Essays on Chemistry

HadCM3 stands for Hadley Center Coupling model version three. This global climate model (GCM) was developed by the Met Office Hadley Center for Climate Science and Services in 2000, and was used as one of the major GCM ever since, starting from the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. The model includes two elements – HadAm3 (for atmospheric modeling) and HadOM3 (for oceanic modeling), therefore forming a coupling assessment model. The GCM was a further development of the previous model HadCM2, also developed at Hadley (Bloom, 184).

Model description

The model includes 2 elements for the ...

A chemist may be draw to the science because it contains physics and mathematics, with results clearly defined. On the other hand, biology can be messy, with fluids and disrupted bodies and patient suffering. For the nursing professional, there may be the temptation to define a physical process present in a patient as either biological or chemical. Technically, the definition for biology is simply the “scientific study of living organisms” (TheFreeDictionary.com), while chemistry is “a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the transformations that they undergo” (Merriam-webster.com). However, the lines blur when ...

(Student’s Full Name)

Introduction As a child, the mind is easily in awe and wonder about the simplest or most basic experiences. Experts argue that this may be the case because children’s brains are wired differently compared to when they grow up as adults. When children grow up, their brain physiology and chemistry change so as to accommodate other sections of the brain that are necessary for adulthood. Consequently, individual loses her child-like wonder when experiencing ordinary events as an adult. Therefore, childhood is a time when the brain focuses on allowing the child to develop by ...

The theory of continental drift assumes that the earth is composed of one continent for billions of years. It slowly drifted apart to form the seven continents which could be recognized in the modern times. The drifting of the continents is mainly due to the lighter rocks at the surface which is influenced or moved by the heavier rocks beneath. On the other hand, the plate-tectonics theory assumes that the earth is composed of plates or slabs which are shifting or moving away or towards each other. The movements of the plate depend on the condition and chemistry of ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

This experiment aims at studying the characteristics of titrations with the strength of different acids used in these titrations. This is done by drawing the titration curves of the different titrations that are carried out in this experiment and interpreting those curves. The units of measurement for this experiment are the standard units that are used in titrations. These are molarity (moles/liter) of substances while the quantities are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Conductometry is a type of electroanalytical method in analytical chemistry. While other electroanalytical methods use equilibria or electrodes, conductometry is different and employs the conductance of materials ...

“If it has ‘science’ in its name, it ain’t (Minnick).” Those words were said to this writer by the smartest person he ever knew personally, a man with PhDs in Mathematics and Physics, a true scientist. He went on to explain that science, if it is science, can be reduced to mathematics and then can predict. “Science can generate electricity or flatten cities,” he said. The problem, of course, is that whenever one deals with the “soft sciences,” political science or economics (the dismal science) or sociology or history or any of the disciplines that are housed in ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

Question: what is the appropriate method of identifying compounds as either ionic or covalent based?

Background/Hypothesis Ionic compounds are created from the strong electrostatic bonding between ions (Brinker, and George 393). The covalent compounds have are formed by bonds that result from sharing of electrons (Mah 31).

Solubility test Conductivity test Melting point test Color and odor test Oxidation with oxygen test Steps/Procedures. Solubility test 0.25 grams of the chemical was placed in a test tube. 1 mL of water was added and stirred using a stirring rod. The addition of I mL was added until the chemical dissolved. The chemical that did not dissolve after adding 10 mL of water was recorded. The ...

Abstract

The study of tiny particles and their applications have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties that make the particles useful in numerous applications. Accordingly, the present review investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The introduction section examines recent advances in nanotechnology and explains the significance of magnetic nanoparticles in scientific research. The section on results and discussion presents the findings of various researchers with a focus on the magnetic properties, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. ...

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials. Starting and ...

Abstract

The field of Nanoscience has evolved due to the other advancements in the other fields of study such as the Nanotechnology. While the latter is a subset of the former, there is credible evidence that points to the fact that Nanotechnology has been developed thanks to various areas such as biology, material science, engineering physics, chemistry and much more. It is the foundation on which the Magnetic Nanoparticles have been embedded. MNP is nanoparticle that has the magnetic manipulation ability. Thus, this paper focuses on the study of the Magnetic Nanoparticles especially how they are formed or synthesized and ...

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

Leona Woods Marshall Libby, who was instrumental in the preparation of the first ever atomic bomb, was an American physicist. She was also part of the research team that built the first nuclear reactor in America. She was mentored by Enrico Fermi, the famous Italian physicist who won the Nobel Prize. She was born in Illinois and completed her BS Degree in chemistry at a young age of 18 (Libby, 1979). Later, Leona wanted to pursue her higher education in physics and approached Robert Mulliken, a future Nobel laureate to become one of his graduate students. He accepted her ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry is one of the most common and efficient means of chemical analysis currently used in estimating the concentration of some chemicals. The technique exploits the radiation absorption property of various chemical substances in determining their concentrations. Spectrophotometry is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species (Nair, 2010; Burrows et al., 2013). The mathematical expression of Beer-Lambert Law is shown in equation1 below: A=aλ*b*c Equation 1 In the equation 1 shown above, A represents the measured absorbance, a is the absorptivity coefficient which depends on ...

Thin Layer Chromatography of Amino Acids

Introduction The technique used for this experiment was thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is used to separate components of a mixture (Clark, 2016). The purpose of this experiment was to identify an unknown amino acid. The components will have different affinities to the stationary and mobile phases. The various components will travel at different rates based on their affinity to either the mobile or stationary phase (Clark). A polar stationary phase is used in TLC experiments and the mobile phase can be a combination of solvents or just one solvent (psu.edu, n.d.). TLC can also be used to monitor ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

ABET outcomes and civil engineering

The civil engineering is a specialized branch of the engineering that combines the use of chemistry, physics-based in calculus, differential equations, material resistance, and design. Each university and educational institution that offer civil engineering programs must meet with basic criteria established by the ABET (Brown School of Engineering) and other professional organizations related to civil engineering. The programs of civil engineering, additional to the hard core of the career (calculus and sciences), it is necessary to add other skills to the potential engineers to develop their skills with success, that skills are: management, leadership, ethics and public policies. The ...

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

Gold Nanoparticles Article Summaries.

Original Article Summary: Turkevich, Stevenson, & Hillier, 1951. In their 1951 article, Turkevich, Stevenson, and Hillier explore the nucleation processes and growth of colloidal gold nanoparticles during synthesis under different methods. The paper explores the standard preparation methods of colloidal gold which all use a nucleating agent which usually comprises reducing agents that later form a mixed polymer with a chloroauric ion before reduction to the nucleus occurs. The authors of this paper explore gold colloids synthesis methods such as Bredig’s electrical arc synthesis, the Faraday method, and reduction methods using acetone, tannin gold solution, oxalic acid, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ...

Philosophy

I. Introduction A common definition of whistle-blowing refers to it as the manner by which an employee discloses an unethical practice within an organization. The disclosure is usually done to concerned authority, and it typically involved compromising one’s loyalty to an employer, in favor of the greater good. Consequently, there are essential components of whistle-blowing, a) a person intends to make the information known by the public, b) the information is communicated and becomes part of public record, c) the given information relates to a nontrivial offense within an organization, and d) the person who made the report ...

The rate of plastic garbage in India has always presented a major challenge to its citizens with research showing that it has the highest rate of plastic pollution compared to the United States which is the world's largest chemical user. It is quite unfortunate that the Indian government has not been able to formulate strategies to curb this plastic garbage pollution issue. This problem would persist until Vasudevan, a professor of chemistry saw this as a new light of using these chemical wastes to raise income and at the same time conserve the environment. It is quite interesting and ...

Iridium organometallic complexes

Introduction Iridium organometallic complexes are applied as catalysts, light-emitting diodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and luminescent agents for cells imaging.1 Due to the wide application area, the scientists perform research on preparation, characterization and physical and chemical properties of iridium organometallic complexes.

The oxidation state in complex compound refers to the charge of the metal, which it would have in a simple ionic compound. The configuration of d-orbitals (dn) indicates the number of valence electrons in free metal of the same oxidation state. The iridium electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f145d76s2, yet the s-electrons transfer to d-orbital to form 5d9. The ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former. In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

INTRODUCTION

What is science exactly? The most generalized definition might be the pursuit of knowledge that can be studied, that can be tested through tangible experiments and then can be proven through repetition and presented in real world parameters. Science considers all possibilities but it does not necessarily answer to religious ideologies and philosophical principles that many adhere to, because science only supports what can be proven to be factual. Science, in all of its facets, has been and remains often controversial discipline, whether it is chemistry, robotics or genetics. The source of this consistent public criticisms and questioning of ...

Introduction

In the adsorption-membrane hybrid system for ethanol steam reforming: Thermodynamics analysis by Dang, Amornchai, Yaneeporn, and Suttichai, (2011, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy), the authors seek to explain how an adsorption-membrane hybrid system, which uses a carbon (IV) oxide as an adsorbent can be used to eliminate unwanted carbon (IV) oxide in the hydrogen separation process. The authors aimed at improving the ethanol steam reforming performance through comparison of thermodynamic analysis that comprised of adsorptive, as well as membrane reactor. Then the authors were able to find that membrane separation process for the hydrogen removal had a higher impact ...

Term Paper

Term Paper

Introduction

The primary strategic objective of the University of Idaho is to make growth in enrollment at the Institute. The primary strategic objective is set by the current President Chuck Staben. The University of Idaho is not the only institute that has developed this strategy, but several colleges and universities across America are also focused towards the growth of enrollment. It is observed that there is intense competition among different institutes for the growth of enrollment. The reason that all the universities want to increase enrollment at the college is that it is a source of the stream ...

Chapter 1

Introduction

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that ...

Abstract

Forensic Science has long found important application in a criminal investigation, and its correct usage will enhance its effectiveness in crime detection. The use of forensic science in intelligence has allowed the possibility of crime scene reconstruction, identification of a suspect and the elements therein. Law enforcement has gone a notch higher in crime investigation in the sense that scouring for limited evidence at crime scenes has been made possible long after the perfect crime has taken place. The sole purpose of finding the obscure evidence is to have the criminals responsible brought to book and as a result, ...

Introduction

David Eagleman’s (2015) book entitled The Brain details scientific discoveries about the way the human brain processes information. The book details the ways in which one’s sensory capabilities and sensory processing activities formulates the way in which one interprets the external environment. It is the combination of sensory capabilities and the processing of sensory input that is largely responsible for the “reality” that one experiences (Eagleman, 2015). The external environment or what humanity would collectively call “reality” is not necessarily what truly exists. Reality may in fact be more subjective or internal than previously thought. Therefore, one ...

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that are ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction. The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide]. Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

Ultraviolet light (UV light) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is located between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is invisible to the human eye, and has a frequency greater than that of visible light but lesser than X-rays. It has a wavelength ranging from about 10 nm to 400 nm (ISO, 2007). UV light is a part of the radiation that comes from the sun. It can also be produced artificially by electric arcs, black lights, tanning lamps and mercury vapor lamps. The name Ultraviolet literally translates to “beyond violet”, as it has a ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

Sensors detect an input event and control an output event. The output often requires different timing than that of the input event. Sometimes several inputs must jointly produce an output event. In other words, logic alters the raw sensor signal so that it is directly useful for controlling local action in response to sensed events (Ouzounov et al., 2006). A sensor is an interactive application; it expresses interest in an event by defining a sensitive ‘region' and an event type. For example, if a sensor wishes to receive events directed to a geographical object, it can define its region ...

An Assignment Submitted by

An Outline Curriculum. Curriculum is develop in compliance with the national standards and created together by the vice principle and approved the head of the school. The subjects taught in the educational facility are standard as well, as the school does not specialize on any specific subjects. Leadership. The management of the school uses the traditional supervision techniques that usually resemble authoritarian leadership, as initiative is often overlooked and the communication is hierarchal rather than mutually benefitting. In order to improve student learning, the educators supposed to use motivation and pressure, which often resemble operant conditioning methods. Development. Professional ...

1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

In the Society of Toxicology’s (SOT) public policy statement, toxicology is defined as the study of the interaction of chemical substances with living tissue in the context of the following issues: how they affect a biological organism’s processes, how to reduce the chemical substance’s potential harm to the organism, and what are safe levels of exposure (Society of Toxicology, 1999). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the SOT’s position statement on animal testing. The topics addressed in the paper are how toxicity levels are determined, the application of SOT principles to course material, ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010). In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

Extraction Stage

Extraction of copper produces both specks of dust and gaseous wastes such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide that significantly contribute to environmental pollutions, especially air pollution (“Copper Mining”). Whereas copper wire miners reduce this pollution level by trapping the generated sulfur dioxide gas for purposes of producing sulfuric acid, considerable amounts of sulfur dioxide still escape and take part in both air and water pollution. However, extraction methods that incorporate emulsion of liquid membranes and applications of microorganisms in removing copper from their underground ores have been currently established as the economical and viable ways of gathering copper. ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Introduction

In our everyday life, we experience stress at every corner. Instances like losing a loved one, losing a job or even divorce can make an individual feel sad, lonely, scared, nervous or anxious. It is our normal response to such stimuli, and they are usually accompanied by physiological changes in our body systems. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) of mental disorders, mental illness have been categorized into several groups. DSM-IV used axes to categorize mental disorders into five axes. The first axis included all the psychological diagnostic categories except for the mental retardation and personality disorder. ...

Copper wires play a vital role in the process of material extraction. The copper wires aid in the general processes of extracting other materials from their sources as well as the generation of new products and energy. However, the use of copper wires especially in the electric transformers, the efficiency motors, the refrigerating machines as well as the air conditioning has a lot of effects to the environment. There is the production of greenhouse gasses, due to the use of copper wires and fossil fuels (Dresher, 2001). Due to its ductility and malleability, it is used as a dam ...

Marie Curie's contribution to science cannot be overemphasized. Her work in Physics and Chemistry do not lose its relevance to this day, and, without her discoveries, it is not possible to imagine the study of radioactivity. And yet, her role in history is important not only because of the scientific achievements. The great importance of a time, when they were made, gives Marie Curie's breakthroughs so much significance: the time when women did not have the opportunity to study, not to mention the scientific activity. Dedication, perseverance, and faith in that she is doing the right things helped Marie ...

Chemistry examines major ways of how matter is classified and described, this includes the principle of the composition of elements, compounds, and mixtures (Saint-Jalmes 836). Principle of the physical state includes gas, liquid, and solids. Gas, liquid, and solids are generally referred to as observable properties of matter, hence known as states of matter. A gas has no constant volume and shape while in liquid volume depends on the shape of the container they are placed in ("Macromolecular Organic Matter Working Group Report" 39-50). Solids have defined volume and shape. Gases have large intermolecular spacing than the liquids, and ...

Hansch Analysis

Hansch analysis is used widely in the field of medicinal chemistry. It is the analysis that investigates the quantitative relationship and correlation between the compound’s biological activities with their physicochemical substituents. The global parameters considered in this method include the electronic, steric, hydrophobic, and other effects that use multiple correlation methodology (IUPAC). Application of the Hansch analysis includes the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR). This application develops correlations between activity of the ligands and their properties. As a rule of the thumb, the Hansch model “gives information about the number of parameters to be selected for regression analysis in ...

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock (National Geographic Society). It is one of the earliest occupations known to man and is till today, the most common occupation throughout the world. The importance of agriculture led early man to form permanent settlements and he was able to thus provide surplus food and livestock which soon became a prime mode of trade and transaction. The field of agriculture is a very vast one. It caters to food requirements of the entire world population. Innovative technology and development in the field of biotechnology ...

Suppliers:

Amersham Biosciences Uppsala, Sweden Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) Ireland, UK Bio Basic Inc. Ontario, Canada Biometra (an analytik Jena company) Göttingen, Germany

Bio-Rad California, USA

Biotek Instruments. Inc. Vermont, USA

Boeco Hamburg, Germany

Damad, The National Medical Products co. Ltd Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany Eurofins MWG Operon LLC Alabama, USA GE healthcare Buckinghamshire, UK GFL Gesellschaft for Labortechnik Burgwedel, Germany Health o meter® Professional Scales Florida, USA Labcaire New York, USA Lab-Line Kerala, India LG Electronics Seoul, South Korea New England Biolabs Massachusetts, USA Nichipet Texas, USA Panreac Darmstadt, Germany Promega Wisconsin, USA Pyrex California, USA Qiagen Boston, USA Sanyo Biomedical ...

The recent developments in technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs have presented modern ways of creating new things and doing things. One such development relates to the introduction of technology-based medical procedures, which have made it possible to achieve feats that yesteryear medical scientists could only dream about. The field of medicine has shown tremendous improvement as a result of the incorporation of new technological meth-ods into the field of medicine. Genetic engineering procedures have become common not only in the creation of medicines and vaccines but also in disease management before and after birth. Scientists have come up with ...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a disorder on the autism spectrum but unlike autism, the affected individuals tend to have average or above average intelligence. The affected individuals while they may not exhibit visible signs and symptoms of the syndrome, they do display social challenges which are divided into three spheres often called the "triad of impairments." They include social communication, social interaction, and social imagination. (The National Autistic Society). These children may also have other disorders associated with autism such as dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder making it difficult for them to learn and pay attention in a ...

Biology

(Department)

DNA and its importance in our lives

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a long linear polymer located in the nucleus of a cell. It is developed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix. It is related to the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to the second generation. DNA contains the information for the development as well as reproduction of an organism, thereby leading to a normal life. In the year 1953, James Watson, a biologist, and Francis Crick, a physicist, discovered the structure of DNA in a laboratory in England (LEROY, 2003). The structure of DNA helped scientists to know the process ...

Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley. Mary Shelley is an English writer who was born on August 30, 1797. Among her works it is possible to mention The Last Man, Valperga, Lodore and other. However, her most famous novel is Frankenstein. The idea of writing a horror story was proposed by Lord Byron. It was at this time when Shelley started to work at her novel Frankenstein which was written in 1818. The book immediately became a success. In fact, it is still considered as one of the most successful books of the 19th century and there ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Health care industry deals with a variety of career options for inspired individuals who need to make a progressive impact on the health of the people. Both medical sciences and nursing are degree courses that prepare undergraduates for a profession in the health education. The primary difference is that nurses mainly offer direct upkeep to patients while health science instructors work to assistance people study how to keep themselves healthy. Whereas nurses can occasionally play an educational role, the health science educator has the teaching to improve curricula and educational materials. Nursing practices are founded on nursing theories making ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

Scanning electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to form images that reveal the topography and composition of a body. Before being focused on the object, incident electrons have high amounts of kinetic energy. Incident electrons interact with the surface of the specimen, and this interaction is determined by the rate of the acceleration of the incident electrons. Energetic electrons are usually released from the surface of the sample when the incident electrons come into contact with it. The interaction results in the formation of scatter patterns that interpret into the shape, composition, size, and texture of the specimen. ...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an alloy with iron as major part and chromium with at least 11% by weight . Stainless steel industry grew rapidly during the 1989-93 period . This paper analyzes stress corrosion of stainless steel along with prevention measures and selection methods for stainless steel. After carrying out the study, it would be established whether stainless steel is an effective alloy or not for major uses in steel industry through adopting various selection parameters. Stainless steel is called stainless due to the resistance to rusting and corrosion .

Stress-corrosion in Stainless Steel

In order to reduce various occurrences of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking and severe ...

Wallace Carothers

life and Education of Wallace Carothers Wallace Hume Carothers was born on April 27, 1896. He was born in Burlington, Iowa. He was the son of Ira and Mary Carothers, and was the oldest children in the family. When he was five years old, his family moved to Des Moines, Iowa. There he studied in high school. He started showing interest in science during high school years and started reading the scientific literature. During his studies, he liked to play with different tools, instruments, and other mechanical items, and liked to spend time in experimenting. He used to have ...