Essays on Electrode

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction This study evaluates the operating principles of vehicle fuel systems, vehicle ignition systems and pressure charging of engines. The report attempts to evaluate the operating features of actuators and sensors used in the ignition systems and engine management system of vehicles. It also analyzes the types of pressure charging systems, its shortfalls and how it affects the enhanced power of the engine. The secondary sources which form the bulk of this report are primarily research from various sources. The paragraphs below look into the sensors and actuators and the pressure charging systems.

Sensors and Actuators

Types of Sensors and function The ...

Introduction: All most all metals are unstable when exposed to air. This is because of the tendency of the metal to be converted into its oxidized form on reaction with air. When compared to zinc, iron has a greater tendency to form oxidized form and thus has greater susceptibility to corrosion. The ability of metals to react with air varies and this determines their relative stability. As zinc is much stable when compared to iron, it is used to galvanizing iron pipe, thus preventing contact of iron with air and water that contains dissolved air. Brass is an alloy ...

Report for Voltaic Cell Project (Lemon)

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the production of electricity through the use of Zinc, Copper and Lemon. The experiment explores the electrochemical reactions that take place between the two metals in the presence of citric acid provided by the lemon to generate electricity. It highlights the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur within the lemon battery before electrons are released to generate electricity.

Background

The electrochemical reaction that occurs to generate electricity from chemical energy takes place between tow metal pieces, known as the electrodes, and a liquid known as the electrolyte. It is imperative that the ...

Nursing

Fetal Monitor Fetal monitor is equipment being used for fetal heart rate monitoring done during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. It serves the purpose of determining the baby’s heart rate and duration and strength of the uterus contraction (WebMD, N.D.). A stable heart rate is an indication that the baby is doing well and any instances of inconsistency with the heart could be a sign of some problems. It is different from the other equipment in terms of function considering that the monitoring can be done both externally and internally, but in most cases the monitoring is done internally ...

Business Case

It is my hope that this finds you well. I am writing to report the case of a broken electrode. The broken electrode is a component of a pH meter belonging to the Soil Science Center (“The Agricultural Institute mystery: The case of broken electrode”). The pH meter was borrowed on Monday morning on the date of this email. The Insect Diagnostics Laboratory and the Soil Science Center have for a long time been sharing the equipment. Consequently, the borrowing of the equipment on this particular day was in the ordinary conduct of business in the two laboratories. The ...

Discuss the indications for each type of monitoring device

Fetal Monitor The heart rhythm and heart rate are main indicators for the fetal monitor. The indicators help in understanding the fetal condition, which is a necessary factor to consider during labor and the delivery of a child. During the process of labor and delivery, the health care personnel is required to monitor the heart rate and rhythm of the fetus (Shore, Benson-Karhi, Malamud, & Bashiri, 2014). Monitoring of heart rate and rhythm helps in identifying any form of distress within the fetus that may have occurred during the labor and delivery process.

Internal Fetal Scalp Electrode

The Fetal scalp electrode is an internal ...

Indications for Each Type of Device

Fetal monitor The main indicators for the fetal monitor include the heart rate and rhythm that establish the fetal condition during labor and delivery. The health care provider involved in the labor and delivery process has the mandate of ensuring that the fetal heart rate and rhythm remain constant to identify any forms of distress on the fetus.

Internal fetal scalp electrode

The internal fetal scalp electrode is used as an internal monitoring device that helps in providing health care providers with a clear understanding of the fetal heart pattern. Usage of this equipment is important when dealing with cases where the external ...

Human Physiology ECG Laboratory Report

Abstract This is a practical experiment on ECG concerning human physiology. The experiment intends to achieve one primary goal: equip the learner with vital skills pertinent in making rational decisions anchored on scientifically proven facts. I chose to study participants from both sexes with varying levels of nutritional statuses and physical activities. We recorded the foods consumed by each participant. The results indicated that those who took caffeinated drinks positively correlated to emission of rapid ECG signals demonistrated by the ECG readings.

Introduction

The heart is a fundamental organ in sustaining life. It contracts at regular and perpetual intervals throughout ...

Patient and Study Identification

The patient is a 10-year-old boy sent by the referring specialist neurologist, whom the patient visited after his mother had found him experiencing seizure twice during the past month. The patient was first diagnosed with absence epilepsy when he was 5 years of age, and has not experienced seizures since he was 8 years of age. The purpose of this electroencephalography (EEG) study is to identify the type of epilepsy in this case so that the patient can receive the correct treatment.

History

The patient had a normal birth and experienced healthy development until the age of 5, when his ...

Introduction

In the year 2015, Wang, Doleschel, Wunderlich, and Heinen published a paper in the Journal of Medical Systems [1]. The paper was on a wearable wireless ECG system that was based on the novel 3-Lead electrode placements. After carrying out an experiment for the 3-Lead electrode placements, it was discovered that the distance between the electrodes could further be reduced for efficiency. A smaller sized sensor node being powered by a rechargeable battery would then be developed based on the newly identified electrode positions. A dynamic method of controlling power is also automatically installed in the sensor node for ...

The objective of this experiment was to get acquainted and study galvanic cells, Nernst equation, and electrochemical reactions and determine the experimental value for the Ecell vs. log Q for Cu/Zn cell. Galvanic cells are the systems which can produce electric current due to reactions occurring in them. In our common understanding these cells are the batteries. In these cells, the processes of electron transfer and corresponding chemical reactions occur due to the difference in tendency of different substances to gain electrons. The galvanic cell typically consists of two half-cells and a junction between them which is often a ...

Abstract

This is a practical experiment on ECG with regards to human physiology. The experiment was intended to achieve one primary goal: equip the learner with vital skills pertinent in making rational decisions anchored on scientifically proven facts. The alchemist recruited study participant from both sexes with varying levels of nutritional statuses and physical activities. The foods consumed by each participant were recorded. The results indicated that those who took caffeinated drinks positively correlated to emission of rapid ECG signals demonistrated by the ECG readings.

Introduction

The heart is a fundamental organ in sustaining life. It contracts at regular and perpetual ...

Biology

Abstract This is a practical report on human physiology EMG. The experiment recruited 85 subjects to examine the level of the signal emanating from muscle contraction in the lab. Some of the participants were left-handed while some were right handed. Males and females with varying levels of activity were recruited. The results indicated that more males exhibited maximal compression force than females as attested by the higher numbers that returned quickly to half the clench force. The level of activity of the participants positively correlated to slow return to half of the maximal compression force and reduced signs of ...

Introduction

The field of medicine and pharmacy has over the recent past experienced tremendous growth with technological improvements making pharmacy and the analysis of drugs and characteristics of drugs much simpler. Drug analysis is a fundamental aspect of drug development. It is not confined to making improvements to drug but also assessing quality to ascertain their fitness for human consumption. Drugs are chemical compounds that are affected by a number of factors including temperature, moisture and contaminants among others. For this reason, technology has provided an analytical tool for analyzing the drugs.

Following the introduction of spectroscopy about half a century ago, ...

SLIDE-1-4

WELCOME-SLIDE /ADDRESS My dear respected faculty member/teachers and fellows, Asslamualaikum /Good Morning/ Afternoon Oil & Gas industry and environment are much important for us, and we have to save it for ourselves and future generations. Environmental issues are on the increase at the world and it could affect the alternatives of corrosion prevention in the future. Ecological needs still to be developed; however, some elements have been established.

SLIDE # 2

SLIDE#3 Saudi Arabia geography mostly comprises of deserts & seas and its economy is much dependent on oil & Gas industry. We need to protect our industry for sustainable progress ...

1. Introduction

During early days people do physical work to complete a job. The physical work made by the people made them tired and people time gets wasted. Let us take a construction work. The construction works involves major labors to construct a building, in early days people spends major time to construct a building. The labors have to give more energy to construct the building. Some of the labors even sacrificed their life by accident case inside the building. But today’s technology makes sure that the construction of any type of building can be modeled and executed within a year. Labor also ...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Since ...

Proposal for enhancing the sensor performance or make nanowire sensor more selective and sensitive for cancer cells or for DNA.

Abstract An experiment to show how different amount of estrogen receptors requires detailed and sensitive procedures to reveal the difference between subtle in DNA binding affection. Si-NW biosensors better exposure in finding out nuclear withdrawals in cancerous cells. Extreme hypersensitive disclosure of protein-DNA synergy. A proposal in making Nanowire sensors being more selective and sensitive. Electrical implementation of Silicon-nanowire field-effect sensitive for usage in discovering cancer. Array relationship between receptors and nanowire sensors.

Introduction

[2] Cancer detection or finding cure for DNA disease have become two of the famous areas in medicine, which scientists are likely to investigate in. ...

LIST OF FIGUTES 3

LIST OF TABLES 3 1. ELECTRO DISCHARGE MACHINING – EDM 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 History of Electro Discharge Machining Process 5 1.3 Detailed Explanation of how the process works 6 1.4 Uses/applications of the Electro Discharge Machining Process 8 1.4.1 Prototype production 8 1.4.2 Coinage die making 8 1.4.3 Small hole drilling 8 1.4.4 Metal disintegration machining 9 1.5 Examples of products produced by Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.6 Advantages of Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.7 Limitations of Electro Discharge Machining Process 10 2. ...

Figure 1 Manufacturing steps involved in EDM 4 Figure 2 Classification for main research areas in EDM. 6 Figure 3 Sequence of first, second and third generation of 3D Printing . 7 Figure 4 Different processes of 3D Printing. 8 Figure 5 3D Printing of Prototype car 9 Figure 6 New Development and design of reticle Assembly 11 Figure 7 Comparison between cost of assembly & manufacturing . 12

Alternative Manufacturing Processes

FOREWORDS Manufacturing processes are vital for both developed and developing countries of the world. Developed economies depend heavily on manufacturing industries for their revenues and, as a ...

Construction of a Fire Pit Ring

There has been an increase in the number of people constructing a fire pit ring around their homes or camping sites for leisure purposes. The choice of material used in such projects is dependent on the financial impact it will have on the overall project. Many people, therefore, choose cheaper but most effective materials for construction. The ring makes the pit stable as well as increasing its ability to sustain a fire for log hours before it goes out. I am interested in this project because of its neat appearance, solid construction and it is very easy to build. The ...

Introduction

Alternative renewable energy continues to grow popularity because of the upsetting climate change caused by greenhouse gases, exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and rising global demand for energy. Renewable resources of electricity production are vital progress and are fundamentally motivated by cost. Solar energy is clean and profuse that is why it is the best among the available substitutes. The modern solid-state photovoltaic (PV) technology began in 1954 upon the discovery of silicon (Si) diodes photovoltaic effect . Crystalline Si and a wide range of thin film solar cells, which are inorganic, are the prevailing photovoltaic technologies employed nowadays . ...

Introduction

In recent years, the lithium-ion battery safety issues have been the subject of interest in the field of battery technology. This is because the development of projects in the industry of automobile focuses mostly on the vehicles that utilize an alternative power such as hybrid vehicles; and lithium battery technology is employed in hybrid cars. Hybrid and battery electric automobiles are currently accessible. Corporations are doing the final measurements for every vehicle types (Hollmotz and Hackmann, 1). Moreover, the technology of lithium battery has been searching fresh markets associated with the development of cordless communication equipment such as portable ...

Long chains of molecules are called polymers. Many small molecular units (called monomers) form polymers, which depending on their arrangement are so useful in everyday life; making materials like silk, wool, or plastic bags. Most of the polymers are organic compounds; it means that they are carbon chains connected to hydrogen, Oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The electrons of these atoms are shared between two atoms that are located in the low energy bonding orbitals. This stops the polymers from making electricity and the electrons play the role of a non-conductor. In 1997, a set of highly conductive polymers were discovered. ...

Introduction

“Cochlear implants are electronic devices that contain a current source and an electrode array that is implanted into the cochlea” (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004) and where electrical current is used for stimulating the surviving auditory nerve fibers. With the development of the cochlear implant having undergone a long history, this paper aims to discuss this history, focusing particularly on the evolution of the cochlear implant over the last thirty years. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the implant, as well as the public’s response to its development and use.

Early Beginnings of the Cochlear Implant

The development of the cochlear implant started ...

(City, State)

Question being investigated

This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that there is no close-paralleling of the raised rate of metabolism arising from contraction of muscles by hyperpnea, and thus arterial 02, pH, and C02 do not remain comparatively constant all through most of the moderate exercise range (Carli, et al., 1967). The alternative hypothesis was that a feed-forward mechanism is responsible for hyperpnea.

Importance of the question/publication

There is still uncertainty on the mechanism resulting in raised ventilation or hyperpnea, in the course of an exercise in spite of over a century of research, hypothesis, as well as debate. Due to the close link ...

<Student’s name>

Part 1. Solar Panel History

The history of Solar panels takes it beginning from the 7th Century B.C. Now, the energy sector of economy has the greatest impact on our lives. Power supply is the basis of the normal functioning of any production, and, consequently, the entire human civilization. Heat and light homes, work machines and units in production, traffic and rural suffering - all these many faces of Energy. Various technological advances have already become part of life for us, but they are possible only when adequate and affordable energy supply, due to the development of alternative energy sources, ...

Introduction

D1.3 welding code was developed to encompass structural arc welding of strip or sheet steels, incorporating other members of cold formed processes collectively known as sheet steel. The nominal thickness of the sheet steel worked on should be less than or equal to 4.8 millimeter. Furthermore, this code incorporates three categories of welding that are distinctive to sheet metal. They include arc plug, arc seam and arc spot welds.

This welding code is appropriate to the welding of mechanical sheet steels to similar structural steels or other supporting members.

The general stipulations of the code are relevant to a wide range of situations as provided for in the code’s fundamental premise. Approval principles for fabrication of welds diverse from ...

Bio fuel cells utilize biocatalysts for the conversion of chemical energy stored in glucose into electrical energy. Bio-catalyzed oxidation of glucose or other organic substances at two electrode interfaces provides a means for conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The obtainable power of a fuel cell (P cell) is the product of cell voltage (V cell) and the cell current (I cell)

The ideal voltage id affected by the difference in potential of the oxidizer and fuel as represented in the equation

(E◦1ox - E◦1fuel), with irreversible losses in voltage caused by kinetic limitations of electron movement, (η). Resistance and differences in concentration gradients of the energy source lead to decreased voltage values. As represented below P cell = ...

Assignment #4 (see Blackboard site for due date)

Peer evaluation (assign 12 points, total, based on the relative contributions you and your teammates made toward accomplishing the design goals for this assignment):

Teammate #1 (Name: ): Teammate #2 (Name: ): Teammate #3 (Name: ): if only 2 teammates, leave this blank Summary of design process: 1. a. What is the lowest concentration of glucose that your sensor will accurately measure? 0.5 × 10–6 M b. For this concentration, calculate the amount of enzyme on the electrode and the corresponding current that will generate when expose to the lowest glucose concentration. [ ...

Introduction

Speech and articulation disorders do not necessarily lead to disability but these disorders definitely affect an individual in a multitude of ways. An individual suffering from the congenital disorder cleft palate for example, would most likely exhibit obvious signs and symptoms of speech and articulation impairments, mainly because of the anatomical distortion of the muscles and other facial structures used in articulation. These individuals’ speech may well be distorted for the rest of their lives if left untreated because there is no natural way of repairing damaged articulation structures. There is a statistically significant portion of the infant population suffering from ...

Introduction:

The ionic fluoride is like free fluoride ions, but in chemical terms they are really not free, but ionized. The fluoride in the water is just fluoride [in the ionic form]. The fluoride in the water does not know if it came from sodium fluoride or calcium fluoride or another fluoride compound (in the inorganic form, of course). Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate. Incidentally, tests that are taken to measure the concentration ...

Accelerometers are used in automobiles to detect rapid collisions and have the ability to sustain a wide range of shock necessary for air bag deployment systems. The choice of accelerometers is founded on a number of factors including size, resistance to noise and temperature variations, and the response mechanism. Airbags is a safety device mounted in vehicles and consists of a flexible envelope that guards occupants from striking internal objects. Various components are necessary for an airbag system. Accelerometers, gyroscopes, impact sensors among others are just a few used to detect an impact from a collision. The signal in the sensing system should reach a threshold ...

Unconventional computer

Recently, there has been a growing interest into the development of hybrid wetware silicon devices focused on its applications in non-linear media computing and more specifically in cultured neurons. The objective of this research is to exploit the partially understood operations of vitro –neural networks to carry out more advanced computations effectively as compared to traditional architecture in order to facilitate the understanding of how the nervous system works. The outcomes of this study have come with it the increase in machines that have improved capability of cell culturing, wetware silicon interfacing as well as neurobiology. Medically these systems have ...

Question 1.Protein Purification

(a) The peptide Lys-Gly-Ala-Glu is stored in a buffer of pH 6.0. Using chemical reasoning predict the migration direction (anodal, cathode or stationary) of the peptide at pH 6.0 based on your understanding of the nature of the constituent amino acids in the tetra peptide.

Figure 1.

In electrophoresis, amino acids that are negatively charged migrate toward the positively charged anode and vice versa. This means that amino acids move towards the anode at a high pH value and move toward the cathode at a lower pH value. The amino acids would not move or migrate when the pH value of the solution within which ...

Introduction

Wearable Electroencephalography is the resultant evolution of ambulatory Electroencephalogram EEG. Whereby, it is a typical noninvasive technique for taking measurements of brainwaves of a person. The technique is applied in diagnosis related to sleep disorder, epilepsy, and brain computer interfaces. It is made possible by placing the electrodes on the scalp whereby it senses the microvolt signals generated from neuronal activity that is being synchronized in the brain. The ambulatory EEG is bulky whereas the wearable Electroencephalography is small and can be worn on the head. In this paper we are going to focus on the wearable EEG technology unearthing ...

Lab Memo: Cyclic Voltammetry: Identification and Quantification of Unknown Concentrations of Substituted Benzoquinones

1.Introduction

Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measures the redox behavior of electeroactive species and is useful for a whole spectrum of molecules in inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemisty as well as organic chemistry. A voltammogram is the readout of the energy scan which can be used to determine unknown concentrations. Voltammogram wave shape is very different than in spectrometry and chromatography. The wave is triangular in shape because the y-axis describes the shift in the potential which is the voltage of a working electrode versus a reference electrode. The x axis describes duration in seconds. (Kissinger and Heineman).

Two samples each with an unknown concentration of benzoquinones were analyzed with the instrument, BASi Epsilon-EC.

2. Qualitative Determination of Unknown Samples ...

“Lincoln Electric Company has a mission of attaining and preserving international competence as a supplier of superior equipments and products with the highest quality (lincolnelectric).” The origin of the company is in Cleveland, Ohio, where the owner Mr. Lincoln began operations in 1895 making and distributing electrodes and welding equipment (Hastings, 1999). The founder invested a capital of $200 and from that it has managed to grow over the years into being the largest manufacturer of welding machines and electrodes employing over 8000 people. Even though it started operations in an economy that was in a depression and with many competitors, it has ...

Abstract

Lemons have a lot of electrolytes, in form of citric acid. This acid assists in breaking down the atomic configuration of the copper and zinc plates that is placed in the lemon during such an experiment. Once the copper and zinc has been broken down, electrons are liberated. The copper and zinc then become electrodes. Electrodes permit the electrons to flow liberally through them. These free electrons habitually flow from negative electrode to positive one. In this experiment the copper is the positive electrode and the zinc is the negative. The movement of these electrons are computed in the lighting ...