Essays on Bias

In-group Bias

In-group Bias

Description of the phenomenon

The phenomenon of in-group bias is retrieved mostly from the real world experiences that indicate favoritism and subjective positive perceptions for the members of the group with which individuals identify and opposition, dislike and subjective negative perceptions for the members of other groups (Wilcox, 2011; Jørgensen, Bäckström & Björklund, 2012).
Wilcox (2011) observes that in-group bias occurs not as a result of a social historical precedence, but mostly as a result of shared prejudices that shape people’s minds, but not their guts. Therefore, the in-group bias appears as an individual manifestation of a

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A question arises whether the media is biased against liberals. The answer is yes. Another question comes around whether the media has biased news over conservatives. The answer will be yes. Many would think these questions and answers aren’t interesting at all, due to its probability of searching evidence-anecdotal or to provide evidence of media bias as one stripe or another(Dellavigna and Kaplan 1187--1234).
The interesting and instructive part of studying media biases is inherent or structural biases present in journalism. However, the professional working in media is through television. The word bias is used as a

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A question arises whether the media is biased against liberals. The answer is yes. Another question comes around whether the media has biased news over conservatives. The answer will be yes. Many would think these questions and answers aren’t interesting at all, due to its probability of searching evidence-anecdotal or to provide evidence of media bias as one stripe or another(Dellavigna and Kaplan 1187--1234).
The interesting and instructive part of studying media biases is inherent or structural biases present in journalism. However, the professional working in media is through television. The word bias is used as a

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This paper seeks to examine the importance of hate crimes in the United States as well as statistics as offered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Department in the year 2012. The paper explores the legislation that anchors the reporting and collation of hate crimes in the US namely, the 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act(HCPA) so as to provide further understanding about hate crimes and annual reports. The paper argues that the importance of hate crimes and statistics as compiled by the UCR is meant to address

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“Don’t show me attitude!’ is a common phrase that one can hear being thrown every now and then at people who try to go against someone’s wishes. This phrase by itself explains what attitude actually is- a combination of belief and emotion that pushes an individual to react to a situation, person, object or group in a positive or negative manner. In simple terms, when a person ‘shows attitude’, he or she is actually summarizing their evaluation of the situation and is predicting a future course of action based on it (Coon and Mitterer, 2013).

The Three Components of Attitude

This implies

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While much has been hypothesized regarding the documentary Iron Wall, it is crucial to note that its construction was hypothesized as the primary strategy that could bring lasting peace between Palestine’s and Israelis. However, the construction of the Iron Wall was not of the best interests of the Palestine’s. Instead, its construction can be seen as a way of establishing settlements on the zone of conflict; hence, avoid any practical attempts to attain lasting peace. Overall, the documentary is filled with bias as it depicts persistent notions that Palestine’s were indeed side lined during the construction

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In the learning of a machine, the perceptron is described as an algorithm for the supervised and classification of the input into one of the several possible and non-binary outputs. This is one type of the linear classifier, for instance, the algorithm classification which makes its predictions basing on the linear predictor and the function that combines a different set of weights with feature vector that describes a certain input by the use of delta rule (Kugler, 77). The perceptrons algorithm learning is seen as an online algorithm, the processes and the elements in training the set of each

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The purpose of the study is to determine factors responsible for the HIV infection in young males who do sex with males. The purpose statement is very well stated and pertinent to the study objective of this research paper. It is rationally associated with the structure of the study. The author has succeeded in justifying the need of the paper.
A literature review is an important item that evaluates various studies found in the literature associated with the area of interest. It is the key part of every research project. Literature review is needed because it seeks to summarize

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Introduction

The media has proved to be the vital problem behind the Obamacare website. Majority of the media reports on the website exhibit a negative introduction. Other public media sites go as far as accusing others that it is the general media that masks the disadvantages attached to the Affordable Care Act. Recently, the CNN while reporting for Piers Morgan slam on Obamacare as nothing more than a lie, it presented the heading of this reports “OBAMACARE UNDER FIRE”. The general connation negative connotation that the media attaches to the Affordable Care Act is the most detrimental concern that might

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The bias of news producers and journalists in the media is apparent in the selection of stories and events to cover and report. It is the pervasive bias disregarding standards of journalism, rather than the outlook of an article or journalist as an entity. The inability of reporting neutral, all accessible stories and facts linking into a logical narrative brings about biasness (Steven, 2004).
Influence lies much in the governments and market forces. The market forces such as selection of staff, ownership of news source, preferences of an intended audience ,concentration of media ownership, and pressure from advertisers result

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“Even under the most sophisticated death penalty statutes, race continues to play a major role in determining who shall live and who shall die.” – Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun
The scourge of bias against color has been the oldest in the history of mankind. Wars have been waged and civilizations enslaved over the difference in color of skin. From the aborigines of Australia to the natives of the Indies, people of a different “color” have taken the brunt of ethnic discrimination. The Apartheid of African countries is still counted as a modern day example of racial bias and discrimination.

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Introduction

Internal validity is a condition of scientific research which depicts the degree to which a conclusion is warranted. It is common that systematic error minimization is the basis of warranting causal conclusions in research. An inference is concluded to be having internal validity if the binding relationship between the independent and dependent variable is described with precision. However, internal validity of research can be jeopardized (Salkind, 2010).
One of the ways that internal validity of a study can be jeopardized is by the selection bias. Selection bias is as a result of a bias involvement of more than a

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Introduction

The brain develops rapidly at a tender age. My implied bias in the lifestyle of children at their early age will take a significant claim in their thinking and future social life. Environment plays a major role in molding character and personality in the life human being more so the young. Children should therefore, gain knowledge beyond their vicinity. Children are required to know beyond my implied bias of the various preferences between dark skin and light skin, otherwise I will face it difficult to deal with teenagers.
A little exposure of children to external environmental reality will make

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Proposal: Media

Introduction/ Purpose/ Aims:
Today, the media plays an integral part in society as it enables people to be updated with the current events and trends around the globe. It serves as the neutral ground for two camps involved in an issue to have a place to defend itself to the people. Since it is a neutral territory, the media is not biased to anyone and would only report both positions for the people to understand the issue in both ends. Lately, however, the neutrality of the media is questioned because there are instances wherein the media shows bias to

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The first two sentences attempt to explain the three methods of validating evidence. The three methods in that strain are the content based validity, the criterion based validity, and the relationship based validity. The second sentence qualifies the fact that these three methods are essential in the validation of evidence. On the other hand, the equal group outcomes have been rejected by the standards for the likely impossibility. It is not practical and pragmatic to subject a group of members to the same conditions and expect them to perform in the same manner. That assumption overlooks the very existing

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Introduction

“The biases the media has are bigger than conservative or liberal. They are about making money, getting ratings, about doing stories that are easy to cover”. This saying holds a vast amount of truth. Americans and other populations of the world trust and believe on what the media reports on the media outlets as the truth (Allen p. 40). However, researchers have found out that media outlets distort the stories and news they report leading to much attention given to some news than others. Some news stories are not heard in the radios, watched on television or read on

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Introduction

Currently in the United States and across all the nations of the world, allegations of media bias have formed headlines in different forums for discussion. Media bias usually occurs when one party in a news media feels that the media have favored the other party’s viewpoint. However, the media has constantly refuted these claims and allegations pointing out that these conflicting views have to be presented and obviously one side of the argument have to supersede. According to the media, every individual would wish his/her idea to be favored, making it impossible to satisfy both sides at one

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Sections on constructive/reconstructive processing and the eyewitness testimony have empowered me with various concepts. From the ideas spelt by the reconstructive memory theory, I have developed a clear understanding of the reliability of the eyewitness testimony in arriving at decisions. I have learnt that recall is essentially dependent on personal interpretation that is defined by our learnt or cultural aspects and values and the way we interpret situation. Particularly, the theory argues that people archive information on the way that appear logical to them and in the future, they make deductions by making reference to the stored information (Nicholas

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According to Milgram’s (1963) findings authorities have substantial power over individuals, and his findings can explain the nature of the holocaust as a consequence of enforced obedience. Blass (1999) argues that obedience rates have not declined since the original experiment, so any attempt to reproduce the experiment will probably result in similar findings. While moral convictions change over time, obedience remains consistent, so it is possible to conclude that people lose their moral convictions and personal decision-making abilities once they are exposed to pressure from the authorities.
The experiment was repeated several times in different societies with different

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Evaluate the Challenges of Conducting Qualitative Research; synthesize your findings and identify an appropriate qualitative research strategy for a study on managing diversity; analyze the issues associated with sampling, validity, reliability, and bias within the context of the study.

Introduction

The qualitative research model has long been used by researchers and scientists in ruling out the validity, reliability, and even in identifying presence of and the contribution of a certain range of factors in a particular population. Most of the time, qualitative studies are used in inquiring or going more deeply, meaning it deals with more than just knowing, about

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Introduction

Psychology refers to a scholarly and applied subject that entails the scientific learning of rational roles and behaviors. It is of great concern to note that gender biases have continued to dominate most aspects of psychological research. Despite the various criticisms and efforts that have been placed to eliminate this problem, it is now clear that psychologists have failed in their efforts to eliminate gender biases in their research agendas (Rick, 1). Consequently, this raises important questions about the psychology discipline, especially with reference to its approach towards gender differences. As a result, this outwardly indicates that this is

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As the given definition of actor-observer bias explains, when judging ourselves we become the actor, we tend to attribute our behaviors to external factors, such as other people, our luck, the situation, etc. while others who may be judging us, the observers, attribute our behaviors to internal factors that are closely associated with the actor, such as our ability, effort, mood, or our personality (Heider). For example, as the actor, when we get a fail on a test we usually blame it on external factors, such as the teacher did not teach us well enough, while the teacher, who

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Communication and decision making

Communication and decision making

Everyday we are all faced with a chance to make decisions that may have major or minor consequences. Making those decisions come with their challenges and dilemmas that determine success or failure. This paper will discuss the issues faced in decision making, in the context of Martha’s scenario.

Kind of decisions to be made

In the prevailing scenario, Martha is faced with an opportunity to make decisions. Martha has to make a non-programmed decision, as opposed to programmed decision. Non-programmed decisions are decisions that are unique and have major consequences; that require information gathering, conscious thinking, and consideration of alternatives.

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The Practical Op-Amp chapter provides information on the practical operational amplifier (op-amp) and an ideal op-amp. The op-amps are single-ended and have a differential input in which information is transmitted electrically on differential pairs. The op-amps can produce dc output offset voltage and this result is caused by the limited values of the input offset voltage, input offset current and input bias current in the op-amps. With the passing of time the values of input offset voltage and input bias current keeps changing. Due to this drawback it is recommended to calibrate the op-amp regularly and use a smaller

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Introduction

Attentional control has been a constant source of interest for psychologists in order to determine the relation between this phenomenon and attantional bias. The significance in determining the threat sources that can lead to attentional bias resides in the fact that attentional bias is considered to be the cause of anxiety. Based on Derryberry & Reed’s study, “Anxiety-Related Attentional Biases and Their Regulation by Attentional Control”, this paper presents a thesis proposal that will aim to illustrate how attentional control contributes to anticipating the potential stress factors that might be responsible for the development of anxiety.
Primarily the discussion

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Gender bias refers to a situation where a decision making authority such as a family court or arbitrator tends to make partial decisions in favor of one party on grounds of gender. The issue of gender bias is most conspicuous in cases involving the legal separation of parents. Gender bias typically comes at the point where children custody is concerned. Apparently, many people have termed the common act of family courts to assign the mother child custody as gender bias (Stoner 259). One such person is David Pissara, a divorce attorney that has been in legal practice for well

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According to the data provided by the Association for Psychological Science ([APS], 2012), Science Daily published an article explaining what hindsight bias is, how it manifests, and suggestions on bypassing that cognitive flaw. Researchers explain that people convince themselves they anticipated a certain outcome in various situations, but they do not distinguish between knowing something before it manifests and feeling that they know it. That phenomenon is currently called hindsight bias and researchers identify it as a problem. It is a general principle that can be applied in politics, marketing, sports competition, and various other areas of life.
Researchers

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Creating and writing fair assessments is a difficult task. Developing tests that are both fair and accurate is a difficult and daunting practice for many. The creator must be unsure that the tests and assessments that are created are both reliable and valid. If they are not, the results will be skewed and a true and accurate assessment will not be conducted.
In order for an assessment to be considered to be reliable there needs to be a basis for the choice of questioning or other method of grading to be conducted. The methodology that is used needs to

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