Essays on Sodium

Salt intake control is a major issue globally. This needs to be addressed because of the associated consequences especially the high blood pressure. The main view of the paper is the review of the contrasting model of control which is the medical model and public health model of control. High salt intake comes from various sources. One of the main sources noted to be relevant in America is that of the intake from processed and restaurants foods.
The medical model is based on stating the amount of salt the patient needs based on the health condition of such patient. Continue reading...

This is the discussion of the results of the anatomy of the urinary system. The report analyses the structure and functions of various organs and cells that are involved in the excretion of toxic material from the body.

Simple cuboidal epithelium of the kidney the

The epithelial cells: are uni-layered, they are square in shape. The nucleus is placed at the centre of theses tissues. They have Squamous cells that are plate like. They appear very thin.
Surface epithelium: have different surface proteins. Facilitate absorption and transportation of filtered materials in the kidney tubes.

Transitional Epithelium of the Bladder

ct = connective tissuelu = lumenrbc = red blood cell (stained bright pink in this Continue reading...

1. Abstract
The sodium iodide scintillator detector is a very important type of inorganic scintillators. The main function of this scintillator is to detect gamma rays by interaction of ionizing radiation and the materials of that scintillator. In this experiment, we learned the applications of this detector and how the process of detecting happens.
2. Introduction
This lab experiment is designed to make the student learn about scintillation detectors and how do they detect gamma and beta ray such as the effect of a sodium iodide NaI(Tl) scintillator. This type of detector the scintillation materials interact with ionizing Continue reading...

Abstract

Hypertension is a silent killer that afflicts over 77 million people in USA. The prevalence of this disease is higher among African-Americans than other ethnic groups. Especially, more than half of the population of African-American women suffers from hypertension and the associated disorders. Apart from genetic factors, a slew of environmental factors including obesity and lack of activity, diabetes, poor diet, alcohol consumption and stress are contributive to this growing phenomenon among black women. This paper has discussed this issue in more detail along with the recommended interventions necessary to keep this condition under check.

Introduction

Hypertension is a debilitating Continue reading...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy Continue reading...

Junk food is a slang term for food that is rich in fat, sugar, salt, and calories, but with little protein, vitamins or minerals. Therefore, this food is of little nutritional value. Salted snack foods, sweet desserts, gum, candy, fried fast food, and soda are the examples of junk food. These foods are tempting because they are widely available, convenient and cheap. For example, in the United States only $165 billion was spent on it in 2010 (“10 States That Consume Too Much Fast Food”). Another research shows that in recent decades consumption of junk food has increased dramatically, Continue reading...

McDonald’s has come under sharp criticism lately due to our advertisements that are aimed at children. This public outcry highlights the ethical dilemma that is marketing to children and youth especially for products that are unhealthy. Seeing as McDonald’s is the world’s largest fast food chain with 34000 outlets worldwide (Simon), it is imperative that we ensure that all our advertisements are not only legal but also ethical. The negative publicity is hurting our company’s image and may lead to a decline in our profits which are currently at $ 27 billion annually (Simon).

Those in our marketing department believe that marketing to children is ethical because of the following reasons;

- There Continue reading...

Mark’s Total Cholesterol is below 186mg/dl and that is good, as it is under the 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less that is a desirable level. His HDL cholesterol that protects against heart disease is 45mg/dL under the 60 mg/dL considered optimal but above the 40 mg/dL considered low. However, it is close and he needs counseling to raise it. His LDL cholesterol of 119mg/dL is within the near optimal range of 100 to 129 mg/dL This LDL level is higher than the American mean level of 115 md/dL and Mark should work to reduce it. His Continue reading...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the Continue reading...

Aim of the experiment

Apparatus
Spectrometer, sodium vapor lamp, mercury vapor lamp, watch maker eye glass and small flash lights.
Abstract
This is the phenomenon where atoms are excited and emit light of various wavelengths. These lines which are colored with dark fringes between them are known as atomic spectra. All elements have distinct set of spectral lines. It is this unique spectrum associated with certain distinct element. The atomic spectra of various elements of investigation will be studied in this experiment using a diffraction grating mounted on a spectrometer. The atomic transitions of various elements under investigation will be used to calibrate Continue reading...

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid

Water represents 60% of body weight in males and 50% in females. However, this water contains a lot of soluble substances. The total body water in the body is divided into intracellular and extracellular.
Intracellular fluid is the liquid contained inside the cell membrane. It comprises of approximately 25-40 litres of fluid.
Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all the fluid present outside the cells. The total amount of ECF is approximately 14 litres in a 70 kg person. Depending upon the location in the body, ECF is divided into the interstitial fluid, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid Continue reading...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions.
It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection
The disease is Continue reading...

Chemistry can be described as the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.

 The Mechanisms and Synthesis of Aspirin

Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a salicylate drug used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains, as an anti-inflammatory drug, and as an antipyretic to suppress fever. (Vane & Bottling 2000)
The name “Salicylic acid’ was derived from salix, which is the willow family of plants. In ancient Continue reading...

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia

- O'Keefe-McCarthy, S., Santiago, C., & Lau, G. (2008). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Bundled Strategies: An Evidence-Based Practice. Worldviews On Evidence-Based Nursing, 5(4), 193-204. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2008.00140.xSummary of Article: In an effort to create care practices and a ventilator bundle to reduce ventilator-induced pneumonia, the study started with a compliance audit by quality control to determine baseline information.
- Research Elements: The design included education of staff, placement of reminder signage, and collecting data from the period of October 2008 to December 2009. The quality department conducted compliance audits. Specific objectives were determined, striving for 100% compliance and reduction of Continue reading...

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION
Titration is a volumetric analysis used to determine the quantity and concentration of an unknown or known substance. Redox titration involves the use of reducing and oxidising agents as the reactants. Some redox reactions can be performed without necessarily adding an indicator since the reagents used change in colour at the end point: they are self-indicating.
Potassium iodate is an ionic compound whose molecule is made of the atoms of potassium, iodine, and oxygen. Its chemical formula is KIO3 and its mass number is 214 g mol-1 (Clark, 2000, P. 79). It is also a strong oxidising agent Continue reading...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At Continue reading...

Thesis: Junk food should be banned in school campuses because it leads to illnesses, depression, and low self-esteem.
- Introduction
- Defining Junk Foods
- Why Junk Food Should Be Banned in Schools
- Junk food presents obesity risk to children and teenagers
- Availability of junk foods in school premises contributes to temptations to purchase unhealthy food items.
- Junk food has significant effects on children’s energy levels and ability to focus
- Junk food contributes to the development of chronic illnesses in children and teenagers.
- Eating junk food could lead to loss of self-esteem and Continue reading...

Have you ever faced a situation where you have to choose between preparing a healthy meal and going to a fast food restaurant? Millions of Americans face this decision on a daily basis and the impact of their choices has become apparent over the last three decades. In the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants doubled according to the Census of Retail Trade (Chou, Grossman, and Saffer). Since the same period, obesity and obesity related diseases increased rapidly in the U.S. Today, junk food is prevalent in our culture and is commonly found in fast food restaurants like Continue reading...

Diabetes is characterized in two types: Type I and II. In the type I diabetes, the immune system abort the function of pancreatic cells and it stops making insulin hormone. In type II diabetes, alterations in insulin secretion occur, and body cannot utilize the insulin effectively because of increased resistance against insulin. If not treated and monitored properly, it can turn up into life threatening disease (Webmd.com, 2014; Rubin, 2011).
I. Diabetes Monitoring and Treatment

A. Glucose meters

Using a glucose meter for monitoring blood sugar on a daily basis has become a habit of millions of Americans. Glucose meters are small Continue reading...

Overview of the Health Problem

Food consumers require nutritional information of every item appearing on the menu board. Such information is essential in creating awareness of what the consumers take from certain food thus able to make better choices in restaurants. Senate Bill (SB) 120 addresses the problem affecting approximately thirty eight million people residing in California State (Henderson, et al 2010). As the most populous state with modern living standards, it is the duty of the lawmakers in this state to ensure they protect the health interests of residents. To ensure that restaurants adhere to the provisions of public health policy in California, Continue reading...

Introduction

Obesity and overweight have been classified as global and serious conditions that have an adverse effect on the human health. Obesity and overweight conditions are defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat that may negatively affect health. In adults the obesity and overweight are measured by the body mass index (BMI), which is simple weight-for-height index (WHO, 2014). The BMI is computed by the ratio of the individual's body weight to the square of body height, indicated in Kg/m2 (WHO, 2014). According to W.H.O., (World Health Organisation), a BMI equal or above 25 is considered as overweight while Continue reading...

Fluoride is a naturally occurring compound that is used in the formulation of toothpastes to help prevent tooth decay. Because of its positive effects on teeth, especially for children who do not yet have permanent teeth, the American Dental Association has endorsed community water fluoridation in America since 1950 (American Dental Association, 6). However, along with the long-term endorsement of the American Dental Association for the project, anti-fluoride activists have also been hard pressed in getting the compound out of America’s drinking water. Fluoride opponents have cited research finding that high levels of fluoride – about 4 milligrams per Continue reading...

Background and Relevant History

This paper discusses the personality disorder of Charlie Sheen. Online newspapers will be used to provide information on his background. On the other hand, scholarly literatures will be used to provide a substantiation for his personality disorder.
Popularly known by his stage name, Charlie Sheen, Carlos Irwin Estevez, is a renowned American actor. Carlos has appeared in different award-winning films. As a public figure, Carlos has always attracted attention. His image, when viewed through the lenses of the public's eyes, has been dramatically good and bad to some extent owing to his drug and alcohol abuse. Carlos’s home Continue reading...

Obesity

We have all heard about the growing epidemic of obesity from our parents, teachers, and even our government. According to a recent study, about a quarter of two to five year olds and one-third of children are overweight or obese in the U.S. (Ogden et al., 2014). There is a wide array of factors which play a role in children becoming overweight or obese. Genetics, along with behavioral, social, cultural, environmental influences, can create an environment conducive for obesity. Environmental factors include great amount of exposure to advertising that encourages food consumption and promotes unhealthy foods, technological advances or Continue reading...

Available empirical evidence and facts points to the direction that potassium is a critical component in the human body as a regulator of blood pressure. The above stems from surveys and data recorded over a cross-sectional spectrum of the human population to the effect that areas and regions that take less of potassium have a likelihood of suffering blood pressure-related complications. It is to say that people who take less of potassium have a higher prevalence and prospects of getting hypertension. This logic is true and possible since the ion present in Potassium are unique and provide some functions Continue reading...

Thesis statement: Junk food a main cause of obesity, overweight and many other diseases

Introduction:
- Junk Food
A healthy nutritional diet consists of minimal quantity of fast food consumption. Junk and fast foods have high quantities sodium, fat, and sugar, which leads to obesity and several other health issues.
A large amount of fat that junk food consists will make an individual obese and gain weight. The higher consumption of junk food, the higher weight one gains and a higher risk of serious diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and arthritis would exist. (Fitday.com)

Body:

- Effects of Junk Diet:
- Junk food causes a damage to heart & liver
A greater risk of Continue reading...

Junk food can simply be defined as any food that provides minimum nutrients with a very high amount of calories; empty caloric foods. These foods tend to be more appealing to the consumers as a result of their ever great taste, attractiveness and their advertisements. The busy nature of the 21st century has made these quickly accessible foods preferred to cook by many. With these foods comes the health issue; the food have been recognized to cause a wide range of lifestyle diseases and conditions (Fister 331).
The health hazards accompanying the consumption of fast foods have made the Continue reading...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian Continue reading...

Analysis of NSAIDs non-selective take (Ibuprofen and Naproxen)

Health impact of many diseases leaves a potential consequence on the quality of life (QOL). The frequency at which such impact occurs could vary from one disease condition to the other. Affected individuals need to encounter physical and psychological distress. However, scientific advancements have made a progress in alleviating such problems. Especially, pharmaceutical science has become a reliable branch to cater the needs of people who suffer from illnesses. Understanding the efficacy and other properties of various drugs is important for the better therapeutic application of pharmacy. In such context, the present description deals with highlighting about Analysis of Continue reading...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium Continue reading...

Water Supplies in Sun Valley, AZ

Sun Valley is located in Arizona. It is situated along interstate 40. It is 31.56 square miles. Sun Valley has different water supply options. Some of these options are groundwater, surface water and reclaimed water. Groundwater is water found beneath the ground. They are usually in rocks and pores of the soil. Sun Valley is supplied by Arizona’s water supply. Groundwaters that supply Sun Valley are aquifers and wells. Main aquifers in Arizona are stream alluvial and basins fill. Ground water can also be sourced from sedimentary rock. Basin Fills are of three type’s namely carefree formation, Continue reading...

Photosynthesis refers to the process where plant utilize sunlight energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). The photosynthesis process can be illustrated using an equation as follows:
CO2 + H20→ +C6H12O6+O2

Initial Hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will float.
- If the leaves in a chamber containing distilled water are placed in light bank then the leaves would not float

Final hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will Continue reading...

Caffeine is present in tea leaves and can be readily extracted. This is the producer that was demonstrated in this laboratory experiment. In the laboratory experiment, the teabags were heated to ebullition for five minutes. The ebullition was sequenced by an extraction which applied dichloromethane. All of the washings occurred in a separator funnel. The residual substrate was subsequently evaporated up to the point of where the crude caffeine remained as a residual. Sublimation was applied in order to separate the purified caffeine from the crude caffeine. The mass of the sublimate is was 0.0035g. The percentage yield of Continue reading...

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Introduction

Azo dyes are the most popular dye materials that cover more than 50% dye market. The azo group is the main feature of all organic dyes; it joins the aromatic rings that result in an extended conjugated multiple bonds system. The unique characteristic of organic dyes is that they possess the colour. The reasons behind this uniqueness are the light absorbance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) and presence of at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group). Their conjugated system and resonance of electrons also produce color Continue reading...

Introduction

Esterification reactions refer to those processes between carboxylic acids and alcohols reacting together to produce esters (Smith, 2011). Ethyl ethanoate also referred to as ethyl acetate is one of the esters and is prepared through a reversible reaction between an alcohol and an acid. The process results in the production of an ester and water. The catalyst used in the reaction is sulfuric acid, which also works to remove water that is produced and thus to increase the yield of ester produced. The preparation of esters through this method is a good introduction of how equilibrium manipulation may help Continue reading...

Introduction

Monitoring one’s diet is important since it informs dietary choices that one should make in order to achieve and maintain healthy lifestyle and good health. Therefore, I took part in recording my food intake and exercise habits for three weeks. Nutrition determines many aspects of human beings. As the common adage goes, ‘we are what we eat.’ This adage implies that what we eat defines many of our aspects. Nutrition is indispensable to human health. Similarly, physical exercise plays a major role in promoting good health. For instance, it improves general health and helps achieve glycemic control among Continue reading...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. Continue reading...

- The central problem in this case is the launching of new product in the market, especially after the impressive test in Mineapolis, Minnesota. Exhibit 2 displays a number of products in this industry in the US markets. Some of the names in this exhibit are names of products in Frito-Lay’s production line. The figures posted show that these snack chips were doing well in the market in terms of sales. This means that the new products would have to compete with these brands, and other brands not featuring in the top ten. This problem is compounded by Continue reading...

Introduction

Food preservation forms an important part in the food and beverage industry. A number of preservatives are available for food preservation. The main idea behind preservation is to maintain the desired properties or the nature of the food as long as possible. Mostly, foods having a longer shelf life will be more demanded by consumers. According to Rahman (4), food preservation is important as it ensures that issues of inappropriate planning in agriculture are reduced. Furthermore, it helps provide value added products to the community. Although preservatives serve some useful functions, producers should not put them in food because Continue reading...

Introduction

The safety of food products of plant and animal origin has been a cause of concern due to a number of diseases associated with them . The human body is exposed to a diverse range of chemicals that are present in water, soil, air and food . Scientists have argued the presence of several naturally occurring cancer producing substances in our food . Food preservatives such as nitrates have become a major point of debate among the research community . Questions are being raised regarding the beneficial purpose of additives that are being added to foods such as nitrates and other nitrogenous compounds . Continue reading...