work is to be applied in various fields, the experts are ...

1. Introduction to the Technique Magnification and high resolution imaging are very important in materials science, especially at present when nanotechnology materials are being created. Magnification and high resolution imaging can help in the characterization, identification, and confirmation of the existence of the desired material. Magnification and high resolution imaging become problems when the size of the assessed material becomes too small; such as, they are beyond the micrometer scale. Ordinary techniques in microscopy such as light microscopy where in a traditional light microscope is used could not suffice. Fortunately, in 1931, two scientists named Ernst Ruska and Mx ...

Executive Summary

Recently, the Middle East has experienced high rates of bad weather conditions that among others have caused sandstorms around the region. These conditions continue to affect various socio-economic activities with massive deadly consequences especially for airline companies (Seinfield and Spyros, 2006). For instance, in 2008, sandstorms caused low visibility conditions caused very many cars to pile up on the Dubai-Abu Dhabi border. It is estimated that around 25 people lost their lives in this incident. In late 2013, the same incident did not only cause injuries to a dozen people but also hampered activities around Dubai airport for three days. ...

Figure 1Mechanism of electron flow in solar cell 3 Figure 2 Structure of typical Photovoltaic solar cell 3 Figure 3 Types and efficiency of different PV cells 4 Figure 4: Laboratory scale efficiency associated with size of different PV cells in China 5 Figure 5 Working mechanism or Principle of Solar Cell (Rongqiang.2006) 6 Figure 6 Efficiency for different silicon cells having varying combinations 7 Figure 7: Pricing of different installed PV systems 9

Photovoltaics Solar Power

1. Introduction The sun has been seen for decades as the center of the universe instead of an ...

Introduction

Toothbrush companies have used both money and time to come up with a toothbrush and oral health products that encourage their customers to brush recurrently, placidly and properly. The effort by major toothbrush manufacturers the USA has led to the creation of creation of 2.9 billion industry of oral care product only. The results are that people have changed their brushing habit from a compulsory behavior to a trendy lifestyle habit. Recent increased concern in oral health by consumers has triggered toothbrush manufacturers to invest on satisfying their customers by providing categories of toothbrush that can offer optimal dental health to all ...

Introduction

Physics is an abstract field of science that influences our lives in more ways than we can imagine. From waking up every morning, to the water we drink; from driving to work, to the music we listen to; from the internet, to the cell phones that we use so often, physics governs all their basic operating principles. Many natural phenomena throw questions whose answers lie deep in physics. Why are lightning flashes so spectacular? How long does it take for light from a star to reach us? How is a rainbow formed? What causes a boomerang to swirl back? Many of these ...

A photon is particle characterizing a quantum of light or any other electromagnetic radiation. Generally, the term photon is used to illustrate the whole electromagnetic spectrum. It seems like a point-like particle because it is absorbed or released as a whole by arbitrary minute systems which are much smaller than its wavelength. Photons exhibit wave-particle duality i.e. displaying properties of both waves and particles though this is difficult to visualize without laboratory equipment. They display clearly wave-like phenomena like diffraction and interference on the length scale of its wavelength. In the same way as all elementary particles, photons are presently explained by ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Introduction to gamma-ray bursts

The universe is made up of many objects some of which scientists have managed to discover while others are yet to be discovered. Gamma-ray bursts form the highest and most complicated cosmic events present in the universe. These are high-energy explosions discovered during the cold war by astronomers. The discovery was made after the United States suspected the soviets could test nuclear weapons in space. They installed satellites in the space that detected gamma-ray flashes. It was until 1997 when astronomers discovered that gamma-ray bursts are caused by explosions of young energetic stars found in the distant galaxies. These ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

A wormhole theoretically is known to be a passageway through space-time that can be used to create short routes for extensive journeys that go across the universe. Wormholes are mainly forecasted through the general relativity theory. Wormholes have been forecasted come with the dangers of high radiation, unexpected collapse, and unsafe contact with alien matter. A wormhole when viewed depicts a tunnel that has separated ends in space-time. It can be pictured as a two dimensional tube surface that connects various parts of the surfaces (Nelson, Peter & Rohitash Rao 67). There are no evidences that are observable about wormholes according to ...

[university name]

ABSTRACT

Studying of the outer space is called space science. The space exploration is the discovery and exploration of the outer space. The study of space is mainly done by the astronomers, later it was made as one of the divisions of space science. The astronomers explore the outer space with the help of the telescope. The physical explorations are conducted by the unmanned robotic probes and human space flight. In early centuries, the space race occurred between the Soviet Union and the United States of America during the period of cold war. The abstract of this research ...

Communication

Water is one of the most fascinating natural elements on earth. It is fascinating not only because of its capability to sustain life on earth as we know it but also because of its versatility. Water is one of the most versatile elements on earth. It comes in three primary forms that are vapor, liquid water and ice. These three primary forms of water are greatly affected by temperature. This means that temperature dictates the form in which water appears. Water primarily appears in its liquid form. Under natural environmental conditions water is a clear liquid that is not ...

According to Lexus.us, Dosimetry is defined as “Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides”. (2010). Neutron dosimetry is neither as precise nor as complex as gamma dosimetry. In the United States today, neutron dosimetry is among the vital requirements used to carry out comparison of the clinical results gotten from radiotherapy trials done at the fast neutron therapy facilities. The neutron dosimetry radiation uses specialized devices which includes superheated drop detectors. Gamma rays originating from the surroundings, the phantom or biological object experiencing the radiation, the collimating or ...

References 13

Abstract The focal purpose of the Voyager Interstellar Mission has been to broaden the NASA exploration of the solar system further than the quarter of the outer planets and extend to the limits of the sphere of influence on the sun and even beyond. This expansive mission has been continued to characterize the environment of the outer solar system and has also assisted in search for heliopause boundary i.e. the outward flow of solar wind and the outer limits of solar magnetic field. Heliopause boundary penetration between the interstellar medium and the solar wind allows in measuring interstellar ...

Introduction to Wave

Wave motion is known as transfer and moving energy from one point to another, wave is also referred as oscillation or disturbance that travels along the matter or space. There are two categories of waves they include transverse and longitudinal waves. In longitudinal wave particles of the medium are displaced in a direction parallel to the energy transferred while in a transverse wave particles of the medium are displaced in a direction perpendicular to the direction of energy transferred (Hewitt & Paul, 35). Waves can be moved along ropes across the surface of strings and water. Some waves can travel through space. ...

It is through archaeological work and studies that the modern living human is able to discover various forms of life that existed in the past and during the prehistoric era. It is with the analysis of fossils collected that and the use of various technological and chemical analyses that archaeologists are able to put together socio-cultural, economic political set up that existed during the prehistoric era (Weisman 2007: 34). This is the archaeological study of the year 2513. In this study archaeologists were trying to unravel the culture, social-economic and my palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the year 2013 and ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Man has always been curious and been investigating the nature of things. He has probed into the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of all phenomena observed. As science evolved, he came up with laws and equations to represent these observations. For many decades, if not centuries, he was satisfied with explaining everything around him using what is today known as ‘Classical Mechanics’. All bodies and phenomena observed could be explained by Newton’s Laws and his equations of motion. In fact this developed into the branch of Classical Mechanics and saw a huge leap in the field of Science. Be it describing ...

reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Engineering

The effects of mixing time, sintering temperature, sintering time and pressure on mechanical properties of a metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Introduction

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are an important class of engineering materials because they can continually be adapted to suit the needs of manufacturing and newly available technology. MMCs using aluminium as a basic ingredient can be designed to meet particular needs for high performance materials. Duralumin™ was the first aluminium alloy demonstrating the ability to result in a material with very high temperature strength after solution treatment and aging (STA). Duralumin™ or ...

The Flu is Heading to the Zoo

The bird flu in China has raised a growing concern to medical researchers who are attempting to study the genetic behavior and sequences of the H7N9 virus together with other H7 strains and avian influenzas. Three people have been killed with approximately 10 others infected raising speculations and questions of the spread of the virus between humans to humans and birds to humans and the consequent risk of a global epidemic. Certain researchers are however worried especially since the virus has been reported to have genetic markers that will aid a faster spread within the human populations amidst claims that the virus ...

Introduction

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. The infection is also seen in adults and old individuals, but infants and children are more commonly affected (Krilov, 2011). Infection with RSV accounts for more than 100,000 hospitalizations every year in the US. In US, RSV is a ubiquitous pathogen infecting virtually all children at least once by the time they are three year old. Globally, RSV is associated with 160,000 to 600,000 deaths per year in children alone (Howard, 2000).

Etiology

Prematurely born infants (at 36 ...

Historical background of the voyager programmes

The Voyager programs were launched in America in 1977 with an aim of studying the planetary systems in Jupiter and Saturn. Initially, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were used in this mission for 12 years until 1989. After this period, Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) was launched with an objective of extending the exploration of the solar system. VIM background and mission According to NASA (6), the scope of VIM goes beyond Jupiter and Saturn planets to include outer planets and outer limits of the sun’s influence. The mission seeks to establish the heliopause frontier, outer limits ...

Vaccination is the application of antigenic material, also known as a vaccine, in order to trigger the immune system of a person to create adaptive immunity to an infective agent. Vaccines can preclude or improve morbidity from disease. The vaccination’s efficiency has been broadly analyzed and confirmed. For instance, the HPV vaccine, the influenza vaccine, as well as the chicken pox vaccine (Fiore, Bridges, & Cox, 2009; Chang, Rinas, Schmitt, & Smith, 2009; Liesegang, 2009). Vaccination is regarded as the most effectual way of preventing communicable disease. Widespread immunity on account of vaccination is mainly accountable for the global obliteration of smallpox, ...

Abstract

IFITM3, a protein induced by interferon, restricts reovirus infection in host cells and inhibits the viral replication. It affects the proper penetration of the virus by altering the dynamics of the viral uncoating in the endosomes. This study is the first in characterizing the anti-viral activity of IFITM3 on non enveloped viruses that depend on endosome for cellular entry. Following contagion with a virus, the body triggers the release of a class of cytokines, interferons that are involved in first line of defense against infection. Type I interferons are specifically induced in the cells following insult with both DNA and RNA ...

Abstract

Researchers from the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research published a study in Nature based to demonstrate the identification of immunological role of a class of cytotoxic T cells in genital herpes. They identified the cells to be CDT cells that primarily exist in the skin of genital region and mucosa. These cells inhibit the recurrence of genital herpes. Since they suppress the replication of the HSV-2 virus, at the site of recurrence they also prevent symptoms in the patient.

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease affecting more than 24 million people in the US and 60-80 million ...

Blackbody radiation is an example of electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by opaque or black body. In this case, the environment of the body is in the thermodynamic equilibrium with the radiation. The radiation has an intensity which is proportional to the heat of the body. This is best illustrated using Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams. They describe the chromacity of the blackbody radiation. The heat is emitted through a hole on the surface of the body. The productions of colors which are pigmentary in nature are produced by differential absorption of wavelengths which are visible. This is undertaken by pigment molecules. On ...

ABSTRACT

This research proposal presents face reconstruction and recognition technology in the three dimensional format with the help of artificial neural networks. This technology combines geometric interpretation, detailed survey and analysis of streams of data in order to process static and dynamic images to produce neural images using advanced computing system. 3D face reconstruction done with the help of interconnected circuit of artificial neurons is followed by the step of matching and verification against familiar faces. 3D face reconstruction and recognition technology finds extensive applications in a number of fields including forensics and ensuring secure transactions. The process is complex, systematic ...

ABSTRACT

This research proposal presents face reconstruction and recognition technology in the three dimensional format with the help of artificial neural networks. This technology combines geometric interpretation, detailed survey and analysis of streams of data in order to process static and dynamic images to produce neural images using advanced computing system. 3D face reconstruction done with the help of interconnected circuit of artificial neurons is followed by the step of matching and verification against familiar faces. 3D face reconstruction and recognition technology finds extensive applications in a number of fields including forensics and ensuring secure transactions. The process is complex, systematic ...

Introduction

In recent years the development of experimental techniques of particle physics is widely discussed among professional physicists, and talks revolving around the future of the Large Hadron Collider are the major part of such physicists` discussions. There are a lot of different opinions about the Large Hadron Collider (LHC, onwards), about purpose of its creation and functioning, about repercussions of its performance on science, and either useful or harmful effect on mankind. Herefrom, I will try to explain its importance for the future of particle physics we know nowadays and try to adumbrate its organization, principles of work and narrate ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after 10 ...

Physics practical report: determining the range of a radiation and the energy content

Introduction Most of the radiations emitted by sources usually emanate from radioactive isotopes. These isotopes may be naturally radioactive or the emission may be induced by an external source of energy. Natural isotopes are mainly elements whose atomic mass exceeds 208. For this reason, the atomic size is very large creating an aspect of imbalance in charge within the atom. The highly positively charged nucleus does not feel the same magnitude of negative charge effect from the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. This makes the nucleus to disintegrate naturally to release some energy as it scales down the ...

Position paper on diesel particulate and its potential for occupational health safety issues

Position paper on diesel particulate and its potential for occupational health safety issues

Introduction

Although the negative health implications of gaseous portion of diesel emissions appear in the previous literature, only limited research have indicated that the particulate component of diesel exhaust has the potential to cause several health problems. Additionally, diesel particulate is associated with visual, malodor, and nuisance pollution. There are readily available methods for measuring workplace exposure to diesel particulate and control technology that help reduce exposure. Drawing form epidemiological and animal studies, it is evident that diesel particulate is a potential carcinogen. However, owing the lack of ...

Matter has been identified to have mass and occupy space. The basic blocks that buildup matter are the atom. The atoms cannot be subdivided chemically using the normal means. There are three main categories of matter, liquid, gaseous and solid. Each of these types is made up of elements. If for instance from a block of iron (matter), it is possible to cut it into smaller pieces and finally end up with the smallest piece possible the atom (MathMol). Most of the atoms are made up of three basic particles, which are the proton, neutron and electrons. The proton ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm. Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

Abstract

The universe contains 100 billion galaxies. Each of these galaxies has billions of stars, great gas and dust clouds with others having scads of moons and planets. The stars release an abundance of energy either from radio waves, X-rays or from other forms of energy that run at a speed of light across the universe. However, all that can be seen is like the tip of the cosmic iceberg and accounts for a small portion of the total energy and mass in the universe. About one-quarter portion of the universe is made up of dark matter that does not release any ...

Introduction

In our time, we are used to satisfy our nutritional requirements by simply buying raw or cooked food products at grocery stores or restaurants. Nowadays we can access pretty much any type of food product even if is coming from remote locations at affordable prices. However, there is an extra price to pay: unprecedented amounts of liquid and solid residues continuously accumulate in our soil, air, and water resources as a result of activities associated with food production and consumption. At the consumption end of the food chain, farm products are processed and packaged, distributed and finally eaten. Each of ...

Humean Supervenience (henceforth HS) is a metaphysical doctrine postulated by David Lewis. According to Lewis, HS is the doctrine that “all the world has is a vast mosaic of particular facts. We have an arrangement of qualities; and nothing more. There is no difference without difference in the arrangement of qualities; and everything else supervenes on that” (Karakostas 1). Thus, there is a distribution of local, intrinsic, qualitative properties that require more than spatiotemporal point. Spatiotemporal or occupational relations exist between the points to hold between point-objects and space-time, or both. These relations, however, do not supervene on the local, intrinsic, ...

1. Introduction Nano is derived from the Greek word, Nanos, meaning extremely small. Nanotechnology, as the name indicates, is the science and technology of preparation, characterization and application of matter in the size range of a billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9). Nanotechnology can be used to manipulate atoms and molecules, creating new materials and machines with greatly improved qualities as compared to those of their precursor materials. This is achieved by constructing layers of atoms or molecules through various fabrication methods such as solution processing, melt processing, in-situ deposition etc. In addition to functioning as nano-scale devices, nanoparticles ...

Considered the world’s most famous Scientist, Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm Southern Germany (Saw 35). His father was in the electronics industry. Despite being considered imprudent, he was naturally talented and curious and had an interest in contemporary scientific developments (Saw 35). He later on moved to Switzerland, securing a job in which he was expected to study the descriptions sent in by inventors and decide whether he inventions were new and deserved a patent. Since some of the patents were poorly written, he had to rewrite them thereby managing to acquire the knowledge and ...