Essays on Arrests

Institutional Racism towards Black Americans

Racism, as several experts describe, has been a way of life, for quite some time in the United States (Nesbit). The rise of the pre-colonial era, and immigrations, slavery and the way people drifted towards different shores in search of power can all be accounted to the present day situation that we face in America. While slavery and apartheid ended long before, what is left over is our own complicated melee of whites, blacks, and Asians, and many more races, in a mixed colorful bouquet, and yet, creating a lot of confusion in the minds of both people and ...

Overall Decrease in Juvenile Arrests

Roughly 2.11 million juveniles were arrested in 2008 for various offenses. According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), this figure translated to an overall reduction of juvenile arrests by three percent as compared to the same period in 2007 (Puzzanchera, 2009). While the violent crime arrests were found to be increasing in 2005 and 2006, the report shows that arrests of individuals under age 18 involved in violent crime are on a downward trend, with violent crime arrests in 2008 being two percent lower than in 2007. Even though the total number of arrests is lowest in ...

Introduction

The New York police department exists to ensure that the constitutional rights of all residents in New York are guaranteed by preserving a safe environment that reduces fear, ensures that laws are protected and that peace is observed in the city (Stanislas 22). Regardless of their ranking, all officers are obligated to protect life and property. The New York police department conducts patrols, collects evidence, testifies in court, arrests suspects, enforces laws, completes paperwork, issues citations, and collects evidence (Crank and John 21). The objective of this paper is to detail the process that is followed to become a ...

04 September 20XX

SUMMARY: Economic Analysis, LLC contracted with the bi-partisan Committee on Legislative Initiatives to provide an analysis of the economics of legalization of marijuana. This summary presents the highlights of our findings. With regards the question - Should the Committee on Legislative Initiatives recommend passage of Senate Bill 5786, “The Legalization of Marijuana Act of 2017” - the answer is “yes.” This conclusion is made based on our economic analysis alone. We make no moral judgments. Milton Friedman summarized this issue best. By his estimate the current system of criminalizing marijuana results in 10,000 homicides a ...

Introduction

Law enforcement has turned out to be extremely challenging in the contemporary changing social and cultural climate. It has continued to experience a range of challenges that are generated by the existing environment. The law enforcement practices, as well as policies, have received a lot of public scrutiny. Terrorism, large-scale population movements, globalization, and entrenched social problems have made the enforcement of the law, especially by the police, more challenging. The contemporary policing is primarily marked by the uncertainty and broadening of crime deterrence problems. Among the law enforcement officers, the police have been scrutinized heavily by the public. ...

Thesis: Social media is increasingly becoming a fundamental tool for fostering political awareness and action in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Saudi Arabia has one of the most repressive media regulations in the world with a score of 83/100 in the most recent survey by the Freedom House, where 0 represents the best score while 100 represents the worst score. The authorities mugged the freedom of the media, further, in 2014 with the passage of the antiterrorism legislation and a series of arrests that silenced some of the most vocal critics (Freedom House). The fragile environment from which journalist operate from has led to a high level of suspicion on the mainstream media which is controlled by powerful government ...

According to the Juvenile Crime Statistics Report of 2008, there has been an overall decrease in juvenile arrests. There are four crimes i.e. non-negligent manslaughter, forced rape, robbery, and assault which are present on the Violent Crime Index. The rate of juvenile arrests in 2008 was lowest since the 1990s and only about 3% higher than those between 2001 and 2007. The arrests for rape were lowest since the 1980s, and the juvenile arrests for assault were also lowest since the year 1988 (OJJDP, 2008). The arrests for murder had first increased from 2005 till 2007 and then experienced ...

Introduction

How does the factor of gender impact the concept of violent offending? One of the most commonly held notions is that males have a higher propensity to commit violent crimes compared to women. This holding is one of the most widely held concepts in the area of criminology. However, there is a growing debate as to the scope of the “gender gap” in terms of violent offending has shifted in recent years. A number of commentators hold that the gap is described in terms of its stability; others proffer that there is an observable closing of the gap, particularly ...

Introduction

The question of racial discrimination in the legal system of the United States is a sought after topic despite limited evidence to support its existence at present. Although the nation once participated in discriminatory practices in the past, the majority of the activities ceased during the last few decades. Despite sweeping developments in recent years, the news never grows old while reporting a possible aberration. This research paper examines the evidence of data available in the books against the media reports which claim the rampant existence of racial discrimination. Each section in this research paper will raise question regarding ...

Abstract

This article will examine the validity of arrests made by police officers upon appeal of the defendants claiming that their 4th and 5th amendment rights have been violated by the police officers. This paper will present to cases decided by the US Supreme Court that will explain if the arrests made by the police officers were valid and the issues raised by the defendants in accordance to the rights under the 4th and 5th amendment. There will be a discussion on whether the ruling of the Supreme Court was justifiable. There will also a brief discussion on the exceptions ...

Response to Luciann Mendez:

I would tend to disagree with this student, as we see more of a roller coaster effect happening with crime rates, even by their own admission. Crime rates have certainly increased since 1941, but they have decreased when one compares 1991 to 2010. I believe it is most likely that we will continue to see rates rise then fall again, as we have seen in previous decades. According to this student, the arrest rate per 100,000 people per year in 2012 was 3,888.2 arrests. According to the FBI website, in 2014 the same rates had dropped to ...

Adoption

San Diego Police Officers and FBI officials conducted an investigation of an illegal smuggling ring earlier today. It was confirmed the women involved were conducting a human trafficking ring.

Arrests of Julia Schultz, Francine Lopez, 22, and Marissa Gomez, 21 were made.

Each were charged with violation of the Protection of Victims of Trafficking Act, child endangerment, false imprisonment, alien smuggling, and Schultz received an additional charge of operating an illicit business. Three infants were found in Schultz’s home upon entry. They are in San Diego’s protective custody now. The arrests are expected to stop the immediate actions in San Diego, but more arrests are expected here, as well as ...

SAN DIEGO – this morning local police in cooperation with FBI agents entered property at 1346 Peach St. The owner of the premises Julia Schultz, 46, is arrested, together with attendees Francine Lopez, 22, and Marissa Gomez, 21. Three unidentified infants have been discovered in the building and sent to San Diego Children’s Protective Services. According to San Diego District Attorney Sam Martin, the women are charged with a number of crimes, including alien smuggling, child endangerment, false imprisonment and violation of the Protection of Victims of Trafficking Act. Julia Schultz is also charged with operating illicit business. Her ...

In ancient societies, people believed that the hierarchy of human society was based on the divine right of certain people to lead and the divine permission to keep others as lower class members of society. This shamed the parameters of social order until the Age of Enlightenment and Reformation in the 16th and 17th Centuries. The American and French Revolutions laid the foundation for the creation of a system of civil liberties and human rights which required some basic rights to be accorded to all human beings without exception. Human rights is defined as “a set of freedoms guaranteed ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

Introduction

Activism by university students has always been discouraged by administrators with many of these activists finding themselves on the wrong side of the law. The 1960’s were characterized by racial discrimination and the oppression of the rights of students from free expression. These protests were considered acts of massive civil disobedience and most students who were found participating in such activities ended up in jail. It is during this period that Mario Savio joined the University of California, Berkeley and used speech to mobilize his fellow students to participate in peaceful sit-ins to demand free speech rights. Activists ...

Vital stakeholders in advocating & protection of children's rights

The current global society faces several challenges one of them being the increase in the number of orphaned and abandoned children. In war-affected regions such as the ongoing war in Syria, several children have been left to fend for themselves after the death of their parents/guardians. In other cases, early marriages have been the cause for the increase in the number of abandoned children. According to recent statistics from UNICEF, the number of orphaned children in 2016 is 132 million (Grovogui, 2016). The same organization reports that there are over 30 million children forced to live away from their ...

Is the War on drug policies a major factor in racial profiling?

Introduction My name is ( ) and the topic I shall discuss is whether the war on drug policies stand as a major factor in racial profiling or not, and I believe that war on drug policies are not a major factor in racial profiling. This issue is important to be because there are many minorities in the country who live under the burden and impression as the supreme targets as drug addicts and racial profiling against them is a major problem. I have friends who feel living amongst the rest of the people are always afraid that they might become ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

Abstract

Criminal Justice research is essential to upgrade law enforcement efficiency in combatting criminal activity. Hence, it is important for the research to come up with specific purpose in relation to the problem. Research purposes outline the problem and plot the procedure for the researcher to achieve the desired outcome. The four principle research purposes each have potential influence outcomes of subsequent researches. It is imperative to choose the proper approach and to ensure that the outcome contains the solution on how to deal with each type of criminal activity. It is remarkable that despite their dynamics, the research purposes ...

Introduction

The United States Constitution can be described as the highest law of the land. During court proceedings, the constitution is the supreme law that is applicable in determining the outcome of criminal litigation, but other laws arise from the Amendments to the Constitution. The United States Constitution often guides how the government should function, the jurisdiction of the presidency, American Congress, and the Supreme Court. It is, however, paramount to note that all American states have their own Constitutions that they enact and follow, but the federal constitution is considered the highest law that overrides other state laws in ...

Almost US, but still Latin America. This is the brief definition one can give to Puerto Rico. US is actively engaged in cooperation with the archipelago, but the chances that this area ever really become an integral part of the United States are still unclear. More so, it is a unique habitat with its own unique development system, including the judiciary. Puerto Rico is a dependent territory of the United States and has the status of "unincorporated organized territory”, which means that the area is under the control of the United States (and is not an integral part thereof), ...

Inductive Thematic Analysis

Introduction Drug crimes are increasingly becoming a major concern on both local and global fronts. Current research (Braun and Clarke, 2012) suggests that the thematic analysis of important data sources such as sentencing remarks would facilitate the efficacy of available strategies in these crimes. The purpose of this assignment is to analyse the themes that comprise the societal understanding of the occurrence and penalties of drug-related crime. The researcher uses information from seven courtroom sentencing remarks from Adelaide, Southern Australia. This inductive thematic analysis identifies overarching themes that are evident across all seven documents. The themes include “gender and ...

According to the fourth amendment Act, if the police suspect that an individual has a reason to believe that a crime is going to be committed, they have a right to stop a citizen and search them briefly. A frisk is a pat down of a person’s outer clothing in search of possessions which are considered armful and dangerous . There are various issues which are associated with the stop and frisk campaign with concerns being raised over the possibility of racial discrimination, violation of privacy rights and illegal stops. Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be stopped ...

The fisherman’s war

The Vieques Island, which was used for military purposes, is now defined as a national Park. Currently there are only a few great resorts. Despite the quiet and calm present, in the past it was unquiet and people were fighting for their safety. In the 1970s the most famous cultural enemy against the U.S. military on the island of Vieques was the Fisherman war. In the struggle against the U.S. Navy Viequense were non-partisan and grassroots fishermen, who had to fight for their independence. Living conditions on the island deteriorated, so fishing became a form of cultural resistance, as ...

Alexander argues that black Americans who face mass incarceration through the war on drugs do not feel the gains of the civil rights movement. She equates this to the new Jim Crow era since the old Jim Crow era is long gone even if its principles live on. The old Jim Crow laws placed the African American in subordinate status, which manifests in modern day justice system (Alexander, 2010 p.21). She uses this analogy to analyze various issues facing African Americans and proves that racial segregation and class segmentation exists. This paper focuses on analyzing her argument and placing ...

Recently, the cable television station HBO aired the first season of a series called True Detective which was filled with uncanny, eerie, and weird imagery, symbols, and dialogue. The show became a major hit, and brought a great deal of attention to the various American literary traditions of horror and weird fiction. One of the major writers mentioned as an influence on the show was H.P. Lovecraft, one of the most famous of American horror writers. However, H.P. Lovecraft was himself part of a tradition that went back to nineteenth century American writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote dark ...

Book Review

Book Review

Introduction

Policing in the United States is democratic not only in theory, but also in practice. Policing plays a crucial role in encouraging the institutions in a democracy, thereby either sustaining or eroding the quality of democracy. It is important to note that democratic policing often employs practices that lead to an increase in inequality across the society. Therefore, the book titled “Democratic Policing in a Changing World,” written by Peter Manning offers a theoretical background with regards to the nature and function of democratic policing. The author presents valuable information about Anglo-American policing and its effects on ...

Rodney G. King was an African-American taxi driver who came into limelight after being beaten up by four LAPD officers on the night of 2nd March 1991. The incident sparked nation-wide unrest and communal riots leading to fifty four deaths, seven thousand arrests, several injuries and losses worth millions of dollars. “The events brought to the forefront concerns about racism and police brutality within the L.A.P.D.” The incident took place at the night of March 2, 1991 when King was speeding his Hyundai car and was chased down by two patrol officers. He tried to dodge the cops for ...

Have Suicide Attacks Helped or Hindered Terrorist Groups’ Goals?

Terrorism that uses suicide as a means of attacking individuals and places is on the rise across the globe with the reasons for the increase in such instances having no clear explanations. However, existing reports that are based on psychological dynamics have gotten contradicted by the widening gap of socioeconomic backgrounds of terrorists who commit such suicide attacks. According to Pape (2003), it is evident that the aim of suicide bombings is to make countries that are liberal and modern in nature to give into demands of terrorist groups existing within their respective borders. Additionally, it is common belief ...

Introduction

Legalization of marijuana has been a subject of debate in the recent past. This article aims to explore the reasons why people are increasingly pushing for legalization despite potential addiction and the health effects associated with marijuana use. Most of the reasons are are obviously negative. Therefore, it is of importance to scrutinize how these reasons affect both individuals and the government as well.

Decriminalization of Marijuana

The prohibition of marijuana has seen many people arrested and convicted for minor offenses such as being in possession of less than an ounce of marijuana. Aside from the fact that prosecution of these offenses ...

Introduction

The Mexican Mafia or La eMe is a ruthless California prison gang. Formed in the 1950s initially to stay safe inside the prison complex especially from the violence perpetrated by other gangs. The La eMe comprised of a small band of gang leaders of other gangs. This gang at present has allegiance with over one thousand street gangs in Los Angeles alone. The La eMe imposes a code of conduct for other gang members to follow. In addition, it takes a tax for protection purposes. The prison gang operates based on a separate code. The contents include lifetime membership, ...

1. The three policing strategies that are found to be most important are community policing, problem oriented policing and evidence based policing. Community policing involves the establishment of partnership with the community by the police officers. This strategy will allow the police officers to develop a constructive relationship with the community members that will allow them to reach out in helping them solve their problems about crimes and not merely to respond to the calls for service (Albrecht and Das, 2011). The process will result in the decentralization of the police organization that will result in a more responsive ...

INTRODUCTION

Domestic violence in the United States is on the increase and cases of deaths are high due to that. The question on whether to have mandatory arrest of domestic violence suspects is a topic that requires a keen analysis due to the gravity of the issue at hand. Mandatory arrest referrers to a law that requires compulsory arrest by police officers while responding to domestic violence cases. Mandatory arrests are considered important in preventing future crimes by the persons involved. As a result, the law is seen as necessary for implementation for the cases of domestic violence. In most ...

Introduction:

Crime has been an important study that has existed for a long duration of time. Yet it remains controversial with theoretical, historical and accounts of male and female involvement often inconclusive. The perpetrators of crime have for long being presumed to be men. Whether by design or by nature men have been the major actors in criminal activities is a matter of contention. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender differences in crime involvement by comparing different researches on crime with special emphasis on gender involvement. There have been several studies that have been carried out focusing ...

The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech by restricting legislations that curtail this freedom. U.S. Supreme Court decisions reinforce respect for the freedom of speech against legislations by the federal and state governments. However, some forms of communication are exempt from First Amendment guarantees. Obscenity is one such exemption. In Roth v. the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court cited a series of cases dating back to 1877 to demonstrate the Court’s consistent regard of obscenity as an expression that is not protected by the First Amendment right to free speech. Since obscenity does not form part of ...

Campaign Zero and Police Policies

In today’s society, there has been an increasing unrest on how police officers are treating the citizens of their towns. There are more news reports of police using unnecessary force when it comes to arresting a person or unfairly searching someone due to their racial background. Many advocacy groups against this type of behavior have sprung up over the months. These groups aim to protect citizens from being unfairly targeted by police as well as to change the ways police officers handle certain situations. One of these groups is called Campaign Zero. This group has targeted various problem ...

Campus Violence and Policies of Primary and Secondary Schools in Michigan

It is pertinent to note that violence has evolved from just targeting students. It could sometimes involve school staff and even the school administration. The issue of violence and disciplines are often addressed as a unit, but there should be different ways of dealing with both cases because more often than not, violence often overtakes disciplines issues and needs further investigations and probing (School Safety and Violence, 2016). Acts of violence are often common, and they could occur repeatedly. Despite the severity of violence, school administrators often ignore them, in some cases, it often goes unreported, hence, increasing the ...

The Co-Cultural Communication Theory is defined as a theory that encompasses the different co-cultural groups that have been associated with negative cultural connotations, (Holton, S., 1998). The theory itself was principally created by a scholar by the name of Orbe who sought to uncover the similarities between members of co-cultures who were viewed as inferior to other members of a dominant society, (Holton, S., 1998). The Co-Cultural Communication Theory can absolutely be applied to how Blacks as a minority have been treated within American society. Unfortunately, there has been a great divide between Blacks and whites along with other ...

The stop- and- frisk is a brief interception and search of a suspect by police. The law stipulates that the police should have a reason for frisking like when they suspect that someone has been or is about to be involved in crime. This policy has been a controversial issue and has resulted in many lawsuits against the police. Stop and frisk has been seen to be abusive to people's right to privacy, contributive to racial profiling and sometimes illegal stops have been made by police. The stop and frisk method is ineffective in protecting people since it has ...

(Institute/University/College)

Introduction

In the study of Freng (2001), the factors of racial background as well as ethnic origins have long found an association with criminal conduct. Even from the years that slavery was practiced in the United States, debates and arguments on the inordinate representation of minorities either in conflict or in the custody of one element of the criminal justice system have been proffered as to whether this overrepresentation is the result of bigoted policies being implemented by the authorities or are these instances only proffer that these minorities are genetically inclined towards criminal conduct. In addition, since ethnic ...

Management

The article has been written by presupposing that police award serious sentences for petty crimes so as to deter individuals from committing severe crimes. On the basis of this, data was collected and analyzed to find out whether selective treatment based on race is one of the main tenets for awarding severe sentences for petty crimes (Garcia, 4). The independent variables in this articles are those of race, gender and age. On the other hand, the dependent variable form the extent of punishment meted out by the police for petty crimes. The level of punishment awarded is usually dependent ...

Deviant behavior does not adhere to the cultural norms and social accepted norms (Akers, 2011). Deviance comprises of behavior that violates expectations and standards of conduct of a group or society. Crime is one of the forms of deviance. In this paper, crime has been described as major type of deviance. Crime is considered as an act of deviance because in crime norm as well as law is broken. Crime as deviant behavior can be minor or it can be major such as it can be picking an individual’s nose or it can be commitment of murder. There ...

How the State and Its Institutions Perpetuate the Systemic Exclusion and Subsequent Punishment of Radicalized, Sexed, or Gendered Groups

According to Brown, institutional racism is common in the societies we live in today, and sadly the situation my not change soon because the practice is perpetuated by the state and its institutions (2009). In essence, the practice is getting worse, as the world embracing capitalism and moral decay is almost at its peak. The minority groups face loads of injustice from the state and in the communities; they live in (Brown 2009). These individuals also need protection, but instead, the society uses their vulnerability for the greater harm. These individuals often suffer in silence because they have no ...

Policing, either through service or force, should not be momentously substandard for particular social groups and the rest. The statistical evidence by prominent researchers have indicated that individuals seen as white have a more suitable experience of police in comparison with individuals whose decent lies in Africa or Asia. Current shift in emigration patterns have called for a reconceptualization of the perception of individuals belonging to ethnic minority groups. Indeed, it is a matter of difference that has turned out to be predominant in modern societies (Cao, 2014).

Current Statistics and Historical Developments

These kind of conceptual shifts have worsen the cordial relationship between ...

Police misconduct is not a frequent news headline. Yet, when incidents of police conduct do hit the news, the reason is the serious nature of the misconduct and its widespread impact. Even with the recognition that police misconduct cannot be completely eliminated, preventive measures and strategies to mitigate the impact of misconduct need to be in place. Existing measures and strategies also need continuous evaluation to support the necessary reforms to address emerging issues on police misconduct. Media frenzy, public outcry, and politicization of police misconduct often complicate effective response to this issue. When this happens, it helps to ...

The situation arises from the death of Tommy Jetson. Tommy Jetson had high blood pressure, did not exercise and was overweight. Consequently, he was warned that he has a high probability of getting a heart attack if he did not change his lifestyle which eventually happened. He suffered a cardiac arrest at the premises of Citywide Fitness Center when he went to pick his wife. An employee administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation as they waited for medical help to arrive. They did not have an automated external defibrillator (AED). Medical help arrived after 12 minutes which was too late to save ...

Gender is a social phenomenon that divides the human race into females and males. In essence, gender is one of the most consistent and the strongest correlates of crime and delinquency. Numerous profound gender socializations are used to differentiate between females and males. For instance, the liberation theory, which argues that majority of women are involved in crimes are fighting for their rights. This paper shall focus on identifying the role of gender and gender socialization in delinquency.

Gender Roles Influence on Delinquency Behavior

According to Haynie et al., young women are persuaded to engage in crime related activities such as violence by their friends ( ...

Introduction

Criminology refers to the branches of Sociology and Law which are focused on the way a country comes together to institute their criminal justice system and deal with crime and criminals to ensure the harmony of the society. Every society has its own system of detecting, trying and convicting criminals. The purpose of this essay is to examine the main institutions of the criminal justice system of England and Wales. This will include the identification of the roles of the different institutions and how they work together to achieve control and reduce crime in the country. Officially, the aim ...