Essays on Experiment

Before the author examines some of the research designs used in the specified articles, it is prudent that the author defines what research design is. The term research design simply means the methodology and the procedure which the researcher has used to conduct a scientific research. The following paragraphs shall focus on the research designs used in the following articles.

- Kvalem, Sundet, Riv??, Eilertsen, and Bakketeig (1996) article?.

The correct research design for this article is the survey research design. The fact that the pretest questionnaires had been handed out directly to the students in the classrooms ...

Question.1

The theory that offers best explanation concerning human motivation is the marshmallow test. The experiment has its roots in the explaining contrasting stereotypes of different individuals, particularly on perceived recklessness, ability to have fun and self-control. This study involves 53 children both male and female of age between 7 and 9. It tested on the patience and the psychology of the children by giving them a choice to have one candy immediately or waiting and is given ten more candies, this is in essence the senses of motivation a keen child will realize as much as he or she wants to ...

Slide 2

Social conformity refers to the tendency of people to change their behaviors when they are around other people (Myers, 2001). People from all cultures like to be appreciated and included into social settings and gatherings. Conformity affects all people regardless of gender, race or nationality (Myers, 2001). Conformity happens because people in all societies people fear punishment and getting alienated socially. Among all people, there is a lot of psychological trauma in getting socially sidelined by a group to which one wants to belong. The social Identity Theory stresses on people creating In-groups (us) versus out-groups (them). People in all cultures ...

This article on premised on gaining an understanding on nicotine addiction on cigarette smokers. The author posits that nicotine in the cigarettes when injected in rats increases the need for an immediate reward instead of a delayed reward. It is from this observation that the author concludes that cigarette smokers exhibit impulsivity when they prefer immediate rewards instead of larger delayed rewards given at delayed intervals when compared to non-smokers.

- Goal/Question Tested

The objectives of the study determine whether acute and sub-chronic nicotine increased impulsivity when the subjective reward values were manipulated through changes in probability as ...

Section E

INTRODUCTION Any food product, either vegetable or animal origin, has a definite shelf life. If the recommended temperature and humidity conditions for its storage are not maintained, food spoils at a very fast ratequickly as bacteria and other parasites from the environment take over. Therefore, the food should be eaten as fresh as possible. It is, however, difficult in the contemporary modern world as the population centers are furtherar away from where the food actually grows or comes fromgrown. Consequently, food preservation and processing has become a big industry where innovative and latestmodern technologies are used to minimize the threats of ...

Video Games and Desensitization

Video Games and Desensitization Video Game is an electronic game played by means of images on a video screen and often emphasizing fast action (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Video games and the associated industry and bloomed and blossomed over the last few decades due to advent in technology and proportional increase in their demand particularly among the young, both males and females. According to the latest stats by Entertainment Software Rating Board, almost 67 percent of US households play video games and the average games spends around eight hours a week playing video games (2010). Moreover, the industry made a staggering and astounding ...

Introduction

Freezing temperatures during winter months greatly contributes to hazardous conditions on American roadways. According to the Salt Institute (2012) 70% of roadways in the United States experience congestion due to winter weather. Icy roadways greatly contribute to hazardous winter conditions and can increase the chances of personal injury or accidental death for motorists. Currently, across the nation, icy roadways are addressed with the application of sodium chloride (salt) to deice icy roadways and to prevent the formation of ice on dry roadways.

The mechanism by which salt causes ice to melt and prevents ice from forming has been ...

How Photographs Influence What People Believe

How Photographs Influence What People Believe People have many ways that they examine information to decide whether it is factual. Talking to others, doing experiments, looking at pictures, reading, and doing research are just a few ways that people form ideas about the surrounding world. Most people are familiar with the phrase, “seeing is believing,” which suggests that visual confirmation is a good way to establish whether something is true or false. It is easy to imagine how this works, because using the evidence of what is seen in order to make decisions is an essential part of life for ...

Michael Gartner is a career journalist. Gartner has been serving as the president of NBC news, who has been giving skillful speeches and has laid out advice for the upcoming reporters.

``You require facts, listen, read, collaborate, simplify, experiment, talk, trust, pounce, report, care, love and balance’’ Michael Gartner said. He presented a speech concerning a list of 12 step program to excellent writing that every journalist should flow it for successful job.’ you cannot be an outstanding writer if you are not a proficient reporter. You require details and facts, descriptions and quotes.’’ Gartner said. He also explained the other steps ...

This article provides astonishing findings about a study done by cancer biologist Susan Erdman, Eric Alm, and team. The study was experimental, and it looks at the effects of prebiotic yogurt on obesity. The experiment done on a male mouse showed increased fertility and masculine behaviors. They biologists were following results of a long term study done by the Harvard school of public health. The study was, therefore, biased as they did not know whether the previous study was credible enough. According to the results obtained by the Harvard school of health, more than any other food, yogurt helps preclude age related ...

Introduction.

When teaching science, instructors use a specialized language that has many dissimilarities from the language that students generally use throughout the day (O’Toole, 2003). Each different occasion for language has a set of intrinsic purposes, values and characteristics, and the purpose of these different traits is to demonstrate the unique properties of that category of language. For example, in scientific language, there is an emphasis on precision in diction, as well as conciseness and clarity. No matter what the language is, writers hope to achieve a style that is comprehensible to its readers while remaining true to the aims of the ...

Introduction

It is possible that the memory in an individual is affected by the different environmental variables and smell being one of them. For example a certain type of cologne may remind a person about their spouse who wears the same cologne. Several explanations about these effects of the olfactory system on the short term memory have been proposed. One is that the system has an impact since it is endowed with axons that terminate the working of the olfactory bulbs have a direct connectivity with the brain compared to other senses.

Abstract

This experiment was conducted in a bid to determine the effects of ...

Attribution error

The manner in which human beings react to technology is different. This may be caused by the different perceptions that the people have on technology. This research paper attempts to examine if human perception is influenced by major factor technological failures in many organizations. The main objective of this research is to know the extent in which human perceptions are influenced by technological failure. Weiner (78) notes that technology failures in organizations may include failure in machines, computer errors, and unplanned for circuit breaks. According to Delfabbro and Winefield (14), the decision making process of the human beings is ...

The Ellen Roche case is a case wherein a healthy volunteer participated in a National Institutes of Health funded research on the natural defenses of healthy individuals against asthma. The purpose of the study is to “gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, specifically the mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness”. Under the experiment Roche and the other subjects are required to inhale hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker. The subjects will be paid $365 for participating in the experiment. After almost a month of participating in the research, Roche died due to progressive hypotension and multi-organ failure, which was attributed to her inhalation of hexamethonium.

...

Subjectivity refers to the situation of being a given subject. It used to show the quality of having experiences, beliefs, perspectives, desires, feeling and power. It is used for giving explanations to what affects and influences the judgement of people about reality or truth. Generally, subjectivity is a collection of experiences, perception, cultural or personal understanding, beliefs, and expectations specific to an individual.

In scientific research, subjectivity is a very delicate discipline. In carrying out quantitative research, I would argue that there is a need to maintain subjectivity at the lowest level. This is because most scientific analysis requires keen examination of ...

Carey, Benedict. "Do You Believe in Magic?." New York Times 23 January 2013, 1-3. Print.

This article, by Benedict Carey, discusses the very common phenomena of wishful or magical thinking. We often associate the idea of magic as superstition with religious organizations. However, superstition and magical thinking is just as common among average, everyday people who practice no specific religion. When we wish ill on someone and it actually happens, we think we did it? Magical thinking seems to be a natural social and psychological aspect of the human experience. The author explains that this phenomenon begins in early ...

Many scholars have become increasingly interested in comprehending why people who are liars tend to be more creative as opposed to those who are honest. Consequently, both dishonesty and creativity encompass breaking of rules thus shifting from the norm (Ariely 2012 p 76).Various studies have been undertaken with the aim of attaining an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. The paper will explicitly evaluate the relationship between creativity and dishonesty.

Thus, the five experiments that were undertaken established that the cheaters were more creative as compared to the non-cheaters. The first experiment involved a hundred and fifty-three individuals that were ...

1. The title of the article is "Is Noise Always Bad? Exploring the Effects of Ambient Noise on Creative Cognition". The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of low, moderate, and high noise levels on creativity within a consumer context. The authors of the study propose that low- and moderate-levels of noise enhance abstract thinking processes in creative individuals. The researchers also propose a mechanism called processing difficulty -- or "disfluency" -- which causes a higher "construal level" that, in turn, causes individuals to engage in more abstract thinking. Furthermore, individuals who are more-predisposed to being creative, the researchers ...

It is unethical to use a scientific method to take out brain cells from a living subject. Notably, it is clear that this may have future implications on the subject that gets there brain cells removed out of their brain system. The brain is the center of control of the human functions, the process of this scientific experiment demeans the essence of creations. The brain is a special part of the body that requires careful attention in order to preserve human dignity. A living human being should not have their brain tampered with. However, this can be done on a lifeless human being, ...

Classical conditioning is the process of learning whereby an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. It is a process of behavior modification in which the subject responds to a previously neutral stimulus in a desired manner when it is repeatedly presented along with an unconditional stimulus. There have been various speculations by different literature on the possibility of conditioning emotional responses, but the experimental evidence has usually been lacking. There has been a suggestion that there must be a way in which stimuli can call out emotions. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner decided to put the matter to test through the little ...

Bioengineering has been around for some time now, and ever since its introduction, it has been the subject of never-ending controversy claims, myths and misconceptions. Many believe consuming genetically modified organisms, the most widely known product of genetic scientists, is harmful. In order to alleviate these concerns, many laboratories around the world were tasked with conducting experiments to prove once and for all GMO is safe for human use. Yet other scientists began independent research into the long-term effects of GMO consumption. In many cases, published findings contradict one another, which only adds to the controversy and further divides ...

1) The scientific method is an organized approach used to explain why things happen or to predict what will happen. The scientific method aims to answer questions and problems objectively and accurately by conducting experiments. The first step in the scientific method is the definition of the problem. One has to have a specific problem which one wants to resolve. After defining the problem, questions must be asked. The purpose of asking questions is to limit the scope of the experiment. The questions will serve as a guide so that the experiment does not lose its focus. The question should be ...

Bacterial Growth Curve

If a group of scientist were preparing to perform an experiment to characterize a bacterium's ability to utilize maltose as a sugar source, during which phase of the growth curve would it be best to sample the bacteria for your experiment? Why?

Bacterial growth can be divided into 4 phases, Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase and Death phase. Adaptation of bacteria to the environment mainly happens during the Lag phase. Bacteria start utilizing available nutrients and multiple in Log phase. In this case, the ability of Maltose utilization of a strain of bacteria could be done determined in the log phase. ...

We conducted a series of tests or experiments featuring a model plane with varying sizes of wingspan, length, and flaps. There were two types of plane that we used for the experiment. Plane Type 1 had a wing width of 115 with a fuselage length of 210 and a y flap. The average distance that if reached after a series of five attempts were 2.51 m.

The plane type 1 had a second subtype; everything else was the same with the first subtype in terms of the wing width and fuselage length except for the fact that it had an n instead of a y flap. After ...

“An intervention program to promote health‐related physical fitness in nurses” by Yuan et al. (2009) is a quasi-experimental study that aimed to assess the impact of an exercise intervention on the nurses’ health-related physical fitness. Although quasi-experimental designs can be used to test causal hypotheses and share certain assumptions with experimental designs, quasi-experimental studies do not assume random assignment and control over extraneous variables, so they tend to have low internal validity (Trochim, 2006). Despite potential threats to internal validity, quasi-experimental studies are effective designs for investigating causal effects outside of controlled settings, so they often have good ...

1. The City of Bell.

Humans are by nature susceptible to mistakes. In the case of Bell, the annual salaries of the appointees were raised to such levels that the city manager was paying himself $800,000, which was unethical. Citing the examples of Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie Services, the attitude of Cairns is deplorable, as he kept awarding contracts only to Alpha Services despite the numerous recommendations. Also, Cairns attitude is very much against the code of ethics of ASPA, and his racial bias and suspicions on his possible dealings with Alpha casts a lot of doubt on his professional behavior.

2. The Stanford Prison Experiment.

The Stanford Prison ...

When Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in July 1968, grief and frustration broke across America. Martin Luther King Jr. stood for equality and was an anti-racist crusader. Martin Luther King Jr.’s death had an impact on one person in Ireland, thousands of miles away. Jane Elliot, a third-grade teacher wanted to set the records straight, as she said that she has talked about racism from the first day of school. She wanted to teach her third-grade students about Martin Luther King Jr., and knew that there was only one way she could do that. A Class Divided is ...

As our society expands, the amount of artificial light produced by us increases, which affects many endangered flora and fauna(Longcore & Rich, 2004). Very few studies document the effects of light pollution on insect taxa. Therefore, we need a number of baseline studies to understand the implications of light pollution on insects and plants. Artificial lighting at our homes, shops and other establishments may jeopardize the ecology of several insect species. In this experiment, I want to use moths as a bio indicator for the effects of light pollution. To find out which type of lighting attracts moths most, the ...

Discussion 1 Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist born in the mid 1800s, had started the early part of his career focusing on digestion (Chance 2014, Chapter 3). While he earned a Nobel Prize for this work, he soon decided to move over to psychology in order to make a bigger impact on the world and get on the ground floor of exciting new research. He worked primarily on the subject of temperament and reflex, showing how people reacted to pain and stress. Throughout his career in the medical profession, he was a passionate and dogged investigator, and was instrumental in contributing to the concept of ...

This paper brings into focus the idea of mathematical investigation in which some vital assumptions are made to ascertain the facts concerning the outcome of the experiment. The first type of the investigation is about the mathematical game of the dice. For this case, the game can be considered to be fare according to the results obtained with respect to the expectation of the participants. According to the understanding of the many, the game could not be fair enough since it brings the results at some points which are not genuine as per the expectation of the participant ...

For Healthy Together Project, it focuses on physical activities and diets to influence the general lifestyle in Wales for healthy weights. During the family group teaching, together with the project coordinator and the project team, members learnt that the group had its evaluation designs as on-program evaluation and post program evaluation designs. On on-program evaluation design, members learnt that experts planned to conduct evaluations of the project programs after every 10 weeks. Participants will also be given opportunities to appraise stadium conditions and suggest whether there would be needs for new venues or not. Moreover, there will be a series ...

- Introduction The investigation was carried out to establish the number bends that a clip can withstand before failure through breakage. In order to meet this requirement the following report is compiled based on the findings of the team, entire class and all the sections of EGR 186. - Problem statement The number of bends required to failure in a periodically bent clip should be established to determine the strength and suitability of the clips. - Methods section

In order to solve the problem stated above, the following methods were used in the experiment:

- Each team bend the provided 30 paper clips until they fail - The number of bends until ...

The article titled Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice by Ashley W. Seifert, Stephen G. Kiama, Megan G. Seifert, Jacob R. Goheen, Todd M. Palmer and Malcolm Maden was printed in one of the September’s issue of The Nature in 2012.The article is dedicated to African spiny mice and a new feature discovered by the group of scientists. It appears that mice possess skin autonomy. It is the first case of such feature in Mammalia. According to the experiment, scientist tore the mice’s skin to confirm their discovery. After a skin loss, hair follicle regeneration as ...

In the article titled Stereotypes: Why We Act without Thinking, the author makes an observation that stereotypes can be as useful to the same extent that they are detrimental when used in judging others. The author gives an example of the stereotypes associated with psychologists – they are nosy, and always seek to find out a lot of things about an individual. While this is a generalized point of view, it makes a lot of sense. Similarly, the author explains that, while people hold the assumption that all French people are rude, not all, actually are. To this extent, I agree with ...

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

The experiment aimed to show that Blm10 protein elevates the turnover of proteasomal substrate through an active gating mechanism. This was to be done by showing that Blm10 enhances degradation that is proteasome-mediated in vitro using hypophosphorylated unstructured tau-441 as the substrate.

The objective was achieved using various stains such as BY4741, yMS63, yMS94, yMS122b, yMS131, yMS152, yMS159, and yMS476 among others. To start with, the proteasomal activity was assayed by determining gate opening in yeast CP/20S proteasome by the C terminal peptides. Phenotypic analysis was also done by growing the stains overnight in YPD and diluted to a density ...

Introduction

In my experiment, I used the sequential design as my experimental design. It guided me to agree with the hypothesis,” that emotionally loaded words like “sex” and “prostitute” must be exposed for a longer time to be perceived than neutral words. I conducted surveys so that I could come up with the findings and the conclusions of the experiment. The dependent variable in the experiment was the threshold in which the loaded words are used. The independent variable is the time taken in the surveys that I conducted.

The sequential experimental design requires the researcher to complete a ...

SCENARIO ONE

EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE THE SUDDEN FLOW OF WATER IN THE TAPS AT HOME

This study is going to investigate the sudden floor of water in my house. Water running from the tap is usually enabled by many factors such as shortage in the reservoir tanks, absence of power to pump it up and down the reservoirs among other factors.

In my house, there is a massive water reservoir located at the top of the building. Water is pumped from the public water lines to the dam at the reservoir tank by use of electricity. Once the water is pumped, and the tanks are full, it flows by some force whether gravity or not ...

Introduction

Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. The understanding of the basic theory of enzyme kinetic is an essential in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the activity of an enzyme, as well as in selecting the best method of analyzing the enzyme. There are several factors that have an effect on the rate of an enzymatic reaction. These factors include temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, as well as the concentration of the substrate (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, 2013).

The increase or decrease of the level ...

Experiment 1: Interdependence of Species

Post Lab Questions

1. Hypothesis: Removal of one species alters the status of the entire ecosystem. It was confirmed in the experiment. When each of the species was removed, all the other species had to be adversely affected.

2. All species were removed at different times beginning with lichen, then tree, flower, bees and eventually humans respectively.

3. Since each of the species depends on one another, the elimination of any of them had a great effect on the rest. For instance, the removal of lichens adversely affected the tree, flower, bees and humans. It is the chief source of ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry refers to a method that is employed in the determination of the amount of light that is absorbed by a chemical substance. In chemistry, the term spectrophotometry refers to the determination of the reflection or transmission characteristics quantitatively material through a function of wavelength (NIST, 2012). The spectrophotometry analysis is carried out through the light intensity determination as a beam of light passes through a tube containing the sample solution. The process of analyzing solution concentration using spectrophotometer utilizes the fact that light possesses a dual nature. This is where the light may exist either as particle or as a wave (Keller, 2003). Basically, ...

2) There are justifications on the presence of the moon. Perhaps, collision-ejection theory of the moon gives an explains on the issues. The theory asserts that the moon exists due to the formation of debris ejected from the earth, especially when objects crushed. Collision-ejection theory claims that the newly formed earth collided with mars at an angle, which splashed the layers of the earth surface into the orbit around it. This implies that the Earth crust and mantle formed the moon though condensation. There are various facts on the moon that the theory is consistent with. Some of the ...

Movie Review

In the film “Image is Powerful: a Cameron Russell TED Talk”, the model Cameron Russell explains how beauty is not always synonymous with happiness. A model at a young age, Russell proclaims that she was the result of a “genetic lottery”, in other words her appearance gave her advantages in life such as her career. However she also relates the downside of being objectified because of her looks.

In one instance she described a highly sexualized photo shoot that occurred when she was only 16 making her very uncomfortable about how she was valued only for her appearance.

In the short ...

Discuss the importance of external and internal validity and some of the threats to each of these.

Validity means a measurement quality indicating the extent to which the measure replicates the underlying construct, to be precise, whether it measures what it claims to measure. Internal validity may be important in determining the accuracy of the results. Given that samples may not be selected randomly, the results may perhaps be inaccurate. External validity maybe important in determining the “generalizability” of the population findings (Bernard, 2000). For instance, if the selected sample is only African-Americans under the age of 35, then it may be difficult to generalize the results to the entire U.S. population.

Internal validity threats include:

- Testing: this relates to ...

Research Problem/Question: The researchers had based their research on the argument that violent especially shooting video games have become most important leisure activity among youth. With the increasing praise for such games in media and public, these games have stimulated aggressive behavior and feelings of inattention towards friends and family as the users have perceived these animated characters as social beings and they are not actively involved in social activities. Apart from enjoyment and stimulation of aggressive behavior, youths feel no wrong in killing; rather they enjoy playing these games. However, very little research has been done to assess ...

Measurement in this case refers to use and application of rules for assigning numbers to different objects. Different measurement scales are applied for different classes of objects. For instance, measuring a height of a sample population may be done in inches, whereas the weight of the sample population may be done in kilograms. The scale measurement constitutes three important properties. According to Kaplan and Saccuzzo (27), these are magnitude, absolute zero, and equal intervals. Magnitude refers to the ability to represent more, less or equal attributes of a given entity or object. This is clearly shown in a scale of weight where one ...

This experiment was conducted to see if web sites look different in different browsers. The hypothesis for the experiment is that there would be less visual differences between web pages in the Windows browsers than there would be between the Windows browsers and the OS X browsers. Using the web page emulator Adobe Browserlab, two web sites were viewed in three different browsers, including Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 7.0 (IE) for Windows, Google’s Chrome 18.0 for Windows, and Apple’s Safari 5.1 for OS X.

The first web site viewed was an article, “On Not Being Dead, ...

Consent is a fundamental element of ethical research. In this case, the experiment will be carried out on children and therefore a number of challenges will arise as regards consent due to their incompetency in making decisions on their participation in the research. As a precondition to acquiring consent, an independent review of the associated potential risks and benefits will be necessary (Hickey, 2007). Following an independent review of risks and potential benefits with a positive outcome, consent of participants will be sort. Due to a lack of cognitive powers and experience that would enable a meaningful understanding of medical treatment on the part of ...

There are various development processes that a child goes through as he grows up. Through this development process, the children develop a form of communication as well as a language that they can best communicate in. this essay looks at various aspects of child development, and it is expected to shed more light on the development issues.

1. According to Plowden Report (1967, p. 2), language is the media through which people or other living beings use to relay information from one point to another. It is a way through which people pass on their ideas to others in a manner which is acceptable ...

Library Assignment

A famous sociological study is The Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo in the early 1970s. Using the library, find and read the Stanford Prison Study. Pay special attention to the outcome of the experiment. Discuss how Zimbardo’s findings apply to similar, real-life events happening today. Be sure to find and present examples of the concepts introduced in the experiment in your discussion. Please include a short introduction and a conclusion

Introduction:

The Stanford Prison Experiment was a landmark experiment in the history of prison operations. Here a number of males aged between 25 and 35 were allotted the status of camp ...

Question one. List at list two main goal(s) of this publication

1).The purpose of the publication is to broaden the information available for the organizations involved in the fight against counterfeit organizations with vibration spectroscopy. 2.) The Second purpose of this publication is providing a model for identifying counterfeit products with genuine products.

Question two. Identify two analytical technique used in this publication and provide the basic theory of this technique.

The first analytical technique used in the journal is Raman spectroscopy. This technique is used in the study of rotational and vibration models in a system. The spectroscopic technique relies on the effect of inelastic scattering and Raman scattering of single wavelength light emitted from a laser in the near infrared, visible and near ultraviolet regions of the ...

In a quantitative research design for my problem statement, Arabic language instruction intervention will be implemented in an experimental group taking a 24 week course at the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center at the Presidio of Monterey, California. A control group with no intervention methods will also be studied at the same time. Information would be recorded via test scores at the end of the course; all participants would take the Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI), and the mean scores for both groups would be compared to determine whether the hypothesis (that the instructional methodologies in question can provide better oral ...

Aim: To measure the partition coefficient values of sulphamidine and acetylsulphamidine present in water/octanol solution at different pH.

Abstract: After measuring the pH of the buffer solution, two lots of eight bottles were prepared. 5ml of drug and 5 ml of buffer solution were added to each bottle and shaken for 30 minutes. Absorbance was then of the solutions in the bottles was then determined. Introduction: Partition coefficient gives a measure of how a substance distributes in two different phase at equilibrium. Partition coefficient is utile in estimating the distribution of the drug within the body. There are two types ...

Pretest and protest research design is an evolved version of posttest design. This design deal with issues of biasness arises due to allocation of respondents in to groups. In the Pretest and protest experimental research design influence independent variable over dependent variable determined. In Pretest and protest experimental research design total sample divided in to two parts, one part is experimental group and other is control group. In the study experimental group got introduced with variable whereas other control group remains intact. Under the research pre test and post test results for both the groups were compared. The difference ...

In this experiment we are using JAVA applet of wave model which is available at: http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/fourier.html

Here we can change wavelength and amplitude of two waves and in the third graph we can see a wave combined from these two waves. By changing any of two waves we can observe how it affects wave on the third graph. 1. Let’s set in wave length equal to 50 and amplitude to 1 in the first and second graphs. In this case we can observe that in the third graph wavelength is two times bigger and amplitude is also two ...

Qualitative research is often divided into either experimental or quasi-experimental research. Experimental research typically involves a control group and an experimental group performing an action and a variation of an action, respectively, in order to gauge the differences in results that should occur. A quasi-experimental design is an experiment along the same lines, but there are some unique differences that set it apart. In this paper, the differences between experimental and quasi-experimental research will be examined (Cozby, 2008).

Experimental research is strong in internal validity - it allows for X to lead to Y, because evidence is provided for this proposition, setting ...

Threats to validity of a research design can lead the results of said research to be thrown into doubt. Both external and internal validity, in addition to construct validity, are factors that need to be considered when forming a research design. In this paper, the various threats to validity are compared and contrasted, and applied to my current research design involving second language interventions for teaching Arabic to military officers.

External validity involves the ability to link the current research in the sample to outside settings and situations. Threats to external validity include inferences that are wrongly inferred from sample data ...

The variables

Stress can occur to any human being. Stress is a normal psychological and physical reaction to the demands of life particularly to traumatic incidences. The process of induced abortion or natural is a stressful time for many women (Adler, N. E., David, H. P., Major, B. N., Roth, S. H., Russo, N. F., & Wyatt, G. E. 1990, p. 41). The stress can occur before and after abortion. In this study we are focusing only on post abortion stress. Women who undergo abortion natural or induced are likely to experience acute stress i.e. Acute stress originates from the demands and pressures of ...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1. - Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size. - Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue). - Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring ...

Abstract

The assessment of respiratory functions is mandatory in the diagnosis of lung diseases and related disorders. These functions are assessed by measuring the lung volumes and capacities. In the present experiment, we learnt the use and operation of BIOPAC airflow transducer for measuring the lung volumes. We understood the rationale behind the precautions taken while experimentation. We could successfully correlate the obtained results with the physiological conditions of the subjects of the study.

Experiment on Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory system is a vital system of human physiology. It is involved with the gaseous exchange wherein oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled from the ...