Essays on Free Speech

Introduction

In a landmark case, the judges concluded that for the success of a modern liberal nation, there must be a constitutional protection that ensures that the constitution promotes free expression “by establishing a marketable right to the use of one's expression, copyright supplies and the economic incentive to create and disseminate ideas”. Thus, by implication, copyright is supposed to be “an engine of free expression”. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the accuracy of the claim that copyright is an engine of free expression. The paper will critically assess the original position taken on copyright by the ...

William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe is a documentary that follows the life of a radical-leftist attorney. However, the captivating and incendiary film is also based on the tragic form of liberal guilt. The movie revolves around the numerous cases that Kunstler was involved with until his demise. The film depicts William Kunstler as the passionate defender of the American people’s civil rights, earning him the reputation through defending a majority of the controversial defendants during the 20th Century. In Kunstler’s profession, he defended the American Indian Movement, Chicago 8, the Attica Prison rioters, the Freedom Riders, and ...

The U.S. Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights was proposed and passed through twelve amendments but only ten were successfully ratified and became part of the United States Constitution, which was at first considered incomplete because it lacked what proponents called the basic human rights. The common belief at that time was that the framing and ratification of the Bill of Rights was to eliminate fears of the Anti-Federalists that the proposed Constitution did not satisfactorily guarantee individual freedoms. Even if individual liberty was important during the debate for the bill of rights, the Bill of Rights was ...

Using the five concepts of representation, sexual, content, media and free speech, my definition of pornography is that is a representation of free speech using sexual content through different media. The history of pornography and its struggle to be included in mainstream entertainment has revolved around these five words. My understanding of these five concepts is as under. Representation is the basic concept of displaying and conveying the information from the point of enactment to the point of viewing. In context of pornography, this representation can be in different forms and styles. Also, I think that pornography as a ...

Introduction

Activism by university students has always been discouraged by administrators with many of these activists finding themselves on the wrong side of the law. The 1960’s were characterized by racial discrimination and the oppression of the rights of students from free expression. These protests were considered acts of massive civil disobedience and most students who were found participating in such activities ended up in jail. It is during this period that Mario Savio joined the University of California, Berkeley and used speech to mobilize his fellow students to participate in peaceful sit-ins to demand free speech rights. Activists ...

The legal regime that regulated industrial conflict in Canada during the first decade and a half of the 20th century was based on the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act. It cast the government in the role of a mediator between labour unions and employers and was geared toward preventing strikes, lockouts and other potential disruptions in work. It required workers and employers alike to bring their disputes to a government appointed panel for conciliation to present their grievances and accompanying evidence before they were allowed to strike, and barred any work stoppages or mass firings from taking place until after ...

On December 2, 2015, the usually peaceful city of San Bernardino in California went through turmoil as 14 of its residents were killed and 22 others seriously injured in what seemed to be an unprovoked terrorist attack. Although the suspect and his foreign-born wife were eventually subdued in a gunfight that ended in their deaths, another battle took place in court as the tech giant Apple and the FBI locked horns over the issue of prying into the contents of the gunman’s iPhone. What the investigation agency wanted was for Apple to write a code that would allow ...

An Assignment Submitted by

Brief Overview In the work of a school counselor, ethical code of conduct plays a central role identifying the quality of the profession. A failure to comply with the ethical rules may lead to the disciplinary and legal consequences that will affect the career as well as the entire educational establishment. It is essential to remember that school bears a list of responsibilities for the life and well-being of children and adolescents that are both legally and ethically safeguarded by the state and the entire community. Consequently, the educators have to preserve a balance between their personal beliefs and ...

Unlike others institutions in the society, there exist no code of conduct which regulates the freedom of speech among university students. Freedom of speech has become a major issue in recent days. Freedom of expression gives each individual the right to express themselves and the question as to where to draw the boundary on the freedom of speech has become major issue. The intention of the speaker also becomes another issue when considering the issue of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech has been used by people in the society to enhance themes such as discrimination, racism and social ...

Freedom of speech on campus is a right as guaranteed by the First Amendment. Recently it is an argumentative issue on several campuses (Amar). Students are tired of the first amendment as it is becoming more vulnerable to violation. Note that, students are creating very hostile and unsafe learning premises for themselves. Thus, speech codes prevent a lot of harm that would perhaps occur to students (Herron). Violation of speech can involve sensitive verbal attacks that would otherwise oppress and discriminate a student (Arthur, John, and Amy). Such a minor violation can affect the ability of a student. In ...

The First Amendment evinces the framer’s intent to create a “wall of separation” between church and state. The First Amendment provides that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion” (United States Constitution, amend, I). While there can be no government establishment of religion, religion and politics have long been closely enmeshed. Since the inception of the nation, prayer has played a prominent role in government ceremonies (Lee v. Weisman 633). Beginning with George Washington, all presidents taking the oath of office conclude with the words, “So help me God” (Jonassen 861). Presidents and politicians alike ...

Introduction

Freedom and human rights have become major issues in the 21st Century. However, the interpretations and application of human rights regulations have different ends in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to compare the systems of freedom and human rights as they exist between the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In doing this, this paper presents a hypothesis that freedom of speech and freedom of religion in both Saudi Arabia and the United States are the same and although they have different traditions, they all seek the same goals and ends. Basically, to understand ...

The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech by restricting legislations that curtail this freedom. U.S. Supreme Court decisions reinforce respect for the freedom of speech against legislations by the federal and state governments. However, some forms of communication are exempt from First Amendment guarantees. Obscenity is one such exemption. In Roth v. the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court cited a series of cases dating back to 1877 to demonstrate the Court’s consistent regard of obscenity as an expression that is not protected by the First Amendment right to free speech. Since obscenity does not form part of ...

The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech by restricting legislations that curtail this freedom. U.S. Supreme Court decisions reinforce respect for the freedom of speech against legislations by the federal and state governments. However, some forms of communication are exempt from First Amendment guarantees. Obscenity is one such exemption. In Roth v. the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court cited a series of cases dating back to 1877 to demonstrate the Court’s consistent regard of obscenity as an expression that is not protected by the First Amendment right to free speech. Since obscenity does not form part of ...

The First amendment guarantees freedom of speech by restricting legislations that curtail this freedom. U.S. Supreme Court decisions reinforce respect for the freedom of speech against legislations by the federal and state governments. However, some forms of communication are exempt from First Amendment guarantees. Obscenity is one such exemption. In Roth v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court cited a series of cases dating back to 1877 to demonstrate the Court’s consistent regard of obscenity as an expression that is not protected by the First Amendment right to free speech. Since obscenity does not form part of protected ...

The American Civil Liberties Union is a national interest group that is organized throughout the states with the goal of influencing public policy. As an interest group, the ACLU of Washington has a strong interest in the civil liberties of citizens of the state. The ACLU seeks to ensure civil liberties are recognized and acknowledged.

Representation

The ACLU of Washington represents its members before the government. They provide a path for its members to voice their concerns to those who govern and have them listen . There a variety of groups that ACLU of Washington represents that include men and women ...

Ever since the artists and publishers of the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris were assassinated by the Islamic Extremists, France has been on a maximum security threat level. Several arrests have been made, but the vicious circle continues. When Charlie Hebdo exposed its first cover after the attack that left several of its staff members dead, another debate has sparked as to how far the boundaries can be pushed when it comes to freedom of expression in images. It is essential to know as to who draws those boundaries and how those boundaries get drawn (Charlie Hebdo attack ...

Introduction

Policy makers and implementers have struggled to attain the correct balance between the first amendment rights of public schools and the schools' interest in the discipline, order, and education ever since the case of Tinker against DMI Community School District. The dawn of electronic communication and social media platforms such as Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, and Twitter has only mystified this puzzlement, augmenting another dimension to student speech (Hinduja & Patchin, 2011). Schools are now in search of an answer to complex questions which never surfaced in the past: under what conditions can schools penalize students for cyberbullying while adhering to ...

Introduction

The court cases that happened in the 1920s were mainly based on the federal policies that had been set. Based on the limited travel means, the court system was mainly based on the jurisdictions set within the state lines. The evaluation of the cases in the court system in the 1920s indicated that there was a need for the system to be revolutionized as there was no construct system in place. Prior the 1930s, the government played a small role in the creation of a unified court system, which needed to show coordination in the system. The analysis of ...

There are things without which life will not be worth living. Everyone wishes to create the best seller of his life story. It is exceedingly difficult to avoid all the storms on the way but if people try to find rainbows in every cloudburst, they will start a new beginning. Nobody would be able to make a change in life without freedom. The liberty to the soul of man has completely the same importance as the light to the eyes, air to the lungs or love to the heart. Freedom has many sounds: freedom in politics, in philosophy, the ...

Introduction

Defamation is the publishing of a statement regarding a person’s reputation to the effect that the statement lowers the person in the estimation of right thinking members of the society. The offence is divided in two different torts; slander and Libel. The earlier distinction between the two indicated that libel involves publications made in printed form while slander is basically oral defamation. However, with recent technological advancement, the approach is that libel occurs when the defamatory statement is in permanent form while slander has to make statements which are not recorded or not in permanent form. In order ...

The Court of Appeals should reverse the district court’s decision, and grant to Ms. Eriksen a motion for preliminary injunction, because Ms. Eriksen engaged in constitutionally protected free speech. This case encompasses the violation of First Amendment rights and this court ought to “conduct an independent examination of the record as a whole, without deference to the trial court.” Bery v. City of N.Y., 97 F.3d 689, 691 (2d Cir. 1996). For the First Amendment issues, the appellate courts must make an independent inspection of the whole record in order to ensure that lower court decisions do not ...

One of the hallmarks of American values is the right to free speech. The right of the people to speak freely is enshrined in the First Amendment of the Constitution. The First Amendment prohibits the government from passing laws that restrict speech. In many countries around the world, citizens can be persecuted for speaking out against the government. In order to maintain a democratic society that necessarily involves self-government by the people, it is essential to protect the right to free speech. Citizens must have the right to speak their minds and express differing ideas and viewpoints without fear ...

United Farm Workers of America, also known as UFWA was a result of the coming together of two lesser labor unions. These labor unions were led by two people, Cesar Chavez and Larry Itilong. Larry Itilong was the founder and organizer of Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, also known as AWOC whilst Cesar Chavez was the founder and organizer of National Farm Workers Association, also known as NFWA.

The grand labor union was formed on the 22nd of August 1966 after the NFWA joined AWOC’s protest in Delano, California. Even though there had been a previous strike on the 8th ...

The freedom of movement is a constitutional right that allows every citizen to move freely in the country (Mau et. al., 2012). Essentially it enables the citizen to be anywhere so long as the citizen’s movement is not restricted by law, and such restrictions arise out of the actions of the citizen. Similarly, the movement may be restricted to restricted areas such as nuclear plants, power stations, private property, military bases among others. It follows then that the ordinance may face a constitutional challenge for prohibiting or curtailing the freedom of movement. The ordinance curtails this right by limiting ...

Freedom of speech is one of the determining factors of civil society and youth - its brightest representative. Very often, due to some political reasons or personal concerns of senior management (of political and educational institutions), people face problems with the expression of their point of view. However, these concerns are justified when it comes to such dangerous topics such as racial, gender inequality, nazism or personal beliefs. Restrictions on public activities or on freedom of expression very strongly affect people's attitude to public authorities. Different opinions are very easy to get along in economically developed societies, such as ...

Multi-media Sources:

Source 1: Strossen, Nadine. “On the Challenges to Our Freedom of Speech.” Keppler Speakers Keppler Speakers Bureau. n.d. Web. 4 February 2014. Source 2: Kutzman, Daniel. Free Speech Zone. Political cartoon. About.com Political Humor. About.com, n.d. Web. 5 February 2014. Source 3: Examples of American’s Superior Values from Cohn, Bob. “21 Charts that Explain American Values Today.” The Atlantic. 27 June 2012. Web. 6 February 2014.

Domain-specific Vocabulary/Key Terms: P.C.- abbreviation for ‘politically correct,’ a form of speech intended to avoid offense to anyone; Free Speech Free Zones-quarantined areas for political ...

In the past, many critics note that the American media continues to manipulate stories about counties around the world. With this manipulation there is discrepancy in the modern way the media omit, twist, and report inaccurate and often biased information about other countries in the world. In Australia, the media presents Islam as a religion laced with violence. In fact, much of the public’s knowledge about the Muslim and Islamic affairs stems from media reports that cloud the perception of the people. Many critics in Australia point to the fact that the media the listeners judgment about the events ...

Internet Freedom is a new challenge facing the 21st century in the society today. The internet is a vast and a crucial medium of communication around the globe. As the world comes on-line, the internet community is quickly evolving and changing as the people move to the digital world. Through the internet, people are able to express themselves through sharing their ideas to the people on different social platforms. In the United States, there has been a foreign policy known as internet freedom for many years. Internet freedom is the free access to the global internets, as a forum for learning, meeting friends, sharing ...

Abstract

Freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of assembly and petition are all part of this great nation’s democratic freedom of expression. Protected by the First Amendment, freedom of expression, as the Supreme Court has written, is the matrix of every other form of freedom. However, this freedom has been on many occasions misused, especially during times of national crisis. In 1984, during a Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, one Gregory Lee (Joey) Johnson participated in a political demonstration to protest against the then President the late Ronald Reagan and some Dallas-based corporation’s policies. In ...

Borschel, A. (2012) Sleuthing the truth in the media. Washington: IBJ Book Publishing.

In “Sleuthing the truth in the media”, the author Audrey Borschel questions the truthfulness of media and of the messages that it sends. Borschel argues that in the current world, when the thirst of information is so high and people are dependent on interesting, engaging and sometimes scandalous news, journalists tend to deliver precisely these assets, while transforming the truth into what people want. Nevertheless, this comes with a cost: the cost of the accuracy of the news and the cost of the integrity of the journalists. Various media contents are being analyzed in order for their messages to ...

Question 1

At will employment is an American law which allows the termination of the employer-employee relationship without any liability thereafter. It should be protected because of various reasons. It gives the employee is freedom to strike, quite or cease working at any time without following any procedures. This makes the life of the employee very interesting in the work place for they are free to act according to their will. The employee is protected against being forced to act contrary to public policy. Employer cannot sue the employee for refusing to do what they consider to be immoral. The employee ...

Abstract

The God squad group, mainly made of boys in junior and senior years, uses the 9/11 attacks as a rallying point for combination of white supremacist, racist, anti-Semitic, ant-Islamic, anti-immigrant, ant-gay, nee-fascist dogma mixed with a good dose of anti-abortion and fundamentalist Christian diatribe. The group catches the attention of the administration when they show up at school all wearing their uniforms and distributes the first edition of their weekly "newsletter". The” newsletter” contains highly offensive diatribes on how it is the "the duty of all true Americans to fight against the forces trying to destroy our country". The ...

In Andrew Keen's essay "Douse the Online Flamers," the author laments the presence of cyberbullying and online 'flaming,' or the open and aggressive insulting of others on the Internet. In essence, the advent of the Internet has created a huge public forum where people can anonymously say incredibly hurtful things and harass people, even to the point of suicide. Keen's article approaches the subject from the perspective of potential litigation against cyberbullying and trolling, stating that the US Supreme Court may find it of great importance to reinterpret how anonymous speech is valued in a ...

(College/Institute)

Summary of the case facts

The Supreme Court heard arguments to rule whether agents of the United States Secret Service, Gus Reichle and Dan Doyle, safeguarding Vice President Richard Cheney for infringing the right to free speech of a protester against the war policies of the Bush government. The two agents were part of the security detail of the Vice President when these overheard Steven Howard stat that he would ask “how many children he’s killed today.” Howards went and accosted Cheney and vigorously voiced his disdain for the war policies in Iraq. When Cheney turned to avoid any more debate with Howards, ...

1.0 Introduction The Internet is a conclusive technology of information era, consisting of globally connected computers for sharing information and communication. Even though many people might think that it is a new invention, the fact remains that the internet has been around for quite a long time. The internet is one of the most imperative inventions that have happened to humans, and the fact is that without it life would be entirely different as it known. With the internet, there has been a definite advancement in the society, giving an opportunity to people from all over the world to communicate and express ...

In Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed Ben Stein investigates the loss of academic and scientific freedom on American college campuses by focusing on the ideological debate between Darwinism and intelligent design (ID), a belief that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as evolutionary natural selection.” Stein frames the debate as a matter of intellectual freedom and concludes that there is a serious problem on American college campuses, in academia and in the mainstream press that stifles free speech and discourages research into unpopular subjects that challenge the status ...

Introduction

Clarence Thomas is the second African American to sit on the United States Supreme Court, preceded only by Thurgood Marshall who served on the United States Supreme Court from 1967 to 1991. Clarence Thomas was nominated to the United States Supreme Court in July 1991 and was approved by the United States Senate by a very narrow margin in October of 1991. Throughout his term on the United States Supreme Court, Clarence Thomas has been both hailed and criticized. He has been both compared to Thurgood Marshall and nicknamed an Uncle Tom. Throughout this paper, I will discuss United States ...

Introduction

A speech code refers to a regulation or rule that restricts or limits speech beyond certain legal level and, therefore, limits the freedom of speech. Speech codes are common in work places, universities and other private organizations. Usually, the main purpose of the speech codes is to suppress forms of social discourse or hate speech that is perceived to be inappropriate for the implementers. The issue of speech codes in universities has sparked opposition from the students. This has been motivated by a desire from the students to enjoy the rights of free expression and speech that other people in the ...

Generally, the free speech zones are the places that are set aside in college or university campus or in the public places to use the right of speech in the United States. The term “free speech zone” insinuates that the free speech is not allowed everywhere. However, this idea must be to limit the unruly crowd to maintain peace and discipline. It is the responsibility of the educational institutions to provide safe and secure atmosphere to the students for learning and help them to excel. The free speech zones are not created to limit the freedom of speech, but ...

March 014

Since the mid of the 20th century the first amendment right of the students has been in controversy. In its decision the Supreme Court stated the students not to “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate” on the Tinker vs. des Moines case. Right to free speech plays an important role to achieve healthy democracy in a free society. New communication sources including internet have expanded the ability to express oneself and share information and participate in social and democratic political processes.

Difference between right of journalist in public and private high school

Thomas Jefferson, “Speech limited is speech lost”, the students must ...

The Constitution was written for the purpose of granting the people of the United States their inalienable rights. The constitutional rights were established in the Bill of Rights and the First Ten Amendments that include some of the rights that people and the courts still used every day. This paper is tasked with providing an analysis of the case, Korb v. Raytheon, 707 F. Supp 63 (D. Mass. 1989). This paper will discuss the challenges that were discussed in regards to the Constitutional rights. This paper will provide supporting cases that touch on the same themes in order to ...

Introduction

When a city or a town is a host of a conference, it is always difficult to arrange everything. The preparation should begin as early as possible. The point is that there are many people involved, as well as many work to be done. One should take into account not only the peculiarities of a conference or a meeting, but all legal issues, as well. This essay is aimed at answering several questions on the legal peculiarities of the case. The essay will be divided into three parts: according to the amount of questions to be answered. Such analysis will help to outline the main ...

Annotated Bibliography: Is There Too Much Liberalism In Us Journalism?

Letters, 1886-1916. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Summary

In the book entitled Literature, Journalism and Liberal Culture, 1886-1916, by Jock Macleod, the author draws his arguments from biographical and autobiographical materials. In his argument, the author establishes the effects of new liberalism on English literacy beginning 1886 to 1916; the author essentially relates the nature of liberalism in US Journalism in the past to the present times. This source is useful based on the fact that, it offers significant information regarding the effects of liberalism go English literature in journalism by the use of preserved biographical and autobiographical materials. The information ...

The question of whether or not students caught cyberbullying, even off campus, should face sanctions at school is debatable. A good number of educational institutions already have legislation that regulates the interpersonal relationship among students within and beyond campus. Even so, it is hard to admit it has halted or obliterated online harassment, or cyberbullying. It is safe to say legislation has always been and will forever be an indispensable tool of crime deterrence. The statement does make a lot of sense, but quaere does not it have negative fallouts? American authorities enacted the dry law and legislation prohibiting illegal ...

Free speech codes and harassment policies happen to be adopted by many Oughout. Colleges and universities so that they can stop racist, sexist, or other kinds of offensive language. The rationale is that racial along with other offensive slurs are chaotic verbal assaults that restrict students’ rights. Many city liberties activists, students, higher education faculty, and administrators fear that such codes violate Primary Amendment rights. Who decides what exactly offensive language is and what exactly is not? Should “hate speech”possibly be protected, or can it result in violence? Are there limits to free speech only greater good and ...

Citation: 376 U.S. 254 (1964) Vote of the Court: It was a unanimous decision by all nine justices with two concurrences for the New York Times Company. Legal Issue(s): Do the First Amendment protections of free speech and freedom of the press include false or libelous statements? To what extent can state courts apply their own rules of law in regards to their interpretation of libel law? Procedure of the case: The case was first tried in the Montgomery County Circuit Court in Alabama. The jury entered a verdict against the New York Times. The New ...

United States v Williams, 553 U.S. 285 (2008)

A Secret Service agent engaged the defendant in an internet chat room after the latter posted a teasing message that hinted involvement of child pornography. The defendant also attached an uplink that showed children in sexually explicit poses. His house was searched revealing hard drives with images of children in sexually explicit conduct. He was charged with pandering under §2252(A)(a)(3)(B) and child pornography under §2252(A)(a)(5)(B) and convicted by the federal court, but the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction of the first crime on the grounds ...

INTRODUCTION

Hate speech is the free and unrestricted expression towards individuals based on their status in society, race, sex or physical appearance that is belligerent and dehumanizing to the victim and usually leads to their isolation from their immediate community. Hate speech takes many forms, but one thing that cuts across the board, is that it’s directed towards minority groups that have different characteristics to the dominant group and is fuelled by peer pressure (Gould 13). Institutions of higher learning have been plagued by numerous cases of hate speech which have led to violence and hatred among the students ...

Intellectual property is employed in multiple areas to govern individual rights to and ownership of products and ideas of the mind. These laws play a big role in encouraging people to be more innovative and creative to come up with new ideas. Protection of these ideas is essential as one will be credited for their contribution to the innovation. In essence, intellectual property rights have a general benefit to the society. The originator of the idea or work/ creation is granted a bundle of rights to own and use the ideas or the intellectual creation as they may desire (Charnley, 2011). In ...

With the developments of technology, it is imperative to denote that issues deemed relevant particular those that relate to human rights have since merged and made apparent. Anonymity as it relates to internet means being unacknowledged and unknown. An anonymous can make comments, post opinions while his or her identity remains concealed. With the above said, laws in regards to the same have since emerged owing the need to protect the privacy and freedom of speech of the anonymous. Anonymity as it pertains to internet being huge issue of concern, this paper will present arguments in favour protection of ...

“It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate”. Such was the opening assertion of the United States Supreme Court in deciding the landmark case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, decided in 1969. What followed in the constitutional history of what came to be known as “school speech” involves a number of cases that have essentially followed Tinker’s holding, only modifying its nuances and contemplating the ever-changing concern of the state over the welfare of its students and their role ...

Global Media and New Technologies

Free speech concentrates on the legal constraints on expression and other issues of state censorship. The concept also entails constructive obligations on the state to create the conditions for miscellaneous public communications. This paper will explore free speech, global regulations, and new media technologies. Tree speech entails the campaign for diversity in modes of address, audience, topics, and speakers. To acquire the industry dynamics and media regulations, there is a need to have free speech. McChesney (2009, p.11) says that the realm of media is on the brink of profound transformation. In the past, media levels were on a primary ...

English

Introduction Most lawyers grapple with First Amendment Issues Daily according to Professor Marvin Amori as they have to deal with laws that govern and concern speech and consequently write rules on them. Laws on speech are a crucial component in the society due to their significant contribution not only to national matters but also in global corporate boards as well as different public and private institutions. These lawyers therefore have to operate globally and are not only concerned with the First Amendment of the United States constitution but with customs, laws, and practices of different foreign nations (Mark 2238).

Tinker’s Decison

...

The issue of freedom of speech has been around for a number of years. The establishment of democracy in recent times led to the way people looked at the events in the country and share these events with the world. In the world, there is always the freedom of speech, and the yet there is the need to express information that could be kept from the world at large. Through democracy, freedom of the press and freedom of speech have become an integral part of the society and the way of life of these citizens. In fact, many citizens, and ...

“It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate”. Such was the opening assertion of the United States Supreme Court in deciding the landmark case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, decided in 1969. What followed in the constitutional history of what came to be known as “school speech” involves a number of cases that have essentially followed Tinker’s holding, only modifying its nuances and contemplating the ever-changing concern of the state over the welfare of its students and their role ...

The First Amendment is designed to protect individuals expressing unpopular opinions. In 1989, the Supreme Court’s decision on the case of Texas v. Johnson designated flag burning as a form of protected symbolic speech. The case applied only Texas’ law banning flag burning but the next year, in 1990, in the case of the United States v. Eichmann, the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning was a federally protected form of speech and that those burning a flag in peaceful protest could not be prosecuted (“First Amendment: Free Speech and Flag Burning”). This ruling is controversial because many people consider the ...

Shortly after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. As a result of real concerns over the security of the nation as well as more than a little mass hysteria over America’s vulnerability in the new age of global terror, the 342-page long USA PATRIOT Act, as it is popularly known, sailed through Congress a mere 45 days after the attacks with little debate or analysis but with broad bipartisan support. Indeed, in the Senate, the ...

Introduction

The Edward Snowden scandal exposed massive electronic surveillance operations by the National Security Agency, which may have involved considerable violations of individual rights to privacy (Puddephatt, et_al, 2012). Privacy is an inalienable human right, whose meaning has, however, defied cross-generational efforts to understand and assert. It underpins other fundamental human dignity, integrity, freedoms and rights, including the freedom to belief, association and expression. Despite the difficulties in defining and understanding privacy as a construct, especially in the context of constantly changing technologies, it is easily acceptable that it amounts to the ability to communicate/live with/in anonymity, without governments or other ...

Abstract

The physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of the children living in Palestine is one for concern. The horrifying tales of waking up or going to sleep in the sounds of bombs and gunfire cause posttraumatic stress disorder on everyone, including children. The incursion of the Israeli military in Palestine since the 1940s has left the nation with limits to their freedom of movement, limits to fair and free education, verbal and physical assaults, and the undeniable possibility of a troubled future. There is no doubt that within this troubled future lays an uneducated population that has seen and known only ...