Essays on Anemia

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

There is a rising awareness of the health disparities that exist in the United States (US). Racial and ethnic minority groups in the country are adversely affected by these health inequities and experience poorer health as compared to the general population in the country. African Americans and Arab Americans are some of the minority groups affected by the existing health disparities. African Americans constitute an estimated 15% of the entire US population and are the second largest emerging population in the country. The number of Americans of Arab ancestry is 1.7 million (Edelman, Mandle, & Kudzma, 2014). This paper will ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Application– Chronic Kidney Disease

(Author, Department, University,

Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is related to a decrease in kidney function or damage to the kidney function for a minimum of 3 months. Actually, it is an ongoing process in which nephrons’ functioning decrease, glomeruli are destroyed, and glomerular stress is increased as a result of more work by surviving glomeruli to increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR); thereby, resulting in predictable steady decline of the function of kidneys (Buttaro, 2013). Chronic kidney disease is usually difficult to detect or grasp, and symptoms may not appear with a GFR more than 35%. However, when ...

Critical thinking

Explain what Mucor is and how a patient is likely to become infected with Mucor. Mucormycosis is a condition that is usually caused by mucor mycetes which are typically a group of molds. The condition is rate but in its prevalence it has been associated with high mortality and morbidity rates due to little knowledge of the condition and the fact that patients rarely present with this condition. Once identified rightly, the condition is very manageable and curable. Mucor mostly affects people with a compromised immune system and it may occur in any part of the body where the ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Based on the clinical vignette, this patient is anemic and presents to the emergency department for symptoms relating to her condition. Based on the past medical history and the preliminary workup, one can have an idea of which type of anemia is occurring in this patient has and its underlying cause. Anemia can be divided into three categories based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the red blood cells: microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic. In the physician’s report in the emergency room, it said that the patient’s red blood cells appeared microcytic and hypochromic. This information would ...

Introduction

Nutritional needs changes throughout a person’s life that if not properly assessed may lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition is the state of the body lacking important nutrients or having excess or imbalance of energy. According to studies, 16% of people over 65 years and 2% of people over 85 years are malnourished. Studies also show that approximately two-thirds of people occupying hospital beds are above the age of 65 years (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010). Malnutrition is associated with a number of health outcomes such as poor wound healing, slow recovery from surgery, higher hospital readmissions, and deaths. Malnutrition is high ...

The quality of nursing care in the Dominican Republic has been subject to extensive research on numerous occasions. In the recent years, the government has been focused on enhancing the quality of maternity care across all the hospitals with the aim of reducing the rate of mortality rate through childbirth. It has attracted the attention of many scholars, especially because the nation is known for its highly trained attendants and universal institutionalized deliveries. The quality of medical care provided varies across the various medical institutions (Schumacher, 2010). In the recent years, the rate of Dominican Republican immigrants into the ...

The single-celled parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, causes malaria, was responsible for 214 million cases and 438,000 deaths globally in 2015, of which 88% of cases and 90% of deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. The morphology of P. falciparum is characterized by numerous rings (young trophozoites) and the absence of mature trophozoites and schizonts. In a P. falciparum blood smear, multiple infected erythrocytes appear more often than in other species and the rings of the parasite in the blood smear tend to be smaller than other species. Distinctive crescent-shaped gametocytes appear late in the infection. In vitro cultivation of P. ...

TD is a 4-year-old boy who was brought by her mother for routine check-up. According to the mother, TD had a poor appetite was a “picky-eater”. The boy has a liking for processed beverages and sweetened snacks and that is what the mother has been feeding him since that is what the boy prefers the most. While the boy was within the normal growth and development percentiles, tests revealed HCT- 29% and HGB- 10.0 g/dL. Guided by the objective and subjective findings, it is apparent that the boy was suffering from iron deficiency anemia. As Baker & Greer (2010), assert, ...

Guided by the findings of both the objective and subjective assessment of the 3 year old, the differential diagnosis that could be derived includes; iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia or lead toxicity. Each of these conditions is associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia as a classical feature. Both thalassemia and lead toxicity can be excluded from the scenario on the basis that thalassemia is a genetically inherited condition that runs in a family and no other member lives with the condition. Lead toxicity cannot predominantly feature in this case since from the subjective assessment, there is no likelihood for lead levels ...

Introduction

The human body consists various cells that are actively involved in the maintenance of metabolism. Although, the body organs, cells as well as tissues usually carry out different functions, the body cells are similar in regard to their pertinent metabolic needs (Sherwood, 2015). Thus, maintaining the internal environment at a constant state mainly by proving the oxygen as well as nutrients and elimination of waste in the body is an essential process for the wellbeing of the cells as well as the whole body. As such, the various processes through which the human controls or regulates the internal environment ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

One of the notable aspects that the patient should understand is that pernicious anemia is a nutritional disorder which then implies that they can play a key role to its management. The illness is primarily caused by the malabsorption of vitamin B12 coupled attributed to the severe deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF) (Annibale, Lahner, & Delle Fave, 2011). If the patient is essentially a vegetarian or does not usually use foods such as eggs, meat or milk, there is an elevated risk for development of pernicious anemia or colabamin deficiency. If the patient cannot change their dietary habits to help ...

Dr. Victor Babes and discovery of Babesiosis

Babesiosis also known as piroplasmosis is a tick- borne disease, which is an emerging intra- erythrocytic parasitic infection in human. The parasite first known to affect only cattle but later was found in other mammals as well. The parasite was later found to affect humans as well. The severity of the disease caused by this parasite can range from mild- to moderate- to severe, i.e., causing death by organ failure. Till date approximately 100 species of the Babesia genus has been identified yet only a few has been suggested to be pathogenic in humans. The symptoms more or less ...

Introduction

Pernicious anemia refers to a health condition that is associated with a deficiency in vitamin B12 due to its poor absorption in the intestines whereby this results to a reduction in the RBCs (red blood cells). Typically, the condition occurs as a result of inadequate production of IF (Intrinsic Factor) in the stomach whereby this leads to poor absorption of vitamin B12 (Bizzaro & Antico, 2014). Among the main symptoms associated with the disease include; fatigue, diarrhea, breathing difficulties, pale skin as well as tingling and numbness in the feet and hands. In reference to the case study, it is ...

Trace elements refer to chemicals that form parts of important enzymes found in the body of a living organism occurring in minute amounts, less than 0.1% by volume (Anonymous, 2015). Trace elements are available in the natural environment and play a critical role in the survival of all living organism. Individual elements attract molecules from the environment and convert them to various products needed by the organism. Examples of trace elements are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, iodine, cobalt among others. However, the following paper analyzes only three of these trace elements namely, copper, iron, and zinc.

Copper

Introduction ...

Basing on the laboratory values, the hemoglobin level of the Ms. A is lower than the normal value. Normally, the hemoglobin level lies between 12 to 17 grams per deciliter (Mader, 2004). The hemoglobin level of Ms. A was measured to be 8 grams per deciliter. Moreover, the hematocrit percentage, which measures the red blood cell concentration in the blood, of Ms. A is 32%, which is relatively low. For females, the hematocrit percentage should be around 36% to 46% (O’Leary, 2014). Furthermore, the erythrocyte count of Ms. A was determined to be 3.1 x 10^9 per ...

There are many ways how to objectively determine the presence of anemia or in this case AIHA. One of the testes used is the Direct Anti-Globulin Test (DAT), otherwise known as the Coombs test. The goal of the test is to describe the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma or serum. By knowing the number of antibodies, it can be accurately rule whether the patient is suffering from AIHA or other forms of anemia or otherwise. It is often used to check whether the patient is suffering from transfusion reactions and other hemolytic diseases such as AIHA in ...

Iron Supplementation

Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (1, 2). Intake of Iron supplements during pregnancy is hitherto, a challenge to most women in developing counties (3, 4). The long term goals of this research are to improve the nutritional status of children and mothers. The recommendations of the project also aim to decrease child mortality and morbidity while ensuring countries raise healthy women. It aims so improve the quality and quantity of food taken at ...

Genetically acquired disorders and characteristics can easily be transferred from the parents to offspring. Genetic counselling is an endeavor to educate the parents and make them aware of the impacts of their genetic composition on their future offspring. Diseases such as erythroblastosis fetalis result from the incompatibility between the father’s genetic composition and the mother’s, resulting in to a fetus with hemolytic anemia. It is therefore imperative that the parents are counselled on the various genetic characteristics which can result into problems on their born children. Genetic counselling is the process by which a parent is counselled ...

Coursename Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder, which affects the red blood cells. It was first described in the medical literature in 1846. In 1910, Ernest Irons became first to write about the pathologically altered red blood cells of the patient with sickle-cell anemia (Serjeant 425-429). It is caused by the mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of the hemoglobin. As a result, the hemoglobin of the affected people is defective (hemoglobin S). Glutamic acid in it is substituted with valine in the sixth position of the β-chain. This change greatly reduces the solubility of hemoglobin in ...

Iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregant women in Kenya

Over the years, prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (1). Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (2, 3). According to Pena-Rosas (4), raising iron levels by supplementation results in an increased level of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin level in this regard is dependent on the dosage of iron taken. However, it is still unclear the ideal level in which iron supplements can ...

Abstract

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder in which the red blood cells, which function as the oxygen carriers throughout the body, develop in an abnormal manner. The red blood cells are normally disk-shaped and very flexible but in sickle cell patients the cells often become very rigid and crescent shaped. This abnormality in the shape and functionality of the red blood cells hinder the normal flow of blood in the body. The red blood cells are therefore rendered unable to move freely through the blood tissues and through organs that result in the failure of certain important organs ...

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What We Do When a person is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, it can be a frightening experience for the whole family. We provide information and offer practical and emotional support to the affected individuals and their families. We offer improvement in standards of support and care and promote the importance of early detection

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Service Users There are various devastating conditions/illnesses that hinder an individual’s journey through life. The affected people are fellow human beings in need of help and assistance. Together we can make a difference to:

Cancer Patients

Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

SOAP NOTE

Women’s Health / Primary Care SOAP Age Range: 20-30 Gender: Female Occupation: Home maker. Subjective: ID: M.M.

Reliability: Pt is reliable, dependable and a knowledgeable source of information.

Reason for seeking Care (CC): Patient states “I have missed last two menstrual cycles of mine. I just need to confirm if I am pregnant.” History of Present Illness: Patient is a 29-year-old Asian female with no significant medical illness in the past history. Patient is a new patient to the clinic, and has come to confirm if she is pregnant. Travel History past 30 days: Patient has returned from a trip to her home land last week..

Current Medications: She uses some Homoeopathic medicines for constipation and heartburn sometimes.

Allergies (Medication, ...

IRON SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY

Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal care. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 56 million pregnant women globally get affected with anemia, which is associated with iron deficiency. The large group of pregnant women affected with iron deficiency are mostly the poor and most vulnerable, especially those living in developing countries like South-east Asia. They have insufficient iron to meet the increased iron needs both for them and the foetus. According to Staff (2013), approximately 29% of the pregnant women experience iron depletion. Iron is vital ...

The recent developments in technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs have presented modern ways of creating new things and doing things. One such development relates to the introduction of technology-based medical procedures, which have made it possible to achieve feats that yesteryear medical scientists could only dream about. The field of medicine has shown tremendous improvement as a result of the incorporation of new technological meth-ods into the field of medicine. Genetic engineering procedures have become common not only in the creation of medicines and vaccines but also in disease management before and after birth. Scientists have come up with ...

Introduction

Prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). There is paucity of information regarding the correspondence between hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and iron supplementation. The limited information in this pertinent public health issue is more pronounced in developing countries as West, et al., (2014) opines. The main purpose of this research is thus to establish the efficacy of prenatal iron supplements on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries.

Research design

In order to achieve the study’s objective, the methodology will ...

SOAP NOTE

Women’s Health / Primary Care SOAP Age Range: 25- 30 Gender: Female Occupation: Receptionist Subjective: ID: M.L.

Reliability: Patient is a knowledgeable and a reliable source of information.

Reason for seeking Care (CC): Complaint of heaviness and pain in the left breast on and off since the last 4 months. History of Present Illness: Not applicable. No history of change in surgical, medical or family history.

Travel History past 30 days: No history of travelling in the last 30 days.

Current Medications: Denies being on any medication currently or in the past. Allergies (Medication, Food, Environmental): Not allergic to any medication, food or environmental influences. Immunizations: Received all the immunizations in a timely manner. History of Present Illness: The patient was ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women (Knott). Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin (Lindenbaum, John, & Klipstein 16). Malnutrition in pregnant females is the main ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women. Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin ( Lindenbaum, John, and Klipstein ,16 ). Malnutrition in pregnant women is the commonest ...

Iron

Iron is a mineral that is abundant in plant foods, meat, seafood, and poultry. Green leafy vegetables have high levels of iron and are most suitable in cases of deficiency. Low levels of iron among young adult women can cause iron-deficient erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) and anemia (Harland et al., 2010, p. 325). These deficiencies can result in impaired immune and cognitive functions and can affect energy levels of an individual. Women of reproductive age usually experience menstruation on a regular basis. Heavy menstrual bleeding during this time increases the loss of iron, therefore, causing the deficiency.

Calcium

Calcium ...

Dietary assessment is important since it helps in detecting the risk of nutrition problems. Additionally, nutrition assessment helps in determining the nutrition status of a person. Poor nutrition is associated with many health concerns. Indeed, individuals who have inadequate intake of nutrients are likely to develop many health-related problems. Poor nutrition can also adversely affect the effectiveness of medications. Therefore, a proper diet is an integral part of medical interventions. This paper provides findings of the dietary assessment conducted using the food frequency questionnaire. The assessment showed that the client’s diet does not meet all the RDA recommendations. ...

Executive summary

It is evident that Malaria remains to be one of the main issues affecting children in Sierra Leone. Essentially, the high child mortality rate resulting from Malaria infections in Sierra Leone has become a critical concern. This position has been reiterated by the National Health Sector Strategic Plan. The organization revealed that Malaria has become both a health, social and economic challenge to the country. In essence, it has been identified that the disease is the primary causative agent of children deaths in the nation. Although there are other diseases that account for children deaths, Malaria still remains a ...

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease, passed on from parents to children along the generations. It is a condition which causes severe pain and anemia. It happens when the body lacks healthy red blood cells to circulate oxygen in the body. The usual shape of the red blood cells is round, and they are flexible so they can pass through the narrow blood vessels of the body. However, sickle cell anemia causes them to become sickle-shaped, like tiny crescents, which are sticky and inflexible. This restricts their movement in the blood vessels causing them to get stuck in ...

In 2013, Live Science’s writer Rachael Rettner (2013) reported on the ethical issues surrounding US’ premier infant study dubbed TOP. Now, T.O.P is an acronym for Transfusion of Prematures. The study aims at recruiting over 1800 premature babies as participants to an anemic study. In this case, the researchers attempt to find the best way to offer blood transfusions as a cure for anemia in babies. They hope to assign randomly infants weighing less than 2 pounds to transfusions during mild and severe incidences of anemia (Rettner, 2013). The T.O.P study is a clinical trial that includes both ...

Introduction

Malaria is a key public health predicament and cause of much distress and untimely death in the poorer areas of tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. In many endemic areas it is becoming increasingly complex to control because of the resistance of the parasite to anti- malarial drugs and the failure of vector control measures. Malaria is mainly caused by plasmodium species of the Coccidia family of Parasites. The most pathogenic species of the plasmodium species is plasmodium falciparum which is responsible for almost 90% of malarial infections in the world. The Coccidia are intracellular parasites that reproduce asexually by a ...

Arguably, the food we eat in our entire life are imperative to long term stability, as well as health. The most important people who should give more focus nutrition and diet are children due to their continuous and active growth and development. In fact, losing weight and growing thinner is the global trend that media focuses on. This influence has tremendously been reflected on the eating habits of people. The argument in this case is that vegetarianism is a pathway of developing serious eating disorders, especially by focusing on vegetarians’ psychological and physiological health, as well as the reasons behind ...