Essays on Protein

Executive Summary

Athletic drink market is continuously growing. Currently, this market is worth $7 billion, and it is expected to grow into a $20 billion market by 2020. The products available in the market are of “one size fits all” type with Pepsi and Coca-Cola dominating the market share. Since the nutritional requirements vary from one person to another on the basis of size, weight, height and type of sports, the “one size fits all” type of products fail to fulfill all the bodily needs of a sports person. Customade is a product that has been designed to provide customized nutrition Continue reading...

Protein synthesis is the process through which the biological cells produce new protein molecules. The process helps in balancing the cellular proteins that are lost through export or degradation. The synthesis of proteins occurs through a series of processes known as translation where the ribosomes are the organelles that are involved in the creation of proteins. Translation is a part of gene expression using the messenger RNA or mRNA that is produced through transcription of the DNA molecule. The produced mRNA is then decoded to produce a chain of specific amino acids using the ribosome complex. The amino acid Continue reading...

A 36-year-old woman is married and has two adopted children. She is diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and she will soon have to go on dialysis or consent to a renal transplant.
1. What additional data should the nurse collect to help the patient make the best decision for herself?
The nurse would need to collect previous health records of the patient. Gathering information on the cause of kidney failure and the medications used would help the nurse analyze the health issue in a precise manner. Gathering information on the patient’s psychological health and family would help Continue reading...

Marketing Plan for Coca Cola plus protein

INTRODUCTION
Coca Cola is one of the biggest players of carbonated and non carbonated soft drink market in the world. It is one of the most valuable and iconic brands in the world; Forbes has listed Coca Cola as the world’s third most valuable brand (World’s Most Valuable Brands, 2014). It is one of those companies that invest heavily in its marketing initiatives. In 2013, the marketing spend of the company stood at $4 billion (Team Trevis, 2014). Coca Cola is a market leader of the soft drinks market and has a brand portfolio that included drinks Continue reading...

Scientists have found metallopolymers. Metallopolymers are used to make strains vulnerable to antibiotics. Previously, bacteria were resistant to these antibiotics. Tang and his colleagues noted that a significant fraction of infection is caused by bacteria such as MRSA. MRSA is spread through contaminated hands. The presence of MRSA in the body causes pneumonia and deters treatment by traditional antibiotic such as penicillin when they produce enzymes. Although much effort has been made to inactivate this enzyme, a successful resolution has not been reached. In the process of coming up with a better alternative, Tang’s team tested a recently Continue reading...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways Continue reading...

This paper considers the ecological relationships among organisms in two paintings. While the obvious, mutualistic situations jump out immediately, consideration is given to the potential for other symbiotic types of co-existence. The possibilities are endless. This is not so much because of what is in the paintings, but because of what is missing.
What is most amazing about the presence of living things on Earth is the way they depend on and impact one another. If it were possible to use a string to connect living things to one another (based on how they directly or indirectly affect one Continue reading...

Introduction

Genetics is an evolving field in modern day science that has been drawing attention and funding in abundance. Various healthcare professionals have varying degrees of knowledge on modern day genetics and its applications. Nurses are also required to possess knowledge on genetics, as well as a good practice on ethics pertaining to genetics. However it is still not an area where everybody is comfortable to handle (American Nurses Association, 2001). Since the completion of genome project in 2003, there is a great interest towards the applications of genetic engineering technology in healthcare. Genetic screening for diseases such as diabetes Continue reading...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) or dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) is one of the most common pathologies of the central nervous system and psyche. It usually affects persons in the old age and today an estimated of 500,000 Canadians suffer from Alzheimer’s or related dementia, over 70,000 being under 65 and 50,000 under 60. Neurodegenerative process is accompanied by progressive loss of memory and cognitive abilities decline. AD inevitably leads to death of the patient, and there are still no drugs to prevent or cure this disease. Incidence increases parallel with an increase in life expectancy. Continue reading...

Re-uptake involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by any of the neurotransmitter receptors or transporters. The transporters involved are usually of pre-synaptic neurons. Re-uptake occurs after the neurotransmitter has transmitted a neural impulse. Re-uptake is very crucial in order for the normal functioning of synapses to take place. This is because it allows the neurotransmitters to be recycled, thereby regulating their levels in the synapse. This in turn dictates the length of time it takes for a signal - generated by neurotransmitter release - to last. Neurotransmitters are usually large hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the neuronal membranes. For Continue reading...

While euthanasia has been widely practice even in the ancient times, opposition against mercy killing still continues until today. Saint Thomas Aquinas is one of the most vocal figures during the earliest times who believed in the sanctity of life. In fact, the saint argued that euthanasia violates the natural laws of life--survival. The ethical and moral beliefs of those countries and states in the US that openly practice euthanasia at present is founded on the basic tenet that suffering among living things whether humans or animals should not be tolerated.
However, before discussing whether euthanasia is morally good Continue reading...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as Continue reading...

- The stromal cells that are found in the developing gonads of tetrapods begin from the medulla from the peritoneal wall and the cortex from inter-renal blastema or mesonephric. Hence the gonads have a dual origin.
- Spermatogenesis occurs in a syncytial complex because it involves the formation of sperm from undifferentiated cells that are first attached to rachis. Syncytial cell complex or syncytium result when cells with single nuclei fuse to for a cell with nucleus. Syncytial cell complex is vital in oogenesis in that it assists in the differentiation of cells. One other developmental model is vitellogenesis.
Continue reading...

Introduction

Most of the world’s chronic diseases are preventable by long term dietary behavior. Out of the ten major causes of deaths for Americans, diet is a contributing factor to at least five of them. These diseases are such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. A report by the Joint World Health Organization on diet made in 2003 revealed that, most of the world’s chronic diseases can be prevented by regular physical exercise and maintenance of a healthy weight. This finding is valid up to date. According to this report, a person’s genome determined their susceptibility to Continue reading...

Exam III Due: Friday March 21st, 2014

Total Points: 100
Since this is a take home exam, you may use notes/references.
Cardiovascular & Congestive Heart Failure (Total points: 58)
- Which lipoprotein normally returns most of the cholesterol to the liver for disposal? (2pt)

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is involved in eliminating excess cholesterol via the liver.

- Which nutritional factors contribute significantly to the rise of total serum cholesterol over time? (4pts)
- Dietary cholesterol
- Total fat
- Saturated fat
- Trans fat
- Excess calories
- Omega-6:
- Omega-3:

Seafood

Meat
- What is C-reactive protein and how does it relate to cardiovascular disease? (4pts)
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein that can be measured in your blood. Continue reading...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the Continue reading...

Alzheimer’s is a condition that affects the brain. It leads to damage of brain cells. This condition progresses, and it leads to memory impairment. Scientists believe that this condition results because of an accumulation of beta amyloid protein. This protein leads to death of the nerve cells. The condition mostly affects people above the age of 65. This condition is not a normal part of ageing.

Causes of Alzheimer’s disease

Age is the largest contributing factor to developing Alzheimer’s condition. As the age of the person increases, the chances of a person developing the condition increase. Other risks factors of Alzheimer’ Continue reading...

Specific Aims

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encodes a DNA-editing deaminase, which is a group of the Cytidine Deaminase family (Bello). This protein is concerned in somatic gene conversion, hypermutation, and class-switch recombination of Ig (immunoglobulin genes). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been expressed in B cells at germinal center and starts the events, which lead to class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes and somatic hypermutation. Additionally to this primary responsibility in immune diversification, deviant targeting of Activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity leads to translocations and point mutations of oncogenes linked with B-cell lymphoma. Lately, AID has been related in active DNA demethylation ( Continue reading...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by Continue reading...

Pasteurization is a process that involves heating of raw milk to a certain temperature within a given set of time. This process kills harmful bacteria found in unpasteurized milk, for example, Salmonella, Listeria and E coli responsible for food borne illnesses. These bacterial organisms are responsible for human diseases such as Typhoid, diphtheria, Listeriosis and tuberculosis. The process was first initiated by Louis Pasteur in the year 1864. Pasteurized milk can stay for a certain period without refrigeration. However, refrigeration especially after opening the seal, is still necessary because of some nonpathogenic bacteria that because food spoilage and is Continue reading...

Introduction

Irritant contact dermatitis results from the exposure of the skin to irritants. The function of the skin is to protect an individual from dehydration, irradiation, mechanical trauma and direct exposure to harmful sensitizing irritant chemicals (Johansen, Frosch and Lepoittevin, 2010). Perturbation of the skin barrier may lead to development of irritant contact dermatitis. Jack’s line of work, which deals with using abrasive solvents and chemical are a cause of the irritation he is experiencing. A small perturbation of the skin might have resulted to an entry of an irritant, which further impaired the skin causing an increase in Continue reading...

Consumption of 17g of arginine for two weeks has been found to enhance collagen production, according to a recent study (Crowe & Brockbank, 2009). But, what is a wound? Brown (2013) suggests that wounds are injuries on tissues or the skin, and are prominent in bony areas. Various factors contribute to the development of wounds, but this paper will evaluate the role of calorie malnutrition. This paper examines how high calorie diet promotes wound healing.
Enteral and oral nutritional support is of vital significance according to Crowe and Brockbank (2009). A randomized study that was centered on arginine analyzed how Continue reading...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent Continue reading...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids Continue reading...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to Continue reading...

Aim: To separate Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) using poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Introduction: Bioluminescence observed in many marine organisms is due to a protein called as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Since its discovery, GFP has been useful in biotechnology due to its versatility and ease of transformation in E. coli (Chalfie et al., 1994). GFP is a 26.87 kilodaltons (kD) protein composed of 239 amino acids. It has a barrel structure with a fluorescent chromophore embedded deep in the interior of the protein. The chromophores in GFP are excited at a wavelength of 395 nm, and when the electrons of chromophores drop to a lower energy state they emit fluorescent light Continue reading...

Abstract

Enzymes are the large biological molecules that play the role of metabolic processes responsible for maintaining the human life. They have the ability of high selectivity, as natural catalysts. They accelerate both the specifity and rate of metabolic processes, from food digestion and DNA synthesis. Most scientific enzymes are proteins in nature, even though some RNA molecules which are catalytic have been studied. The structures of enzymes normally adopt a three dimensional structure, and in order to assists in catalysis, it may employ the organic and inorganic forms. This experiment is meant to describe the properties and characteristics of Continue reading...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the Continue reading...

Connective tissue growth factor induces collagen I expression in human lung fibroblasts through the Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1 pathway

Many lung inflammatory diseases present pulmonary fibrosis as one of the symptoms, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chronic coughing and discomfort in the chest. It causes modifications of the lung tissues due to overgrowth, hardening and scarring. This occurs mainly due to deposition of collagen, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, whose turnover is regulated by fibroblast. Fibroblast is an important cell regulator that is enlisted by a site of injury. This process is driven by release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8/CXCL8.
Previously, fibroblast was thought to express no or very Continue reading...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly Continue reading...

Introduction

Modifying the genetic make-up of food is a concept which has been around for centuries. Farmers have successfully improved food supply through cross-breeding different plant and animal varieties to develop organisms that yield more, taste better and tolerate harsh conditions. In modern times, this has not always been welcome. The Pure Food Campaign (PFC) was established in 1992 as a coalition of restaurateurs, farmers, animal welfare, environmental and consumer groups opposed to genetic engineered food. Around the same time, the U.S. Agriculture Department stated that it would not regulate production and shipping of Flavr Savr, which is a genetically Continue reading...

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid

Water represents 60% of body weight in males and 50% in females. However, this water contains a lot of soluble substances. The total body water in the body is divided into intracellular and extracellular.
Intracellular fluid is the liquid contained inside the cell membrane. It comprises of approximately 25-40 litres of fluid.
Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all the fluid present outside the cells. The total amount of ECF is approximately 14 litres in a 70 kg person. Depending upon the location in the body, ECF is divided into the interstitial fluid, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid Continue reading...

Introduction

Is the fish population close to extinction? This could be addressed by taking a look at the present trend in the marine and aquatic population. The marine and aquatic habitat house more population and species than the terrestrial. The researches have proved, and made it obvious by the fact that water bodies take up 70 percent of the earth surface. Fishes are the most common species in the aquatic and marine habitat. There are various types of fishes, and each species is important in the food chain. In fact, the depletion of one species can create incredible consequence and Continue reading...

There are more than 5000 genetic disorders up to date. These genetic disorders are most evident at birth or during the onset of early childhood. This results to admission in different programs in rehabilitation centers, school programs in order to help the victims affected by such conditions. These disorders can primarily affect the body system, muscles and the respiratory system.
One such disorder is the Rett syndrome. Rett Syndrome is a phenotypically distinct progressive X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females (Volkmar et al, 2007). There are different types of Rett syndrome. These include the classical Rett syndrome, provisional Continue reading...

Discuss the relationship between the cognitive and the biological features of Alzheimer's disease

In order to know the relationship between the cognitive and the biological features of Alzheimer’s disease, it is very important to know the definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer is defined as the developed form of dementia that usually begins at the age of 40 years onwards. It usually begins when a person has problems speaking and remembering things and eventually the patients becomes very helpless and dies (Jon et al., 2013). According to its history, in 1906 the first person to talk about this disease was Alois Alzheimer. Following his discovery, the disease was later named after Continue reading...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions.
It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection
The disease is Continue reading...

Recorded intake of macronutrient. Based on my daily intake of recorded foods, foods that provided proteins include chicken, beans, dairy (including yoghurt and milk), egg, bread etc. Carbohydrates were provided by bread, pasta, cereal, dairy, beans and fruits. Lipids or fats were provided by chicken and dairy, eggs and the oil that was used in preparation of food.
Based on the three day recorded protein intake the amount of carbohydrate and protein (approximately 55 gm protein and approximately 180-200 gm carbohydrates) compared well with the recommended dietary reference intake for an adult. However the level of lipids or fats Continue reading...

Breast cancer can be referred to as a cancer type that originates from breast tissue, mostly from the milk ducts’ inner lining or the lobules, which supply the ducts with milk (Sariego, 2010). Cancers arising from ducts are called ductal carcinomas, as those from lobules are called lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer affects humans, as well as other mammals. Breast cancer also affects in men.
Breast cancer occurs due to an environmental factor’s interaction with a host that is genetically susceptible. Normal cells undergo division as many times as required and stop. They get attached to other cells where Continue reading...

Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal system, which is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the associated accessory organs.The process of digestion occurs through six steps, namely ingestion, secretion, mixing,digestion, absorption and defecation. (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).

Anatomy of the digestive system

The GI tract or the alimentary canal is a long winding tube that measures approximately 30 feet (9 meters) in length. The mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus make up the GI tract.The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas and the liver make up the associated accessory organs (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).
The mouth. The mouth starts with the Continue reading...

CONTENT REVIEW ON CHILDREN NUTRITION
CONTENT REVIEW ON CHILDREN NUTRITION
- Drawing on your Learning Resources this week, briefly explain at least three ways in which poor nutrition puts children's health at risk. Then select three of the following nutritional factors: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, or any of the specific vitamins or minerals described in your text in Section 6.4. Explain how each of the factors you chose affects children's health and development.
Children are affected negatively by poor nutrition in many ways. Poor diet has the following consequences on children’s health. First it can be cause of Continue reading...