Essays on Syndrome

Introduction

Architecture is very significant in people’s life. Hence, every building should be created correctly. The point is that people face buildings every day: we lie in houses created by architectures; we work in offices created by them as well; we shop in malls projected by architectures. However, some architectures do not strive to build correctly. Although, there is no clear cause for it, but there are many cases when “badly built” buildings cause different diseases. Doctors call it sick building syndrome. This research is devoted to the issue of sick buildings and the syndrome they cause. The peculiarity ...

American Military University

Introduction Korsakoff’s Syndrome is reflected by impaired memory processes. Both existing memories and new formations are affected by this syndrome. Not all memory processes work in the same way. Throughout this paper, it shall be explored and discussed the different types of memory processes that are mostly affected by this syndrome. We will evaluate some researches done on Implicit, Explicit and Contextual memory recollections to find out which of these is the most affected by this syndrome. Furthermore, in order to understand how Korsakoff's Syndrome works we shall also look at the history of the condition starting ...

Every child everywhere has the right to live, grow, learn, and lead a normal life. Children with disabilities the most vulnerable and discriminated against groups in the world. The stigma associated with disability places the children at a great disadvantage as they get isolated at home, abandoned in institutions, and robbed of the chance to attain quality schooling. Children with disabilities are often stowed away from the public eye as family members consider them a source of embarrassment. Regardless of any disability, all children have a right to reach their full potential. At a young age, learning and teaching of the disabled and normal ...

I.Introduction

Down syndrome or Trisomia 21 is the most common chromosomal condition in U.S, one in every 691 babies in the U.S are born with it (NDSS). More than 400 thousand people live with it in U.S (NDSS). Risk of giving birth to a baby with the Down syndrome increases with age. If for mothers under 30 Down's Syndrome Risk is less than 1 in 1 000, for mothers aged 35, 42 and 49 the risk increases to 1 in 400, 1 in 60 and 1 in 12 respectively (TheSpecialLife.com). At the same time, over 80% of ...

What is Down syndrome?

Down syndrome also known as Trisomy 21 is a chromosomal condition where a person possesses extra genetic material that is: an extra complete or fractional duplicate of chromosome 21. It is one of the most common birth defects. It affects 1 in 800 to 1 in 1000 live born infants. Close to half of all affected children develop heart defects right from birth (Goldstein 71).

Causes

Down syndrome is typically caused by non-disjunction; when one of the three types of abnormal cell division involving chromosome 21 occurs. Non-disjunction occurs when a pair of chromosomes fails to detach during sperm or egg formation. After ...

Introduction

Down syndrome also referred to as trisomy 21 is a genetic abnormality that is associated with a chromosomal condition characterized by the availability of a third chromosome 21 copy either in part or fully . The disorder is usually manifested by slow cognitive capabilities, slight to moderate intellectual debility, hypotonia in infancy and weak muscle tenor. . Physical characteristics encompass distinctive facial characteristics such as a flat facial outline, eyes slanting upwards, macroglossia, epicanthic eyelids, flat nasal bridge, small limbs, petite body frame, palmer crease, microgenia and smaller heads compared to the body frame . The slow cognitive capabilities are usually manifested by a major delay ...

Introduction

Down syndrome is one of the most common inherited syndromes, which causes intellectual disability. According to Selikowitz (2008), the disorder mostly affects males more than females and is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder. Incident rates range from 1 in 600 to1 in 1000 live births. For older mothers, incidence rates may be higher because of errors in reproductive cell division, which is caused by old age of egg cells. Down syndrome is a condition that develops at birth because of the abnormal development of the fetus. Misconceptions have arisen because of Down syndrome and people still try to understand what ...

1.0 Introduction Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two). Although the actual cause of Down syndrome remains unknown, several risk factors increase the chances of a baby being born with the disorders. The primary risk factor, is the maternal, with about 80% of the cases of Down syndrome occurring in babies born by women above the age of 35. Other risk factors are genetic predisposition (indicated by siblings, another baby or parent with Down syndrome), immunologic problems, hormonal abnormalities, viral infection or x-rays. The risk ...

Abstract

Statistics have confirmed that children with Down syndrome are at a higher risk of suffering from obesity. The understanding of some of the risk factors that can increase obese cases among Down syndrome children is therefore vital among primary caregivers. The adoption of an effective and early management and screening mechanisms addressing diabetes risk facts will be of critical importance in reducing excessive weight gain among children suffering from Down syndrome. The adoption of reliable and sustainable strategies will also be of essence in dealing with negative psychological and physiological outcomes associated with obese. Modern scientists and health care ...

Introduction

Human beings have a certain threshold within which they can withstand stressful and traumatic situations. When this threshold is surpassed, then they develop psychiatric conditions. Post traumatic syndrome is one of the resultant problems in this case. In light of current research, physical abuse, emotional problems, child abuse, environmental toxins, extended combat and terrorism are some of the main causes of this syndrome. Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a recurrent disorder. This is a syndrome that people develop after experiencing aberrantly distressing, traumatic and threatening events. This is a psychological issue that has been present in the world for a long time. Psychiatrists ...

Jane is a thirty seven year old woman working as a Nurse. Jane has been working in a fast paced technical department of a hospital for over 15 years in a role that requires a very high degree of repetitive hand finger manipulation, and fine manual dexterity. Her roles include application of digital pressure to prevent blood hemorrhage, and complex canulation procedures (RBI, para 5). Jane has no underlying medical conditions. A general practitioner has already diagnosed Jane with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and the line manager has referred Jane to the occupational safety department to modify her work procedures as a treatment option (RBI, para ...

Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder. According to NSGC (para.1), the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the human body is made of cells whose nucleus have chromosomes that contain the DNA that carries traits. Each Nucleus normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes; down syndrome occurs when an individual ends up with an excess of chromosome 21, full or partial. When this chromosomal abnormality due to the extra chromosome occurs, a child is born exhibiting traits characteristic of down syndrome. Many children are born with Down syndrome, since it the most common genetic disorder. Due to progress in medical technology and research, ...

Proteus syndrome

Proteus syndrome Today Proteus syndrome is considered a very rare genetic disease that is accompanied by an unnatural growth of bones, muscles and connective tissues. It is often accompanied by tumors of individual body parts. Unfortunately, diagnosis and treatment of such disease is very difficult and not always a possible process. Modern medicine knows only that Proteus syndrome is a hereditary disease and is associated with a mutation of genes. However, the mechanism of occurrence of such changes is not yet fully understood. This disease was first described in 1979. It was that time when Michael Cohen found about 200 cases of ...

Current reports indicate that, in every 9-10000 births worldwide, at least one or two births are CHARGE defects. Babies born with this syndrome are often faced with life threatening defects, which include complex heart issues, and difficulties in breathing, which makes them, spend many months in hospitals undergoing surgeries and treatments. CHARGE is an acronym for Coloboma, which refers to the eye, Atresia or Choanal, Retardation of growth and development, Genital anomaly and Ear anomaly. Vast majorities of CHARGE syndrome cases do not have any historical trace or any similar condition in the family (Deuce et al, 2012). This ...

There are more than 5000 genetic disorders up to date. These genetic disorders are most evident at birth or during the onset of early childhood. This results to admission in different programs in rehabilitation centers, school programs in order to help the victims affected by such conditions. These disorders can primarily affect the body system, muscles and the respiratory system. One such disorder is the Rett syndrome. Rett Syndrome is a phenotypically distinct progressive X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females (Volkmar et al, 2007). There are different types of Rett syndrome. These include the classical Rett syndrome, provisional ...

!Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and mainly caused due to heterozygous mutations in fibrillin-1 encoding gene. This syndrome was described by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan in the year 1896. This disorder involves skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular systems, dura, lungs and integument. The manifestations observed are aortic aneurysm, dislocation of ocular lens, over growth of long bone. Most of the cases are due to FBN1 mutations. This syndrome affects 1 in 3000-5000 and one-fourth of the cases are sporadic. Diagnosis of this syndrome is often challenging since it is age-dependent and frequent in all types of populations, ...

Book review: Asperger syndrome and adolescence

Bolick in her book, Asperger syndrome and adolescence, discusses the various challenges that the teenagers especially students experience during adolescence. Her main focus is on to the teenagers who suffer from Asperger syndrome and as well as sustain through the changes of puberty in the institutional environment. In most teenagers, Aspies begin to take more control of their personality traits in the period of adolescence (Bolick, 2004). The teenagers affected by this syndrome will desire social interactions and yet feel secluded than ever. This is for the main reason that the teenagers experience mood swings caused by the quick, ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

Imagine having a 50% chance of congenital heart disease; of being infertile and unable to have children. Think about having a statistically greater chance of acquiring a plethora of conditions, including epilepsy, leukemia and hearing loss. These are the everyday conditions of a select group of people who have been born with Down's Syndrome. This genetic condition is currently the most recognizable type of mental disability known to man, and is present in millions of individuals throughout the world. In this presentation, we will examine the symptoms of Down's syndrome, as well as the research into its management and treatment.

Opitz, in the ...

Executive Summary

“Be Different: My Adventures with Asperger's and My Advice for Fellow Aspergians, Misfits, Families, and Teachers”, is written by John Elder Robison. This is a bestselling memoir of the author, who was born with Asperger, when there was no mechanism to diagnose this condition. By that time he got to know about this condition, he had developed some unique strategies to deal with this condition. He identified his strengths and turned them into opportunities for himself. This book is unique in a way because it has been developed with a positive thought. It does not consider this syndrome as a burden, but recognizes ...

Scimitar syndrome

Scimitar syndrome is a very rare congenital heart disease. It is also referred to as phylogenetic lung syndrome, pulmonary venolobar, mirror-image lung syndrome, vena cava bronchovascular syndrome, Halasz’s syndrome and, epibronchial right pulmonary artery syndrome .This disease is characterized by anomalous right pulmonary venous return into the inferior vena cava. Normally, the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the left chamber of the heart that is then pumped to the systemic circulation. However in this case, there is shunting of blood back to the inferior vena cava through an anomalous vein. This vein connects the pulmonary venous circulation ...

“Before you assume, learn the facts. Before you judge, understand why. Before you hurt someone, feel. Before you speak, think.” -J. Johnson Autism comes from the Greek word ‘autos’ which means ‘self’ in English. Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist first coined this ‘autism’ a term for describing patient who are suffering from schizophrenia and exhibits a different way of thinking. It is said that this kind of thinking is viewed as autistic thinking whereas an individual bearing this kind of thought believes that the universe turns only around oneself, and the remaining effects of the external world will not have ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion. There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

Literature Review

Physicians always encounter innumerable number of patients with chest pains every day. The cause of these chest pains cannot always be pinpointed to a single health factor. However, veritably a good percentage of these chest pain cases are traced to a wide range of heart diseases. Acute Coronary Syndrome is one such heart disease that has been found to be a possible causation of the chest pains that are incessantly encountered by physicians. Commonly abbreviated as ACS, Acute Coronary Syndrome results in the blockage of some parts or the heart’s entire coronary arteries.

Definition

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a cardiac condition with an ...

Description of Down syndrome

Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by mental retardation mostly caused by trisomy 21 (three sets of chromosomes instead of a pair) which is present in 95% of persons with Down syndrome. A combination of normal diploid and trisomy 21 cell known as mosaicism occurs in 2% while 3% have a Robertsonian translocation whereby all or part of an extra chromosome 21 is joined to another chromosome. Majority of the chromosome-21 translocations occur sporadically but some are inherited from a parent with the parent with the defective chromosome. The occurrence of trisomy 21 is due to a meiotic error in ...

Definition and Causation of Edward’s Syndrome

Edwards’s syndrome is a condition and severe genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal defect. The syndrome occurs in approximately 1out of every 6,000 live born infant (Trisomy 18 Foundation, 2010). A human bring is supposed to have 46 chromosomes, of which, 23 are obtained from the mother while the other 23 are obtained from the father. With in mind that conception is usually the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and ovum), in case of an error in the formation of any of the two gametes, there is a high prospect that the baby formed from such gametes will ...

Introduction

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a condition whereby one experiences swelling, stiffness, discoloration, and excruciating pain. It can arise due to use of certain drugs or due to certain diseases. A more scientifically acceptable name is complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I). CRPS type-I has an initiating event such as a fracture. With CRPS type-I, the pain is continuous and unrelated to the original injury. Edema, changes of the skin color and sweating in the area of pain characterize CRPS type-I. CRPS type-II, or causalgia, arises due to a peripheral nerve injury while CRPS type-I arises due to the non-existence of a ...

Crouzon disease is a genetic syndrome characterized by premature obliteration and ossification of two or more sutures of the skull [most often the saggital and coronal sutures], exophthalmoses and mid-facial hypoplasia, resulting in a craniofacial dysostosis. It is often called a craniostenosis. (Mary, Kugler) The type of stenosis is determined by the sutures which are obliterated. Types include scaphocephaly in which the head looks like a boat, oxycephaly in which the top of the head is pointed, wedge-shaped skull and oblique types have been documented in literature. (Lukasz, Mutusiak) Crouzon's disease is a rare disease that affects 1 in 25000 live births worldwide ...

Introduction

In the United States alone, statistics show that one in every four women experience domestic violence (NCADV, n.d.). The National Coalition against Domestic Violence (NCADV) reported that around 1.3 million women in the US have been victimized and subjected to physical assault by their partners. Although domestic violence affects both men and women, NCADV reiterated that 85 percent – the majority – of all victims are women. Other alarming facts about domestic violence is that in most cases, women do not report these violent incidents to the police due to fear. Moreover, in families, children witness violence between their parents, which ...

Abstract

Alcohol is used by millions of people on a daily basis. The consequences of chronic alcohol abuse on the individual are many such as, memory deficits, neuropathy, heart, and liver damage. However, even minute amounts when drank during pregnancy can have effects on the mother in the long term as well as more dire consequences on the developing fetus that can lead to a lifetime of deficits. Alcohol is a teratogen that crosses the placenta. Doctors cannot determine the exact reason why certain infants of mothers that drink develop dysmorphic and neurobehavioral changes but the fact is, is that fetal alcohol syndrome ...

Introduction

Rape is an act of violence against the will of the victim. It is defined as “forcing the victim to submit to genital, anal and/or oral sexual acts (SECASA, 2012).” The attacker uses physical force, intimidation and threats to control the situation. The victim fears for her life and obeys the commands of the attacker, as her survival depends on the submission and compliance to the demands of the offender. Rape is an arbitrary event in the lifestyle of the victim. It’s unpredictable, sudden, and unexpected (SECASA, 2012). It is a tragic experience that comes with a devastating burden of ...

Introduction

This study was conducted by Frenkel S. and B. Bourdin. They carried out this research to assess the various memory sytems (short term) from a developmental view of patients of Down’s syndrome (DS). The study compared the patients’ performance to those of normal individuals of similar mental age. Down’s syndrome is the most common cause of Intellectual Disability (ID). Down’s syndrome, also named Trisomy 21, is a genetic condition which is caused by the partial or full presence of an additional 21st chromosome (Frenkel and Bourdin, 2009). The extra chromosomal material delays the development of a child physically and ...

I will rely on 22-2403 regarding second-degree murder I will also rely on the evidence presented by an expert in Battered woman syndrome, Mrs. Dominique Stephens and a doctor, Sidney, who works at the emergency services. Mrs. Dominique’s evidence will show that she has been suffering from battered woman syndrome. The expert witness in battered woman syndrome will corroborate Dominique’s evidence and proof that she was suffering from the syndrome at the time when she shot her husband. The expert studied the defendant for one month and affirmed that she is suffering from battered woman syndrome. His ...

People use swearwords as adjectives, adverbs, nouns, interjections, or verbs especially when one feels uncomfortable about a situation. Among the cusswords that can be used in various forms is the word “fuck”. For instance, the verb to “fuck” can be used intransitively or transitively and in such cases the word may appear compound such as “fuck-off”, “fucked-up”, ”fuck-you”, "you fucker", and ”fuck-with”. Basically, swearing exposes a person’s emotion regarding what one is saying. Some of the common phrases that people use to express themselves include “I don’t give a fuck” where the “F” word replaces the word “damn” meaning that ...

1.0 Background Information on SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged febrile lower respiratory viral disease that has been described in Asia, Europe, North America and recently Middle East. The disease was first reported in Asia, specifically in Guangdong Province of Southern China, in late 2002. It then spread to Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, Canada, Taiwan, Thailand, Canada, the U.K, U.S and Slovenia at an unprecedented rate, so that in a period of weeks it had spread to 37 countries and was thus a pandemic of global concern in 2003. SARS is reported to be the first global ...

Aspeprger’s Syndrome: a literature review

The article entitled Conversational behaviour of children with Asperger Syndrome and conduct disorder carried out by Catherine Adams et al. (2002) discusses how communication is one of the greatest issues facing children with Asperger Syndrome as well as those around them such as their family and teachers. The study’s rationale discusses how Asperger Syndrome has evolved with time due to our understanding of it and how originally, it was seen as being a personality deviation in late childhood and adolescence “marked by social gaucheness, clumsiness and eccentric interests” (Adams et al, 2002, p679). When compared with our understanding of ...

Abstract

Applied Behavior Analysis has proven to be an excellent method of changing and shaping maladaptive behaviors and developing more appropriate behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asperger’s Syndrome is considered part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder as described in the DSM V. However, children with Asperger’s Syndrome exhibit higher cognitive levels of functioning and awareness of social situations than many other children with more severe Autism. Is Applied Behavior Analysis and appropriate intervention in introducing social and other behavior skills appropriate for children with Asperger’s Syndrome?

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disorder that affects approximately ...

Implications of an Ethical Issue-Abortion

Introduction In one’s day to day life, decisions are made. These can be minor decisions like what to wear or major decision that has an impact on their life and that of others. When making these decisions people base their answers on a variety of understandings. Some of the basis of decisions includes morality or ethics from a Christian perspective. These two bases guide one in what is right and what is wrong using principles and beliefs previously formed. Abortion is one critical decision that can be supported and condemned using moral and ethical set standards.

Ethical dilemma is a ...

A Summary of “Childhood Physical Abuse is Associated with Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Mid-Life Women”

A Summary of “Childhood Physical Abuse is Associated with Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Mid-Life Women” Finding the effects of childhood abuse is one of the most important aspects of psychology. The article “Childhood Physical Abuse is Associated with Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Mid-Life Women”, by Midei, Matthews, Chang and Bromberger, aims to test the association between childhood abuse and Incident Metabolic Syndrome in mid-life women. This study was conducted on participants that enrolled in the Mental Health Study at the Pittsburg Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation site; they had to be women between 42 and ...

synopsis of the content and rationale of the work The increased attention of anthropological and archeological research towards PalePathological studies has significantly lowered the focus and examination of various skeletal samples as well as to evaluate the presence of numerous diseases that afflicted ancient populations. This papers analysis an interesting syndrome that was observed in the skeletal: Overgrowth Syndrome.

Background training of authors

Paleo Pathologists A tall skeleton was discovered during an excavation exercise that took place in the administrative centre of Roman territorial section of Fidenae. This is a location that is approximately 7km north of Rome along the Via Salaria. ...

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a collective name given to physical and mental birth defects that are as a result of alcohol intake during pregnancy (Pytkowicz 32). Pregnancy is taken as an immensely precarious time for both the mother and the child. Although not harmful when taken in reasonable amounts, alcohol consumption is not advised during pregnancy. This depressant is taken for various beneficial reasons including relaxation and more importantly digestion. Nonetheless, alcohol has very damaging effects if abused, and these effects are exacerbated during pregnancy. The main cause of Fetal alcohol syndrome is alcohol consumption. Apparently, alcohol travels to the ...

Article Review

IBS or commonly referred to as irritable bowel syndrome affects around 20% of the population. The symptoms of this disease are abdominal and intestinal irritants that result from undigested carbohydrates, fats, excess production of bile and inflammation. This alters the mucosal cavity permeability that results in inflammation causing irritation and pain in the intestines. The transit of feces from one part of the intestines to the other is altered making it difficult to maintain a regular discharge routine. The article tries to identify the diagnosis process of the disease, the mechanisms that cause the syndrome, consequences and signs and symptoms ...

The current project is devoted to various aspects of physiological psychology, which have been described by various scholars during the last decades. It will also give various opinions on the same questions regarding the main statements of these aspects. First, in order to have clear understanding of what is going to be discussed, the basic explanation of physiological psychology should be given. Certainly, it is a subdivision of biological psychology or the so-called “behavioral neuroscience”, which studies and researches various neural mechanisms of behavior and perception with the help of various controlled experiments, which include brain studies and manipulations (Pinel, ...

Equal Opportunities

Question one (257 words) Equal opportunity for older people framework document contains distinct provisions that help people understand the care they offer. Precisely, it uses unique terminology to explain the various concepts. For instance, "age discrimination" refers to any action that adversely affects an older person because of their chronological age. However, discrimination can also imply a positive discrimination. Fundamentally, positive discrimination would refer to the action taken to uphold the best interests of the beneficiaries, that is, the older people (Department of Health 2001). Negative discrimination occurs in various levels. Primarily, these include age, monetary capability, fame ...

Abstract

Caffeine is a widely-used drug that modifies the psychological condition of the consumers. At high doses, it causes various caffeine-related symptoms such as agitation, as well as the restless legs syndrome. Since caffeine is a habit forming drug, it allows the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. It also alters sleep patterns in accordance with the consumed daily caffeine dose. Although its arousal of the central nervous system can induce pleasant effects at relatively lower doses, caffeine can impair concentration and attention at increased doses. The present study, therefore, examines the various adverse effects of consuming caffeine at high doses. The ...

Introduction

There are thousands of things in the world that keep people awake at night whether it is a 4th of July firework jubilee or alley cats who will not shut up or arguing neighbors upstairs, these are only some of the things that keep people awake at night. Another thing that have been known to keep people awake at night is sleeping disorders, and it can turn the most studious person into a drowsy pool of lifeless jelly. College students are a fine example of this, most stay up all night studying and getting sleep is usually the last thing on their ...

Scenario

A patient visited the clinic and presented signs of hyperinternal rotation of the femur followed by an acute onset of pain. The patient, who is an athlete, presented with pain deep in the posterior aspect of the hip that radiated into the buttock and down the posterior aspect of the thigh. Piriformis Syndrome is suspected. While Piriformis Syndrome is not commonly-diagnosed due to better diagnostic tests for lumbar nerve root impingement and intervertebral disk disease. However, if the patient is a woman -- especially an athletic one -- this is a possible pathology worth investigating. Piriformis Syndrome, however, still remains undefined ...

Description of Injury and Treatment Plan

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important ligament of the knee in regards to stabilization (Friedberg, 2013). The ACL originates from the later femoral condyle in the distal femur; it traverses in an antero-medial direction to insert onto the antero-medial part of the tibia, in between the condyles. (Friedberg, 2013) The function of the ACL is to resist anterior movement and medial rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur (Markolf, Mensch, & Amstutz, 1976). A Non-contact mechanism of injury involves a running or jumping athlete with a sudden change in direction. A contact mechanism ...

Rain Man

Rain Man is one of the best films ever shot in the history of cinematograph. It is a thought of many people, and I agree with it completely, as the film that changed people’s perception to such problem as autism cannot be treated in another way. Before the film was released in 1988 people knew very little about the problem, many didn’t even know about such disorders at all. Darold Treffert in his review (n.d.) said that the movie did more towards bringing the savant syndrome and autism to public awareness in 101 days, than all the efforts ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010). There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia were ...

Cadburyoma: A chocoholoma syndrome

Maria suffers from a rare syndrome termed Cadburyoma. It is a disease caused by consumtion of cadburo disease. It initially affects the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system of the body. Further on when the disease reaches its peak level, neuronal problems arise. Cadburyoma is seen in both males and females and is more prevalent in urban lifestyle.

History

It was first coined by a Lyndon F, a scientist working in the Ohio state university. He observed that patients with Cadburyoma had various cardiovascular problems. He noticed that these patients suffered from varied ailments in the cardiovascular system which included: arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hematoma, valvulitis and ...

Autism has a long past, but a short history. The story of autism begins with legends and tales of children being left by elves in return for stolen. In real history already in the 18th century medical texts are known, containing descriptions of people who are likely to suffer from autism (although the term was not used yet) – they did not talk, were excessively closed and had unusually good memory. Scientist of the previous centuries who approached the problem of people with autism the most was French explorer J.M. Itar, who described this state on the example of a 12-year-old boy ...

It was originally thought that basal ganglia were responsible for voluntary motor movements, and movement disorders were associated with pathological changes in the basal ganglia. However, it was found that the basal ganglia are associated with different cortexes with distinctive circuits, which are called loops, so a pathological transformation of tissue can manifest as a psychological or motor disorder, depending on the loop affected. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop is a one-way circuit that allows the basal ganglia to receive input from the cortex and send output via the thalamus back to different regions of the cortex. Pathological changes in this loop are ...

The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys; anatomically it is composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex produces the three major steroids 1. Corticosteroids, 2. Mineralocorticoids, and 3. Adrenal androgens. An excess amount of cortisol in the body is known as Cushing’s syndrome; deficiency of cortisol is known as Addison’s disease. Symptoms of Cushing’s include fat redistribution, skin striae, osteoporosis, hypertension, menstrual changes in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and cognitive disturbances. Whatever the cause of Cushing’s syndrome the end result is an increase in cortisol secreted by ...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to be ...

1. Which of the following is an antidote for benzodiazepine overdose or toxicity?a. Buspirone (BuSpar)b. Hydroxyzine (Visteril)c. Flumazenil (Romazicon)d. Naloxone (Narcan)There is one other drug overdose antidote in the above list. Name the drug and its mechanism of action. Flumazenil (Romazicon®) is another drug given to reverse the depressant effects of benzodiazepine and thus useful for overdose treatment. It acts as a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines, having high affinity to GABAA receptors, which is the BZD binding site. This allows it to specifically target benzodiazepine and drugs with similar MOA such as zolpidem, but not other ...

- Sodium imbalance The normal range for serum sodium levels in adults and older children is 137 to 145 millimoles per litre. A person with more than 145 millimoles of sodium per litre is said to have hypernatremia. A person with less than 137 millimoles per liter is said to have hyponatremia. George’s sodium imbalance could be as a result of lung carcinoma which he suffers from. Lung carcinoma is known to cause syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone. This syndrome results in the abnormal secretion of anti-diuretic hormone. The increase in the levels of anti-diuretic hormone ...

Babyface: A Story of Heart and Bones (McDermott 2000) is a mother's personal account on dealing with her baby's birth defect called Apert Syndrome, a craniofacial anomaly. Patients with Apert Syndrome typically have tall or high skulls, bulging eyes with the eyelids abnormally tilted at the sides, sunken middle facial area, and unusual webbing of fingers and toes (Apert Syndrome 2011). As McDermott describes in her book, children with this condition share some similar characteristics with patients suffering from Velocardiofacial Syndrome (VCFS). Similarities include elongated facial features, small nostrils, wide nose, open mouth expression, and cleft palate, among others. Aside from ...

In a legal environment where attorneys formulated a “twinkie defense” to explain hyperglycemic homicide, it is no surprise that battered woman syndrome is a popular legal defense strategy. Domestic violence is a serious societal problem, which is often hidden behind closed doors. (Gillespie 4). When a woman murders her husband because he has been tormenting and abusing her physically and psychologically, defense attorneys often use the “battered woman defense,” which is a legal approach that focuses on emphasizing the woman as a victim who was only guilty of self defense (Wimberly). The condition can be used to help the court better understand the motives and experiences ...

Psychology:

False memories are the events which never happened, or events, remembering which is different from the way happened. The most frequently used paradigm in studying false memories is the paradigm, made by Deese-Roediger-McDermott. According to the typical DRM experiments, where participants were studying some words that were related to the non-presented world. The high level of false memories was demonstrated when the participants, mentioned earlier, were asked to remember and recall the words from the lists. The term of False Memory Syndrome was first created by FMSF, and it was called “a pseudoscientific syndrome which was developed to defend ...