Essays on Atom

Chapter 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

For centuries, many have tried to learn about the smallest particle. As far as 2500 years ago, Democritus and Leucippus created an idea for the atom and called it ‘atmos’ meaning indivisible. Various philosophers and scientists have proposed models for what and how the atom should be. The initial theory proposed by Dalton in 1803 states that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of a particular material are identical. He also stated that atoms of different materials join to form compounds. J.J. Thompson proposed the initial model of the atom. It is called the plum pudding model. He Continue reading...

One of the central questions of philosophy has always been a debate as to whether or not humans are free to make their own choices, or whether or not the causality of the external world affects are ability to make choices. This question is important because it underlies the centrality of what it means to be human and how culture is constructed. If freedom to make choices exists, then institutions such as prisons are just, because they punish on the basis of the assumption that someone who has committed a crime was acting freely and of his own violation. Continue reading...

U.S. History

The reason why the United States entered the First World War is justifiable. At first, the United States had pledged to be neutral; however, it later changed its stand when German mines destroyed and sunk several American ships that were travelling to Britain. The tension between Germany and the United States arose over Germany’s segregation of the Isles of Britain. Britain was one of the closest trading partners of the United States. In 1915, the Germans declared an unhampered warfare against all vessels and ships, whether neutral or not, that entered the war zones around Britain. Continue reading...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM): used for imaging, visualizing, taking measures and manipulating objects in nanometer scale. The device has a mechanical probe that senses the material placed on its surface (John 1).
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM): the STM is used to perform atomic level imaging of surfaces. Its lateral resolution is about 0.1 nanometers while its depth resolution is around 0.01 nanometers. This measure suffices in manipulating an image that is good enough (John 1).
Nanoimpellers: Tubes made from light-sensitive silica. They are used to carry cancer-killing medication and target only cancer cells. These nanoimpellers are injected Continue reading...

Question 1)

According to Ede and Cormack, what was the impact of Napoleon's reign on the development of scientific and technical training in France?
Napoleon's reign included a refocusing to the education of the masses, including educating women. He centralized and standardized the education system with a focus on language. Napoleon believed in women’s education, to a point. He permitted the reestablishment of the Catholic elementary schools that educated boys and girls. Napoleon’s priority was secondary education however. In this area, he saw to standards not only for students but also for teachers and the curriculum. This was in Continue reading...

Abstract

Studies in mechanics have evolved to be the most fundamental tool in the innovation of new materials and advanced technology. Specifically, studies in Continuum Mechanics, has been very influential in producing materials that exhibit various desirable characteristics at the expense of size and weight. Nanotubes are a perfect example of how this study has impacted the evolution in material technology. It has been used as the basis for the explanation of these complex materials as well as provisions for their behavioral effects during machining. The wide use of nanotubes in fragile fields like technical textile supplements, truly depict the Continue reading...

Question 1

John Adam’s opera Dr. Atomic is about the history of Robert Oppenheimer and others who participated in the famous 1940’s Manhattan project, to create the atomic bomb. Dr. Atomic is set in Los Amos in New Mexico hours before the test-firing of the first atomic bomb. Postmodernism is the movement in literature, visual arts, music and drama which rejected the Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed and meant (Heartney 1). Dr. Atomic has different aspects of opera that have differed from the Victorian standards making it postmodern. A key characteristic of postmodernism is that Continue reading...

Aim of the experiment

Apparatus
Spectrometer, sodium vapor lamp, mercury vapor lamp, watch maker eye glass and small flash lights.
Abstract
This is the phenomenon where atoms are excited and emit light of various wavelengths. These lines which are colored with dark fringes between them are known as atomic spectra. All elements have distinct set of spectral lines. It is this unique spectrum associated with certain distinct element. The atomic spectra of various elements of investigation will be studied in this experiment using a diffraction grating mounted on a spectrometer. The atomic transitions of various elements under investigation will be used to calibrate Continue reading...

Father John Siemes was a Jesuit priest who was living in the Novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Nagatsuka, Japan during the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1943. Amidst the destruction and confusion that the detonation caused the Hiroshima populace, the detonation did not greatly affect a community of Jesuit fathers in a nearby parish. Practically, all the present members in the community, among them Fr. John Siemes, were unscathed. The building that housed the community remained upright despite the fact that the shelling destroyed all the buildings within the vicinity of the city.
Fr. Siemes who Continue reading...

Introduction

Atoms have become an important study item not only in the scientific field, but also in the overall study field. Atoms have a basic meaning as being a unit of any chemical element. This is only but a basic understanding of what an atom is. Atoms have a history from which it got its basic definition dating back to the Greek period. Early Greek ideas about atoms were diverse based on what the perception and mentality was. The understanding of atoms in the ancient Greek empire was more of a philosophical than scientific. The basic thought during the ancient Continue reading...

Richard B. Frank’s essay “Assessing Realities” is written to shed a light of perspective into the issue of what line of thinking went into the decision of Truman and his military advisor’s to use atomic weapons on Japanese cities at the end of World War II, and whether or not this was the ethical line of decision making for them to have made. As the author points out, American’s perceptions of the rightness of this decision has changed significantly since the time of the action, when far fewer Americans supporting this action decades after Hiroshima and Continue reading...

The argument presented in the “Petition to the president of the United States” is quite successfully crafted and factual. Given the extensive destructive nature and long-term effects of atomic bombs, the president should have practiced extreme restraint in authorizing the usage of atomic bombs. Why would someone use a weapon whose radiation effects are bound to genetically affect successive generations of any survivors? What authority would someone have as to deliberately taint the genes of an entire generation? It is plain inhumane to use atomic bombs on any animal or plant let alone a human being. Scores should always Continue reading...

Carbon (C) is a chemical element of atomic number 6 and belongs to group 14 on the periodic table. Carbon is a nonmetallic element and it’s the sixth in abundance in the universe. Coal is the most readily available source of carbon. Carbon in its raw form is of little value and has to be processed into commercially applicable forms. Commercial carbon appears in three allotropes: graphite, amorphous, and diamond. This is a research paper on carbon, its applications and negatives effects on the environment (Jefferson Lab).

CARBON ALLOTROPES

Amorphous carbon is the resulting black material when a carbonaceous fuel Continue reading...

Although Helium and Lithium only differ in one element, differ in their chemical and physical behavior. Helium is a noble gas which is found in group 18. Helium has only one electron shell which contains two electrons. The complete shell makes helium an inactive element and does not combine with other elements. Lithium, on the other hand, has three electrons meaning it has two shells. The first shell in lithium, has 2 electrons, and the second has only 1 electron. The second shell is not complete and therefore very active making lithium to combine readily with other elements. The Continue reading...

(Professor/Instructor)

On the 6th of August 1945, a B-29 bomber deployed the first atomic bomb over Hiroshima. The detonation of the atomic bomb resulted in the instantaneous death of more than 80,000 people. Several days later, another atomic weapon was detonated in Nagasaki, resulting in the deaths of more than 40,000 Japanese. President Harry Truman authorized the deployment of the weapons over the two cities; at present, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb attacks are the only ones in history. In the succeeding months, an estimated 100,000 died a slow and extremely painful death resulting from Continue reading...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the Continue reading...

Abstract

Scientists have conducted multiple ab initio calculations to determine the infrared spectra and the array of complexes BrH: NH3, ClH: NH3 and FH: NH3. Additionally, the research incorporates investigating the effects of inert gasses’ atoms on the infrared spectra and arrangements. The scientists constructed a double dimension MP2/6-31+G (d, p) energy surface for complexes XH: NH3. The two-facet Schrodinger calculations were solved for the dimer and the proton stretching series. Most complexes have differing infrared spectra even though their equilibrium arrangements are characterized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The grounds (v=0) and (v=1) that are both found in FH.NH3 Continue reading...

The time period surrounding the years of World War Two are widely recognized as one of the most violent periods in human history. 1939 to 1945 have been marred as a global conflict that involved most of the world. Though the fighting during the previous World War One was restricted to European soil, World War Two saw battles extending out of Europe and into Africa Asia, and America. The global effort of defeating the Axis nations left devastation in its aftermath. Some of the aftermath issues including financial, social and infrastructure damage for many of the countries that were Continue reading...

Introduction

While on his way to Hiroshima, it was around 7:30 a.m. when Captain William Parsons inserted the detonator along with the explosive charge into the bomb. It was around 8:16 a.m. (Japanese time) when the bomb exploded in Hiroshima over Dr. Shima’s Clinic. The glowing fireball had a temperature of about 50,000 degrees. Soon after this attack, another major city of Japan was attacked. It was basically the idea of General Leslie Groves, General Farrel and Admiral Purnell to launch two atomic bombs on Japan; the first bomb would demonstrate power and the second would tell the Continue reading...

The lightning rod functions by providing a path of least resistance to ground. This path conducts excessive current that is generated in the event of a lightning. The lightning rod is part of the lightning protection system components. The rod connects to a thick piece of copper wire which is attached to a conductive underground grid. According to the lighting diversion theory by Franklin, the lightning rod offers protection to structures by providing a path of least resistance to the earth. When a lightning strikes there is a sudden discharge which is drawn to the lightning rod since it’ Continue reading...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium Continue reading...

Long chains of molecules are called polymers. Many small molecular units (called monomers) form polymers, which depending on their arrangement are so useful in everyday life; making materials like silk, wool, or plastic bags. Most of the polymers are organic compounds; it means that they are carbon chains connected to hydrogen, Oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The electrons of these atoms are shared between two atoms that are located in the low energy bonding orbitals. This stops the polymers from making electricity and the electrons play the role of a non-conductor.
In 1997, a set of highly conductive polymers were Continue reading...

Response Paper about Civil Engineering

Engineering contains countless open doors and claims to fame. Utilizing the standards of science and science, environmental engineers create answers for environmental issues. They are included in the water and air contamination control, reusing, waste transfer and open wellbeing issues. Environmental engineers conduct perilous waste administration thinks about in which they assess the essentialness of the peril, offer investigation on treatment and regulation, and create regulations to forestall disasters. They plan metropolitan water supply and modern wastewater treatment frameworks. They lead investigate on proposed environmental ventures, break down experimental information, and perform quality control checks.
They give lawful and Continue reading...

Chapter review

Chapter review
Matter is anything that has mass and occupy space. The smallest particle of matter is referred to as an atom. An atom is the basic substance of the matter. An atom consists of; tiny subatomic substance. These substances are; proton, electron, and neutron. The protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The atom is divided into two parts, the center that consists of the neutrons and proton and the outer part which consist of the electrons.
An atom has different properties; a physical property can be seen and observed without changing Continue reading...

Introduction

The carbon atom is one of the most fascinating atoms in the world. This is because of the processes and transformations it can go through time from organism to organism. The journey that the carbon atom goes through from the atmosphere into the plant, then the animal and then out again into the atmosphere over and over through a myriad of processes is called the carbon cycle, and if one of the most important cycles in life as we know it. The carbon atom partaking in the life cycles by being part of the building blocks of both living Continue reading...

In several occasions, The Atomic Café collection acknowledges that the Americans should not be comfortable with “the west as America” and its image of the Soviet Union. In the most incisive and articulate voice, the Atomic Café video director believes that through the Soviet Union and the America has created an opposite definition of itself. Through the video collection, American nation and the union have created deepest fears and anxieties about the future of its own society. Margaret Chase Smith in her documentary record “The Declaration of Conscience” unanimously agree with Smith notion that the American government lack effective Continue reading...

1- The chapter opens with these words: “ Neeru, shouei, maima, aqua. In any language, water is the most abundant compound on the surface of the Earth.”
- Explain the term compound and also why water is not an element.
Answer: Compound is a chemical entity made from combination of two or more different elements. These elements lose their individual identities when they combine to form a compound and possess unique properties subjected to that compound. Water is made from two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen individually are elements but when combined in the Continue reading...

Introduction

Question 1. how and why the incident happened (what conditions allowed the incident to happen)?
Hiroshima is located in the west of the largest Japanese island of Honshu. The town's name translates as "Wide Island". It is so named because the bayou Ota, flowing from the mountains to the plains Chugoku, where the Hiroshima formed at the confluence of the Inner Sea 6 islands protrude into Hiroshima Bay. They located the city. Hiroshima worth almost entirely in the valley, only slightly above sea level; to the north-west and north-east lie the hills, up to 700 feet (Rotter, 2008).
Continue reading...

A photon is particle characterizing a quantum of light or any other electromagnetic radiation. Generally, the term photon is used to illustrate the whole electromagnetic spectrum. It seems like a point-like particle because it is absorbed or released as a whole by arbitrary minute systems which are much smaller than its wavelength. Photons exhibit wave-particle duality i.e. displaying properties of both waves and particles though this is difficult to visualize without laboratory equipment. They display clearly wave-like phenomena like diffraction and interference on the length scale of its wavelength. In the same way as all elementary particles, photons are Continue reading...

Question 1:

Answer 1:
The mixture of ammonium vanadate, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid was yellowish and had less color in comparison with the control.
As Manganese sulfate was mixed with ammonium hydroxide turned into orange, Though as it was mixed with hydrochloric acid its color did not changed and stayed clear.
The control of iron nitrate was orange, but as it was mixed with ammonium hydroxide the color changed into red and after mixing with hydrochloric acid the color was yellow.
The control of cobalt nitrate was pink. When it was mixed with hydrochloric acid the color did not change Continue reading...

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Carbon,

Thank you for choosing Non-metal Element Adoption Agency!

Hearty congratulations for deciding to adopt one of our elements! After going through your profile extensively, we have found a baby element that would be a perfect fit in your family.
It gives me immense pleasure to introduce you to our baby element - Miss Oxygen. She is a little girl and her personality is full of life. She is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. But you will always feel her presence around you. She is pale blue in her liquid form. You feel more energised and active when she is around. In Continue reading...

<Student’s name>
The "Father" of the Soviet atomic bomb Academician Igor Kurchatov was born January 12, 1903 in Ufa province Simskaya Plant (now - Sim City in the Chelyabinsk region). It is called one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Graduated with honors from the Simferopol gymnasium and evening craft school in September 1920, Kurchatov entered the Physics and Mathematics of the University of Tauride. Three years later he graduated early from high school success. In 1930 Kurchatov headed the Physics Department of the Leningrad Physico -Technical Institute.
Work in the Continue reading...

INTERNATIONAL LAW

In an article titled, ‘The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,’ Henry L. Stimson, tries to justify why he and his team of scientists felt the need to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Stimson, the then Secretary of War, in a race to beat Germany, used the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. From Stimson’s view, while the use of the bomb was effective in bringing an end to the war, and also justified the huge sum of money and time spent on the ‘Manhattan’ project, it just couldn’t justify using it Continue reading...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action
An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation
Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2
Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2
In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum Continue reading...

Food manufacturers often use hydrogenated fats as functional ingredients to improve the shelf-life of food materials. The chemical process through which hydrogenated fats are produced is termed as fat hydrogenation. Essentially, this process involves addition of hydrogen atoms to a double bond existing between carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain, which turns unsaturated fats into saturated ones (Leigh).
During fat hydrogenation, hydrogen gas is forced into unsaturated fats such as oils at a very high temperature (250 to 400oC) and pressure in the presence of a metal catalyst such as nickel, copper, zinc or platinum. The high temperature Continue reading...

During the post-World War II era, with the rise of the Cold War and the proliferation of nuclear weapons, America itself began to fear the atom. With nuclear bombs already having been used to end World War II, the public realized that humanity had the potential to destroy the entire world with the push of a button. To that end, the United States government did everything it could to try to assuage the fears of a rightfully-worried public about the threat of nuclear destruction. Through the use of playful animation, propaganda films, and the futile strategies of fallout shelters, Continue reading...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. Continue reading...

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of Cottrell atmosphere is important to many aspects of material sciences and engineering. This was first proposed by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain the interaction of solute carbon atoms with defects in steel. The Cottrell atmospheres occur under the interaction between the dislocations and impurities (alloying elements) in matrix metal.  These defects, like a dislocation, produce long-range elastic stress fields that distort the interstitial lattice site around the defect in the matrix. These distorted lattice sites then provide lower energy sites for the solute carbon to occupy, thus relieving some of the stress field. This Continue reading...

Introduction

The term lipids is used to refer to a group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring and that are all soluble in non-organic solvents such as benzene , chloroform, acetone and ether but not soluble in water. The later characteristic means that lipids can also be defined as amphiphilic or hydrophobic small modules. This amphophilic nature of lipids essentially allows them to be able to form structures such as liposome’s, vesicles or membranes when subjected to aqueous environments. The biological lipids mainly originate from two major build-blocks or biochemical sub-units: isoprene and ketoacyl groups. Another distinct characteristic of Continue reading...

Introduction

The name diamond owes its origin to Greece. The term is a corruption of the Greek term Adamas, which means the invincible or the unbreakable. In mineralogy, diamond refers to an allotrope of carbons, which is capable of transiting from one state to another. The carbon atoms within the mineral are arranged in a cubic-centered crystal known as the diamond lattice. The diamond mineral has the formula C and exists in Isometric-Hexoctahedral (cubic) crystal system. It is also essential to note that diamond exists in the space group C63/mmc.
Diamond exists in different varieties, as distinguished by their colors. Continue reading...