Essays on Statistics

We have to note the shape of distribution of the data of 25 highest paid women.

We start from descriptive statistics and frequency distribution table. Minitab 16 Statistical Software is used.

Descriptive Statistics: Compensation ($ million)

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median
Compensation ($ million) 25 0 13,85 1,44 7,19 8,90 10,05 11,60
Variable Q3 Maximum
Compensation ($ million) 14,85 38,60
Tally for Discrete Variables: Compensation ($ million)
Compensation
($ million) Count

8,9 2

9,1 1
9,4 1
9,6 1
10,0 1
10,1 2
10,5 1
11,0 1
11,1 1
11,5 1
11,6 1
11,8 1
11,9 1
12,4 1
12, Continue reading...

Introduction

In this paper we will operate the data collected by the National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) which incorporates random telephone surveys in the United States. In 2005 there following surveys were performed:
- Early Childhood Program Participation Survey. This survey was related to educational programs and nonparental care arrangements of preschool children.
- After-School Programs and Activities Survey. This survey was about care of middle-school children during the afterschool hours.
- Adult Education Survey. In this survey data were collected about adult educational activities.
Thus, there were three populations of interest: children younger than 6 years, school-age children Continue reading...

Introduction

In this paper we will discuss what have we learned in mathematical statistics.
Mathematical statistics is a branch of mathematics, which is developing methods for recording, describing and analyzing the data of observations and experiments in order to construct probabilistic models of random mass phenomena. Depending on the mathematical nature of the concrete results of observations divided by the mathematical statistics Statistics numbers, multivariate statistical analysis, the functions (processes) and time series, Statistics non-numeric objects of nature.
There are three parts of mathematical statistics: descriptive statistics, estimation theory and the theory of testing hypotheses. Descriptive statistics is the collection Continue reading...

We use Minitab 16 Software to solve the problems.

Question #1.
- Find the range, variance and standard deviation of this data set

Descriptive Statistics: NICOTINE

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Variance Minimum Q1 Median
NICOTINE 500 0 0,8425 0,0155 0,3455 0,1194 0,0500 0,7000 0,9000
Variable Q3 Maximum Range
NICOTINE 1,1000 1,9000 1,8500
- Create the relative frequency histogram for the nicotine level.

Graph -> Histogram -> With Fit

- Compute the interval y ± 2s
y =0.8425s=0.3455y +2s=0.8425+2*0.3455=1.5335
y -2s=0.8425-2*0.3455=0.1515
Hence, the interval has the following form: (0.1515; 1.5335)
- Estimate the percentage of brands with nicotine levels less than 0.5 mg

There are 62 observations with nicotine levels less than 0.5 mg out of 500 total observations

Continue reading...

Definition of statistics

Statistics can be defined as the science involved in the study of data. It entails collection (acquisition), organization and analysis of data which allows for drawing of conclusions. It also allows for measuring, controlling and communication of uncertainty (Witte & Witte, 2010).

Types and level of statistics

There are two types of statistics, namely: descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics quantitatively describes features of a set of data represented numerically. It involves summary of the population data numerically or pictorially/graphically thereby deriving measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, relationship and correlation and measures of Skewness and kurtosis (Witte & Witte, 2010). Inferential statistics entails studying Continue reading...

The first part of typical statistical research is descriptive statistics of the data sample.

Descriptive statistics allows to generalize the initial results obtained by observation or experiment. All calculations descriptive statistics are reduced to group data according to their values ​​, their frequency distribution of construction , identify trends central distribution and finally to the estimation variance of the data with respect to the central tendency found .
Presentation of descriptive statistics is usually the first step in any analysis . The purpose of presenting data in the form of descriptive statistics - draw conclusions and make strategic ( for analysis) decisions based on available data.

Key indicators of descriptive statistics :

• The average (arithmetic mean , median, mode )
• The average value
• Scattering (range scatter )
• Continue reading...

Introduction

The use of statistics is psychology is important since it helps in understanding ideas, concepts, categories, attitudes and symbols, which are normally difficult to observe and difficult to measure. This allows psychologist to test hypotheses, support theories, evaluate treatments or refute evidence. By testing hypotheses, psychologists can be able to develop new theories and come up with new innovating ideas.

Functions of Statistics

Simplification of complex problems or situations
The use of statistics simplifies the complexity of data. Raw data used in statistics or research work is normally incomprehensible. Using different statistical measures data can be made simpler. This may involve use Continue reading...

Introduction

Economics is a field which has its active recognition n almost every walk of life and it is an important thing as well . Alfred Marsha and Adam Smith are known as the founder of Economics who invented it. According to both of these individuals, Economics is the name of how to earn the money and how to consume it in a perfect and well organized position.
There are two different branches of economics, which are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deal specifically with the economics of individuals while macroeconomics is the name of economics Continue reading...

SPSS can be used to obtain various descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mode, mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewedness, interquartile range, and range for each variable. Various commands are used to execute the processes. The procedure I used to get the frequencies is shown below:
- On the main menu bar click ‘Analyze’.
- Click ‘Frequencies’ and a window with a list of all variables pops up.
-  Click the ‘Format’ button, and set the output format.
- Click the ‘OK’ button.
Descriptives command computed mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for numeric variables. The Explore command on Continue reading...

‘The end of Men’, by The Sexes

In 1970, a self-proclaimed biologist by the name Ronald Ericson came with a sperm filtration process. He discovered how X-chromosomes could be eliminated from the Y-chromosomes before fertilization process took effect. This discovery never came to be due to the widespread criticism that it received. Men is the dominant gene since time immemorial, women have low population compared to men. This is extended into the workforce area, where, every office consists one lady in every five men. The current statistics in US for the kind of jobs that men and women hold shows that; all high profile jobs are Continue reading...

Statement of the problem

The presentation focuses on an intervention program that is meant to curb the spread of Chaga’s disease in Arizona. While the writer gave the statistics of the impact of the disease, it is not clear whether this statistics represent the global, national or state’s prevalence. It would have been prudent to give the prevalence of the disease among women in Arizona and to narrow the scope of the program to a specific community. The author goes one to state that migration and closeness to the border of endemic areas increases the risk of exposure to the diseases. Continue reading...

Tremendous transformations in the birthing patterns in the United States have been witnessed over the previous century. In 1900, practically all the U.S births took place away from the hospital, the larger number of the births away from home took place at home. There was a decrease in the percentage of home births to 44% by 1940, and to 1% by 1969, this statistics held up to the 1980s. In 1989 there was a study conducted in the U.S that provided more information on out-of-hospital births (Barton 12). This study enabled the distinction among out-of-hospital deliveries at home, in Continue reading...

Facts

In this case, the defendant, who is black, was charged with intentional firearm killing of individuals. The prosecution filed a death penalty notice, however the defendant moved to suppress that notice, alleging that he became a victim of a selective prosecution on the grounds of his race. In his defense, the defendant presented the nationwide statistics which clearly shows that the United States charges African Americans with capital crimes twice as often as it charges white people, and that the United States is more willing to enter into plea bargain with whites than with blacks. The defendant also filed Continue reading...

Unemployment in the United StatesUnemployment in the United States talks about the reasons and measures of U.S. unemployment and techniques for lessening it. Job creation and unemployment are influenced by elements, for example, investment conditions, global competition, education, mechanization, and demographics. These elements can influence the amount of specialists, the term of unemployment, and compensation levels. One real answer for anticipating unemployment in the United States is to keep the economy developing and creating through a dynamic business cycle. Using cash in a social order is one of the most ideal approaches to keep the economy consistent.

Labor Force Continue reading...

Question #1

Question #2
The given data is: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 13, 16, 18
Input this data is SPSS and go to Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Explore:
So, we can see that Mean is 10.6667, Median is 11 and Mode (as the most frequent value in data set) is 13.

Question #3

- The number of respondents is the number of observations
- Our variables are: Controlling government spending (CGS), Cutting property taxes (CPT), Reducing I-4 congestion (RIC).
- We can code the values from Very Important to Unimportant with numbers from 3 to 0. We don’t need Continue reading...

Functions of Statistics

Firstly, statistics is used to present facts in a simplistic manner. This makes statements more convincing and logical as compared to mere description. Secondly, statistics is used to reduce complexities associated with raw data enabling the readers draw interpretations and inferences. There are various statistical measures that are used to make raw data simple and intelligible (LeBlanc, 2004). Examples are; graphs, dispersions, averages, regressions, correlation and kurtosis. Thirdly, statistics facilitates comparison. Comparisons are important when the user of a given data set draw conclusions between two groups or the past and present. Statistical devices such as ratios, averages and Continue reading...

The problem is to test, based on the level of mercury, whether the two batches, X and Y, originated from the same catch. The statistical method used to perform this kind of test is the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Mann-Whitney U-test is used to compare whether two independent samples have been drawn from a population with the same characteristics. And it is used only when there are two samples to compare. In case there are two independent samples, Kruskal-Wallis test is used to investigate whether the samples were drawn from the population with similar characteristics.

The following steps would be followed when doing a Mann-Whitney u-test:

- Levels of mercury content in Continue reading...

Statistics is used to understand the collections of data. Statistical functions are used to compare the values. Unfortunately, statistics is used in an inappropriate way like bad data collection, bad application of the statistical function, wrong conclusion, and tricks of producing the fake data. The survey has been conducted to analyze the number of people died by the automobile air bags during the year 1990 – 1998, but the survey fails to reveal the appropriate numbers of dead happened in the year1997 and 1998. Many researchers are producing the fake data using a statistical analysis. The fake data leads to Continue reading...

The National Centre for Health Statistics is an organization the United States’ chief health statistics agency. The organization is one of the main agencies of the United States Federal Statistics System and is charged with the role of compiling statistical information that is used to guide policies and actions to improve the general health of all Americans. NCHS is under the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Seeing that it is primarily concerned with health statistics, NHCS has also been given the federal mandate to use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.
The International Classification Continue reading...

The concept of statistics was first published in 1979. The statistical analysis is used in the fields like biology, business studies, economics, geography, mathematics, the science and the social science. The statistics are the information for the numerical representation. The statistics are the branch of applied mathematics. Statistics collects and intercepts data; the result will be the outcome of the probability theory. Statistics give the much more understanding of the meaning of the data, say for example if the 20% of the population is affected by the diseases statistics help to find out whether this it is a high Continue reading...

The quantitative research means the researcher collects numerical data and evaluates the data with the use of financial software such as SPSS and Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets. The quantitative research involves testing the hypothesis that is derived from the theory that is being tested. The research questions are determined and according to these questions; the participants undergo different research methods. If the main purpose is to generalize the theory from the participation of participants, the research will use probability as sampling to select the participants.

Three sampling methods with advantages and disadvantages

Random sampling
The random sampling method is the least biased of all the sampling techniques Continue reading...

Principal concept analysis may be defined as the statistical analysis tool relevant for the transformation of detailed or complex data into simple and easy to understand data. The method focuses on the use of principal components of statistics for possible interpretations. In most cases, the method does not include statistical assumptions. However, the method will always give extremely significant results for data that contains multivariate normal distribution. The data is extensively significant in determining the hypothetical variables or components that are extensively useful in the multidimensional data. In other words, the method PCA is a method significant in projecting Continue reading...

Careers in Accounting

The common career path for accountants is in the field of financial reporting/management or auditing. As financial managers, their roles are considered crucial in any type or size of company. They are responsible for maintaining financial records and preparing reports for internal and external use, in accordance to accepted Accounting standards. They ensure that these reports are delivered accurately, in a timely manner and suited for the use of various stakeholders, such as management /owners, regulators and investors. These records serve as basis for gauging and recommending measures for operational efficiency, adherence to conditions by creditors or for determining Continue reading...

Sexual abuse is the action where pressure and coercion is used on an individual in order to engage in a sexual activity that they do not want to get involved. (Grubman- Blac 91). These activities may include among others oral sex, rape and even sodomy. Many of the people on the receiving end are women, but today statistics indicate that young boys and men are also on the receiving end just like the girl child. But in as much as the rape cases are on the rise, many rape cases for girls are reported each year as compared to Continue reading...

In this paper we will consider basic statistical concepts and hypothesis testing. The first step is to calculate mean, median and standard deviation of all variables in the given data sample. This means that we have to calculate descriptive statistics – measures of central tendency and measures of variance.

Descriptive statistics and graphs are able to present data in the most convenient form for analysis.

Descriptive statistics allows summarizing the initial results obtained by observation or experiment. All calculations are reduced to descriptive statistics grouping data from their values, their frequency distribution of construction, identification of central tendency and distribution, finally, to the assessment of the spread of data in relation to the central tendency found.
Continue reading...

Annotated Bibliography

Brewis, H. (June 4, 2014). The movie lied: Tactical realism and ‘The Return of the Living
Dead.’ Smug Film. Retrieved from http://smugfilm.com/the-movie-lied-tactical-realism-and-the-return-of-the-living-dead/.
This piece of online film criticism from Harry Brewis of Smug Film outlines the overall tenets of ‘tactical realism’ as a practice, and why it is harmful as a way to engage with films, particularly genre films. Brewis also defines tactical realism in a comprehensive way, and uses the film Return of the Living Dead as an example of how tactical realism arguments miss the greater symbolic points of the film.
This work appears in a major Continue reading...

According to statistics, 40%–50% of all first marriages and 60% of second marriages in the United States end in divorce (Hawkins, and Fackrell 41). But what makes half of all married couples break up?
First and foremost, divorce occurs because of lack of responsibility and unrealistic expectations. When young people fall in love and marry they expect their future life to be like in fairy tales without any effort from their sides. But soon they discover that happy marriage demands hard every day work.
The second reason for divorce is lack of commitment. In contemporary society choice and Continue reading...

Interpretation

Statistics is one of those fields that can be used in almost every walk of life, when there is a calculation, there is a name of statistics always come over the mind (Anderson 1971). The main reason behind this scene is to have different statistical measures and formulas that are relevant for the analytical vision of the companies particularly. Mean, Standard Deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis are some of the major examples of the models used in the field of statistics along with the flare of correlation and covariance for analyzing the things in an effective manner (Härdle and Continue reading...

1. From 1962 with 1.43 for every 100,000 population, Canada’s homicide rate rose to 3.03 for every 100,000 population in 1975 (Statistics Canada Table 253-0001 2013).
2. The year 1982 registered the highest rate of robbery (Cansim D9506 2014).
3. Ontario registered its highest rate of robbery in 1991 at 9,823 (Cansim D9638).
4. Percent change of cocaine offences in Ontario:
Possession: 20.52%; Trafficking, Production & Distribution: 16.28% (CANSIM 252-077 2014)
5. As can be seen from Fig.1, these years start from 1973 to about 1994 (Cansim D9501 2014).
7. The ranking are as follows: 3 Continue reading...

Inferential Statistics

Grape, Inc’s uDevice X and uDevice X Plus’s daily sales for the year 2014 are reproduced in Appendix C. The monthly sales figures are as shown in table 1.

The descriptive statistics for the data in Appendix C is shown in table 2 as extracted from Grape, Inc.xls, Sheet uDevice X – uDevice X Plus D20

Test of Significance between uDevice X and uDevice X plus Sales

In order to test whether there is a statistically significant difference between uDevice X and uDevice X Plus, student t-test for two independent samples was used. It was assumed that the same have an equal variance and mean, since Grape, Inc. customers Continue reading...

<Author’s Name>
<Institutional Affiliation>
Wolfram Alpha is modern powerful search engines that caters various fields of studies launched in May 2009. The design of these engines initially concentrates on formula and algorithm growth in Mathematics as a result of extensive and sustained data gathering conducted by the team .
In the field of mathematics, it provides supports on specific categories of topics such as mathematical functions, algebra, computational sciences, probability and statistics, calculus and analysis, geometry as well as discrete mathematics. Beyond the common mathematical functions, the team of Wolfram recently added Bessel functions, zeta functions, gamma Continue reading...

Introduction

More and more non-native English speakers are attempting proficiency in English as we dawn to the new era of industrialization and globalization. This aside the number of foreign students seeking admission from colleges and universities in the US and other English-speaking countries. In fact, it surprising to see even the elderlies from countries like China, Korea and Japan adamantly learning the English language through online ESL schools. In school year of 2003-2004, the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics recorded that there were over 3.8 million students in the US who were under an ESL program (US NAtional Center Continue reading...

Weighing the Evidence

The concept of understanding the reason behind certain conclusions made by researchers is crucial in the attempt to evaluate certain drawn conclusions (Schmidt & Brown, 2009). The interpretation of the information gathered or rather the analysis of the collected data is important in the decision making process. The measures applicable by the necessary authority on establishing long-lasting solution on the issue at hand are highly dependable on the conclusions drawn from the data. All the steps involved in the research that is from formulation process, data collection, data analysis, and the presentation of the information are pertinent to determine the Continue reading...

Introduction 2

Descriptive statistics 2
Inferential statistics 3
Regression analysis 3
Testing means using the T-test 6
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 7
Conclusions 8

References 8

Term paper
Introduction
In this paper we are interested with will look keenly on the areas we have covered throughout weeks. In this case we will be looking at the descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, hypothesis development and testing, selection of appropriate test statistics and finally evaluating statistical results. This paper will reflect on these course elements in analyzing and making decisions about the data. We are interested with the type of travel made by different visitors in Continue reading...

Statistics is the study of how to collect numerical information, its organization, in-depth analysis, and the eventual interpretation of numerical information from data (Longnecker, 2001). It is the science of learning from various data, and of measuring, communicating uncertainty, controlling phenomena, thus providing the navigation that is essential for the course taken by advances in science and society. Statisticians normally apply statistical thinking and the methods of statistics to a wide range of social, scientific, and business endeavors. The areas where statistics is applied include biology, economics, engineering, marketing, medicine, education, sports, public health, and psychology among many others ( Continue reading...

COMPUTE mapproach=(MAppr1_1 + MAppr2_1 + MAppr3_1) / 3.

EXECUTE.

COMPUTE mavoid=(MAvoid1_1 + MAvoid2_1 + MAvoid3_1) / 3.

EXECUTE.

COMPUTE Papproach=(PAppr1_1 + PAppr2_1 + PAppr3_1) / 3.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE Pavoid=(PAvoid1_1 + PAvoid2_1 + PAvoid3_1) / 3.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE procrastination=(Procrast3_1 + Procrast4_1 + Procrast5_1) / 3.
EXECUTE.
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=mapproach mavoid Papproach Pavoid procrastination
)

Descriptives (Lab 8, 9. step 10)

EXAMINE VARIABLES=mapproach mavoid Papproach Pavoid procrastination
/PLOT BOXPLOT STEMLEAF
/COMPARE GROUPS
/STATISTICS NONE
/CINTERVAL 95
/MISSING LISTWISE
/NOTOTAL.

Explore

mapproach
mapproach Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

8.00 Extremes (=<2.7)
22.00 3 . 00000333333
20.00 3 . 666666666&
46.00 4 . 00000000000333333333333
47.00 4 . 66666666666666666666666
119.00 5 . 0000000000000000000000000000033333333333333333333333333333&
59.00 5 . 66666666666666666666666666666
91.00 6 . 000000000000000000000000000000333333333333333&
33.00 6 . 6666666666666666
32.00 7 . 0000000000000000

Stem width: 1.00

Each leaf: Continue reading...

Brian Solomon’s essay entitled “Vegetarianism Is the Right Moral Choice For Many Reasons” is at its core, an emotional plea to convince readers to drastically change their eating habits by becoming vegetarians. Solomon blames humans for taking an immoral and unethical decision and participating in the deaths of millions of animals in order to secure the continuation of the human race. In this critique, I will analyze how the author makes his appeals to the audience and whether his claims are substantiated.
In the beginning of the essay, the author unabashedly states his position on animal rights outright. Continue reading...

Introduction

In this paper we will discover the understanding of basic theories of mathematical statistics and learn how to use measures of central tendency and measures of variation. To do this, we choose two variables from the data set – one variable is continuous and one is nominal. Then we will explore if there any relationships regarding these variables – we perform a hypothesis testing using SPSS 17 Statistical Software. Charts and graphs are also will be used in this paper.

Body

As a continuous variable we choose Total Family Income (INCOME)
As a nominal variable we take Race of Respondent (RACE).
We Continue reading...

I choose AGE variable and prepare SPSS syntax and output:

Syntax:

GET FILE='D:\SPSS+ 'SPSS\gss04student_corrrected.sav'. >Warning. Command name: GET FILE >SPSS Statistics system file "D:\SPSS\gss04student_corrrected.sav" is written in a character encoding (windows-1252) >incompatible with the current LOCALE setting. It may not be readable. >Consider changing LOCALE or setting UNICODE on. (DATA 1721) EXAMINE VARIABLES=AGE /PLOT BOXPLOT HISTOGRAM NPPLOT /COMPARE GROUP /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES /CINTERVAL 95 /MISSING LISTWISE /NOTOTAL.
Now it’s time for hypothesis testing. I choose nominal variable “SEX” and want to check the claim that there is a great difference in average Continue reading...

Qualitative Research

Introduction
The field of social sciences is primarily concerned with making sense of the world around us. The question of how to study the social world, however, unleashes a number of intense philosophical debates. These debates chiefly revolve around ‘ontological’ issues, denoting ‘what is there to know about the world’. Ontological debates concern themselves with questions about whether the social world contains truths independent of human observation or whether it is human interpretation that gives meaning to phenomena. Hidden in this debate is the tension between qualitative and quantitative research methods and the tension over the use of numbers Continue reading...