Essays on Sodium

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

Sodium plays its role in the human body as electrolyte. Its purpose in the body is to maintain normal blood pressure, helps in the absorption of nutrients, regulation of the blood volume and maintenance of the cell membrane potential. The quantity of sodium found in the blood has a close connection to the amount of water found in the body. The level of sodium found in the blood is determined by the amount of sodium and water consumed as well as the amount excreted in the urine. Some sodium is excreted from the body through sweating and stool. When sodium ...

5. Supplementing rice, cereal, wheat flour (bread), and noodles with folic acid has been responsible for the 25 percent drop in neural tube defects.

12. The minerals on the provided label are sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese.

13. Highest DV is Manganese at 35%. This mineral is a type of trace mineral.

17. Magnesium affects the metabolism of potassium, calcium and vitamin D.

20. a) Iodine. The thyroid gland produces hormones important for metabolic processes. b) When a nuclear plant in Japan released radioactive forms of iodine, people took iodine pills to saturate their thyroids with the non-radioactive form to ...

Mark’s Total Cholesterol is below 186mg/dl and that is good, as it is under the 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less that is a desirable level. His HDL cholesterol that protects against heart disease is 45mg/dL under the 60 mg/dL considered optimal but above the 40 mg/dL considered low. However, it is close and he needs counseling to raise it. His LDL cholesterol of 119mg/dL is within the near optimal range of 100 to 129 mg/dL This LDL level is higher than the American mean level of 115 md/dL and Mark should work to reduce it. His Triglycerides ...

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid

Water represents 60% of body weight in males and 50% in females. However, this water contains a lot of soluble substances. The total body water in the body is divided into intracellular and extracellular. Intracellular fluid is the liquid contained inside the cell membrane. It comprises of approximately 25-40 litres of fluid. Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all the fluid present outside the cells. The total amount of ECF is approximately 14 litres in a 70 kg person. Depending upon the location in the body, ECF is divided into the interstitial fluid, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid ...

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION Titration is a volumetric analysis used to determine the quantity and concentration of an unknown or known substance. Redox titration involves the use of reducing and oxidising agents as the reactants. Some redox reactions can be performed without necessarily adding an indicator since the reagents used change in colour at the end point: they are self-indicating. Potassium iodate is an ionic compound whose molecule is made of the atoms of potassium, iodine, and oxygen. Its chemical formula is KIO3 and its mass number is 214 g mol-1 (Clark, 2000, P. 79). It is also a strong oxidising agent hence ...

Available empirical evidence and facts points to the direction that potassium is a critical component in the human body as a regulator of blood pressure. The above stems from surveys and data recorded over a cross-sectional spectrum of the human population to the effect that areas and regions that take less of potassium have a likelihood of suffering blood pressure-related complications. It is to say that people who take less of potassium have a higher prevalence and prospects of getting hypertension. This logic is true and possible since the ion present in Potassium are unique and provide some functions that aid in the regulation ...

Photosynthesis refers to the process where plant utilize sunlight energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). The photosynthesis process can be illustrated using an equation as follows: CO2 + H20→ +C6H12O6+O2

Initial Hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will float. - If the leaves in a chamber containing distilled water are placed in light bank then the leaves would not float

Final hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will float. ...

Caffeine is present in tea leaves and can be readily extracted. This is the producer that was demonstrated in this laboratory experiment. In the laboratory experiment, the teabags were heated to ebullition for five minutes. The ebullition was sequenced by an extraction which applied dichloromethane. All of the washings occurred in a separator funnel. The residual substrate was subsequently evaporated up to the point of where the crude caffeine remained as a residual. Sublimation was applied in order to separate the purified caffeine from the crude caffeine. The mass of the sublimate is was 0.0035g. The percentage yield of the caffeine ...

Introduction

Monitoring one’s diet is important since it informs dietary choices that one should make in order to achieve and maintain healthy lifestyle and good health. Therefore, I took part in recording my food intake and exercise habits for three weeks. Nutrition determines many aspects of human beings. As the common adage goes, ‘we are what we eat.’ This adage implies that what we eat defines many of our aspects. Nutrition is indispensable to human health. Similarly, physical exercise plays a major role in promoting good health. For instance, it improves general health and helps achieve glycemic control among people ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Introduction

An acid that gives two hydrogen ions for every acid molecule is known as diprotic acid. Examples of such acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), chromic acid (H2CrO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Dissociation of a diprotic acid in water takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the diprotic acid dissociates to give one hydrogen ion and a monoprotic form of the acid. H2X(aq) H+(aq) + HX-(aq) The second stage involves the dissociation of the monoprotic form of the acid to give the second hydrogen ion and fully dissociated form of ...

TESTOSTERONE BOOSTERS.

Testosterone is a hormone mostly found in men and is responsible for the manifestation of secondary male sexual characteristics. Testosterone is not a hormone exclusive to men.it can also be found in women but in very low quantities. Testosterone is also pivotal in bone production and the growth of muscles.it is also responsible for libido in men. Men in their twenties have the highest testosterone levels.at the age of thirty and above testosterone levels decrease at a rate of one percent per year. Hereditary disorders can also cause a downward trend in testosterone levels in men.as the levels of testosterone reduce men usually ...

Introduction

Extraction, crystallization and melting point can be used as methods of separating mixtures. Extraction and melting points are employed on separating liquid-liquid mixtures whereas purification of elements utilizes crystallization as their method of separation with impurities. Separation of mixtures involves the distinction of the constituent elements of the mixture into their constituent elements. Separation of mixtures is based on characteristics of the constituent elements of the mixture. Chemical affinity and density are the most utilized properties in organic compound mixtures.

Discussion

Methods of preparing the substance include the use of extraction from a mixture which is based on the principle of ...

Introduction

Carbon dioxide is the main byproduct in a brewery. Accordingly, we have identified source of carbon dioxide, as an exhaust gas produced in a brewery. This report explains how such a source of carbon dioxide can be harnessed for future use.

Air extraction technology to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide

We understand that due to excessive burning of fossil fuels there is abundance or more than expected amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Accordingly, carbon dioxide can be extracted from atmospheric conditions using various technologies. This technology of carbon dioxide capture is a step wise process, which is called air extraction (Zeman and Lackner, 2004). In this technology, the ambient air ...

Purpose of the article

The article seeks to find out the average energy that is required for every scintillation photon as well as the energy resolutions present in crystals of sodium iodide that is activated with thallium and cesium iodide that is doped with thallium for gamma rays. Through this information, that author can comprehend the pathways that radiation energy to luminescence takes in scintillators. This information is important if one is to draw a comparison between scintillation yields from various scintillators. As such, this article adduces that the use of quantities that are related to scintillation efficiency is appropriate in understanding these pathways. ...

Organization

Nicolas Leblanc, in 1791, gave the world a chemical compound which revolutionized food products, Sodium Bicarbonate. More commonly known as baking soda, this base has become an integral substance found in almost every household. Leblanc, a surgeon and private physician, was striving to make ends meet for his family when he heard about the prize offered by the French Academy of Science to anybody who can develop a process for producing soda ash from salt. The prize finally went to Leblanc, who had come up with the Leblanc process, which developed baking soda from seas salt and sulfuric acid. The unfortunate part ...

A When water is added to lead chloride, the solute sparingly dissolves with some undisclosed particles settling at the bottom of the beaker. Lead chloride is only sparingly soluble in water. When the dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the saturated solution of lead chloride, a white precipitate is formed. This is because of the common ion effect where the excess chloride ions from HCL cause lead chloride to precipitate. Pb2+ aq + 2Cl-aq PbCl2 s B 0.1M lead nitrate +0.1M sodium oxalate

Ionic Equations:

Pb2+ (aq) +C2O42- (aq) PbC2O4(s) Na+ (aq) + NO3-(a) NaNO3 (aq) Lead ...

Introduction

The body is made up of various organ systems which perform various functions. One of this is the urinary system which is responsible for excretion of various metabolic wastes. An important organ in the urinary system is the kidney. In the kidney, blood undergoes ultra filtration; nutrients such as glucose are reabsorbed back while waste products such as urea and excess water form urine which is excreted. The kidney maintains electrolyte and water balance in the body. During sustained physical activity, the body looses a lot of water through sweating. This disrupts the electrolyte balance in the body and leads ...

Introduction:

The ionic fluoride is like free fluoride ions, but in chemical terms they are really not free, but ionized. The fluoride in the water is just fluoride [in the ionic form]. The fluoride in the water does not know if it came from sodium fluoride or calcium fluoride or another fluoride compound (in the inorganic form, of course). Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate. Incidentally, tests that are taken to measure the concentration ...

Mechanism and Progress of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs

Cancers are one of the common and devastating conditions affecting human being for a long time. The landmarks and progress made in achieving consummate and effective drugs for the management of this conditions are worth mentioning. Researchers have embarked on finding solutions to the nagging issue of cancer among human beings, which are commonly based on the behavior of the mutant carcinogenic cells in the body. Understanding the environment that favor mutation and proliferation of mutate genes is a remarkable approach towards getting a long life solution. In this respect, it has been identified that targeting blood vessels development in a tumor tissue ...

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment is to prepare soap through the saponification process and use it to test water hardness. Procedure The saponification process began by placing approximately 5 grams of lard in a beaker. 15 mL of sodium Hydroxide (6 M) was slowly and carefully added followed by an addition of 25 mL of ethanol. After adding ethanol, the beaker was heated while stirring until the base fully reacted with the lard. The result was a clear and homogenous solution. After cooling the solution, 20 mL of water was added. The next step involved the preparation of saturated ...

Traditional cleaning products are known to cause long term health problems to users or burn their skin and also surfaces. They often consist of chlorine bleach or ammonia and as we all know these chemicals are not only pungent but also acidic in nature. Furthermore these chemicals cause damage to the environment and water if they go down the drain by mistake. Traditional cleaning products sometimes contain volatile organic compounds and when emitted in to the air they negatively impact to the environment and the people around it. It is very vital for one to maintain non polluted ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below. When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

I/We have been assigned one of the most expensive metals, Platinum. It has widely application in dental implants, automotive catalytic converters (Rao & Reddi, 2000), biomedical implants such as catheters, stents, cardiac implants (Cowley & Woodward, 2011), manufacturing of optical glass, manufacturing of fuel cells (McDonald & Hunt, 1982) and jewelry.

Platinum ore deposits

Platinum ore contains palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium and ruthenium, along with platinum. Platinum ore forms a) Placer deposits: Placer deposits are formed by water-based erosion of sedimentary rocks containing the ore (Example. Ural-Alaskan type). b) Layered igneous lode deposits: Such deposits are emplaced on stable cratons. Examples: South Africa as the Bushveld Complex, ...

- Sodium imbalance The normal range for serum sodium levels in adults and older children is 137 to 145 millimoles per litre. A person with more than 145 millimoles of sodium per litre is said to have hypernatremia. A person with less than 137 millimoles per liter is said to have hyponatremia. George’s sodium imbalance could be as a result of lung carcinoma which he suffers from. Lung carcinoma is known to cause syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone. This syndrome results in the abnormal secretion of anti-diuretic hormone. The increase in the levels of anti-diuretic hormone ...

Abstract

Introduction The objective of this laboratory work is to gain an insight in the trends of both chemical and physical properties of elements across the periodic table. The experiments offer an opportunity to subject the elements to the same chemical conditions and observe the reactions. Moreover, the relationship of the chemical properties and the location in the periodic table is pertinent. The location of an element in the periodic table is determined by its family or group and period.

Experimental

The procedure followed for the different experiments involved combustion and reaction with water. For combustion the element would be ...

Introduction

Alum is a double salt that is obtained from aluminum. It is used in pickling process and the dying of various fabrics by recycling aluminum useful products can be obtained from previous material generally regarded as refuse.

Materials

Aluminum foil, aqueous solution of KOH Procedure Dissolve aluminum foil in hot aqueous solution of KOH. The solution will acidify until a precipitate will be recovered (alum) Re-crystallize the precipitate to eliminate impunities. Results Group 1 - Na + O2→Na2O2 - Na2O2 +2H2O→H2O2+2NaOH - Cesium would be more reactive than sodium.

Group 2

- 2Mg + ...

Discuss in detail the mechanism of action of named antiepileptic agents with reference to the relative clinical success of a particular mechanism in the treatment of epilepsy Carbamazepine is a Sodium channel Blocker. It is the major first line antiepileptic drug. It is used for the treatment of partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Carbamazepine blocks sodium channels during rapid, sustained neuronal firing. It also prevents post-tetanic potentiation. Phenytoin is also another first-line drug for the treatment of partial and secondary generalized seizures. Its mechanism of action is to block the movement of ions through the sodium channels during ...

One of the ironies about living in one of the most prosperous nations in the world is the large amounts of unhealthy food that consumers eat, particularly in restaurants. Sodium is one of the primary culprits in the American diet; the amount of sodium in the food that we are served in restaurants can cause high blood pressure and can lead to kidney stones and other disorders. However, in addition to the restaurants and factories that pack entrees and prepared foods with sodium, there are also plenty of sources for food with moderate and even low sodium for Americans ...

Introduction

A pipette is one of the laboratory instruments utilized in the transportation of a measured volume of fluids. Therefore, the general use of a pipette is to transfer a specific volume of a fluid from one container (measuring cylinder) to another. There are several types of pipettes. They include; Volumetric, graduated, automated pipettes, micropipettes and disposable pipettes. But for the sake of the video, we will concentrate of two: Volumetric and graduated pipettes.

These pipettes are used to transport a single specific volume of a fluid, typically between 1 and 100 ml. They are shaped like rolling pins with a huge belly, one blunted end (the ...

Abstract

Hypertension is a silent killer that afflicts over 77 million people in USA. The prevalence of this disease is higher among African-Americans than other ethnic groups. Especially, more than half of the population of African-American women suffers from hypertension and the associated disorders. Apart from genetic factors, a slew of environmental factors including obesity and lack of activity, diabetes, poor diet, alcohol consumption and stress are contributive to this growing phenomenon among black women. This paper has discussed this issue in more detail along with the recommended interventions necessary to keep this condition under check.

Introduction

Hypertension is a debilitating disease that afflicts ...

With close to 2.8% of the earth’s crust consisting of sodium in compounds, Sodium is by no doubt one of the most abundant elements on earth. The element has an atomic mass of about 22.98 amu and belongs to period 3 Group 1 (1A) (between Lithium and potassium) hence has an atomic number of 11, a valance of 1 and an oxidation state of +1. The Latin name for the symbol of Sodium is Natrium hence the symbol Na while the “Sodium” in Latin is referred to as Sodanum. Additionally, even though the element has 14 isotopes, the only ...

SOC313: Social Implications of Medical Issues

Introduction Hypertension contributes to a number of diseases. As per studies about 26% people of the world totaling about 1 billion in number are afflicted with hypertension (Kearney et. al). Since a large segment of the world population is expected to grow older by 2025, hypertension is likely to increase in the world within next 15 years. In the US, currently a recorded number of 73 million people are suffering from hypertension. Hypertension is regarded as the silent killer because people suffering from it do not show any external symptoms. Hypertension hardens arteries resulting in the higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, ...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel along the ...

MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES IN MALE ADULT PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

(Name of Student)

For the Degree of

(DEGREE) (NAME OF SCHOOL)

ABSTRACT Ascites, the most common liver cirrhosis complication, affected approximately 85% of liver cirrhosis patients in the United States in the last 10 years. The development of ascites signifies an important landmark in the disorder that is associated with a 50% mortality rate (Gines, Quintero, Arroyo, Teres et al, 1987). It also indicates a need for liver transplantation as a surgical treatment. In UK, the true incidence and prevalence of ascites may be unknown, but its mortality has rate has increased to 12.7/100000 from 6/100000 (Fisher, Hanson, Phillips et al 1993-2000). The ...

Water

Because of its ubiquitous nature, water, stands out as a pertinent necessity for life. Virtually every single cell requires water for nourishment and for elimination of toxic substances. To perform such life dependent duties, water is endowed with exceptionally unique properties; properties that range from its heat and electrical conductivities, anomalous expansion to its density, viscosity and most importantly its impeccable dielectric strength in addition to its polarity that gives it the ability to dissolve a plethora of compounds that cannot be dissolved by other solvents.

One of the most significant unique properties of water is its polarity. Water is a polar ...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the roots ...

Introduction

Obesity and overweight have been classified as global and serious conditions that have an adverse effect on the human health. Obesity and overweight conditions are defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat that may negatively affect health. In adults the obesity and overweight are measured by the body mass index (BMI), which is simple weight-for-height index (WHO, 2014). The BMI is computed by the ratio of the individual's body weight to the square of body height, indicated in Kg/m2 (WHO, 2014). According to W.H.O., (World Health Organisation), a BMI equal or above 25 is considered as overweight while a BMI ...

Have you ever faced a situation where you have to choose between preparing a healthy meal and going to a fast food restaurant? Millions of Americans face this decision on a daily basis and the impact of their choices has become apparent over the last three decades. In the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants doubled according to the Census of Retail Trade (Chou, Grossman, and Saffer). Since the same period, obesity and obesity related diseases increased rapidly in the U.S. Today, junk food is prevalent in our culture and is commonly found in fast food restaurants like McDonald’s and Jack ...

Abstract

This lab experiment involved P-Methyl-Acetanilide synthesis from acetic anhydride and a solution of sodium acetate. Different techniques were used in this lab exercise including; vacuum filtration, crystallization, and spectral analysis. The main aim of performing this experiment was to synthesise, isolate, evaluate and analyse P-Methyl-Acetanilide product. We synthesised the product and then, isolated the product by the process of the vacuum filtration. We evaluated the products purity by melting point analysis and performed a spectral analysis (1HNMR spectroscopy) later. The 1HNMR spectroscopy interpretation is a method/ technique used to determine the structures of organic compounds that are unknown (Pavia 128). It stands ...

Introduction

The neurophysiology of nerve pulses in the cell were the subject of the online laboratory experiment in order to better understand neuron communication from inside a cell to the outside of a cell. One of the incredible characteristics of the nervous system is its capability to communicate due to the existence of neurons. Neurons show a measurable response to their environment by producing an electrical signal. We can smell due to olfactory sensory neurons that can directly react to perfume, food or anything with an odor; these odors are the sensory stimuli. The function of the receptor potential is to trigger an ...

[City, State]

Question 1

Tabex is a Bulgarian drug that can be used to stop smoking. The drug is prepared from an alkaloid containing plant scientifically referred to as Cytisus laborium L. which is trivially called “Golden Rain acacia” (tabex.net, n.d). As reported on the tabex website, studies have shown that the drug has been successful in helping over 57% of tobacco users using it to stop smoking. Ideally, cystine has been used as a smoking-cessation for several years even though it was until recently that the alkaloid was subjected to clinical studies that have verified the notion that the alkaloid can indeed ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Assignment 3

A mixture is a substance that has molecules of different types. Constituents of mixtures could be either elements or compounds. The different constituents of a mixture exist together in a state whereby they are in contact with one another. However, they do not combine chemically. In addition, the individual constituents of a mixture retain their individual physical properties even after forming the mixture. It is possible to separate a mixture into its constituent elements by physical or mechanical means. The melting and boiling points of a mixture are not definite. They range from one figure to another. It is also possible to mix the constituent ...

BIOL 398J

[University’s name]

QUESTION 1:

Michael is a hypertensive adult with obesity as an additional risk factor that could contribute to the occurrence of a cardiovascular event. While his choice of personal diet may not be limited, it may be more constrained when eating out with others, since their tastes and preferences will indeed vary. The ideal diet for an individual in Michael’s position would be high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, high-fiber foods and low-fat dairy products. It should also contain low levels of sodium, saturated fats and trans fats. Fortunately, the American National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends ...

1. Abstract The sodium iodide scintillator detector is a very important type of inorganic scintillators. The main function of this scintillator is to detect gamma rays by interaction of ionizing radiation and the materials of that scintillator. In this experiment, we learned the applications of this detector and how the process of detecting happens. 2. Introduction This lab experiment is designed to make the student learn about scintillation detectors and how do they detect gamma and beta ray such as the effect of a sodium iodide NaI(Tl) scintillator. This type of detector the scintillation materials interact with ...

Obesity

We have all heard about the growing epidemic of obesity from our parents, teachers, and even our government. According to a recent study, about a quarter of two to five year olds and one-third of children are overweight or obese in the U.S. (Ogden et al., 2014). There is a wide array of factors which play a role in children becoming overweight or obese. Genetics, along with behavioral, social, cultural, environmental influences, can create an environment conducive for obesity. Environmental factors include great amount of exposure to advertising that encourages food consumption and promotes unhealthy foods, technological advances or increase in media use, ...

Introduction

Hypertension, commonly referred to as high blood pressure, is a medical condition which comprises of incessantly elevated blood pressure in the arteries. Hypertension may cause damage to the organs and several illnesses including renal failure, heart failure, heart attack or stroke. According to (Luehr, Hayes, Johnson & Burke (2012), close to 30% of the adult American (U.S.) population have hypertension. Majority of these people are those over 65 years. This means that nearly 66.9 million U.S. citizens have hypertension. This number is predicted to rise as the number of those above 65 years continues to rise. Poor adherence to medication and ...

J.K has acute kidney failure with Rhabdomyolysis. Acute kidney failure happens when the kidneys are suddenly not able to sift waste products from the blood. This results to accumulation of waste and affects the chemical balance of the blood. Rhabdomylosis is caused by skeletal muscles injury (Grau, Poch, &Bosch, 2009). The injury of the skeletal muscles results to the production of different intracellular muscle ingredients. In this case, J.K had an acute renal failure with Rhabdomyolysis because of cocaine and heroin use. Cocaine and heroin cause damage to myocyte. Damage to the myocyte leads to an entry of sodium ...

The beginning of the treatment would aim for the survival of the patient by resolving his breathing issue and pulmonary edema caused by cardiomyopathy. Diuretics would be used in low doses to manage the edema, and the treatment would include loop or potassium sparing diuretics because thiazide diuretics are often ineffective in elderly patients with heart failure (Davies, Gibbs, & Lip, 2000). Once the edema are alleviated, the treatment would switch to ACE inhibitors because previous studies showed they decreased mortality and morbidity rates in all stages of heart failure (Davies et al., 2000). As a general rule, the initial ...

- The answer to this question depends on the definition of an STD. For instance, Shigella was once though to be a Gastrointestinal disease, but with modern sexual practices and the increase of oral to anal intercourse it is now becoming an STD as well. Therefore, no precise number of STDs can be stated but there are now >30 infections classified as predominantly sexually transmitted (Harrisons, 2008, p. 822) - The most common viral STD is HPV. It is said that nearly ½ of the population is infected with the virus at any given time. Both males and females can ...

Dehydration

Introduction Water is an essential chemical substance in the human body, and it possesses unique physical and chemical properties. The human body consists of 45% to 77% water depending on age and sex. Water plays a significant role in the nourishment of the cells and removal of waste from the human body and its deficiency may lead to poor metabolism and functioning of the body (Brown, 2011). The excessive loss of water or deficiency of body water is referred to as dehydration. In dehydration, the body’s output of water is greater than the intake, and it can be ...

Executive Summary

In this report, the discussion explains the controls required to prevent physical and chemical contamination of food. It compared the characteristics of food borne infections and food poisoning. It further discussed how to control food borne illnesses. It categorized the food spoilage agents and discussed methods of food preservation. It highlighted the importance of effective prevention systems in control of food contamination with two case studies. It also constructed a food hazard assessment, a food safety control system and a food safety guide.

The given is the report that was sent by the Compliance Officer of the hotel when the incident of a ...

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive report on a case study conducted on an individual who is displaying symptoms of hypertension. The paper explicitly explores as a chronic disease and some of the aspects that will be touched on include its epidemiology, Pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, treatment plan, drug analysis and follow up care.

Hypertension, also commonly referred to as high blood pressure is a body condition in which blood vessels, specifically the arteries high and persistent pressure. This high pressure makes it hard for the heart to pump blood to all the other parts of the body. Hypertension inadvertently ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

While treating patients with chronic illnesses, the major challenge faced is developing a plan of care that addresses the specific needs of a patient and caregiver. One needs to be in close touch with the patients and make sure that they take medications as prescribed. The patients support group family and peers should come-up with an ideal plan to help the patient manage the illness and also to prevent further health complications. The chronic illness that I am going to discuss is hypertension. Hypertension also known as high blood pressure is a chronic medical illness whereby the blood pressure in the arteries ...

Aim: To measure the partition coefficient values of sulphamidine and acetylsulphamidine present in water/octanol solution at different pH.

Abstract: After measuring the pH of the buffer solution, two lots of eight bottles were prepared. 5ml of drug and 5 ml of buffer solution were added to each bottle and shaken for 30 minutes. Absorbance was then of the solutions in the bottles was then determined. Introduction: Partition coefficient gives a measure of how a substance distributes in two different phase at equilibrium. Partition coefficient is utile in estimating the distribution of the drug within the body. There are two types ...

Water Supplies in Sun Valley, AZ

Sun Valley is located in Arizona. It is situated along interstate 40. It is 31.56 square miles. Sun Valley has different water supply options. Some of these options are groundwater, surface water and reclaimed water. Groundwater is water found beneath the ground. They are usually in rocks and pores of the soil. Sun Valley is supplied by Arizona’s water supply. Groundwaters that supply Sun Valley are aquifers and wells. Main aquifers in Arizona are stream alluvial and basins fill. Ground water can also be sourced from sedimentary rock. Basin Fills are of three type’s namely carefree formation, ...

Introduction

Food preservation forms an important part in the food and beverage industry. A number of preservatives are available for food preservation. The main idea behind preservation is to maintain the desired properties or the nature of the food as long as possible. Mostly, foods having a longer shelf life will be more demanded by consumers. According to Rahman (4), food preservation is important as it ensures that issues of inappropriate planning in agriculture are reduced. Furthermore, it helps provide value added products to the community. Although preservatives serve some useful functions, producers should not put them in food because they ...