Essays on Chemical

Arguably, chemical engineers are one of the universal engineers in the globe. In fact, they are universal engineers because they use biology, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, as well as microbiology to design machines, processes and programs that convert raw materials into valuable finished products. The products produced by chemical engineers is very useful to humans, environment and economy. Chemical engineers play tremendous roles in the modern society, since most of the products are directly useful. Chemical engineers need to obtain fundamental knowledge on substance, and using such knowledge to produce solutions to crucial mechanical, societal or medical need In ...

Abstract

The fugacity is a term that has Latin origins, referring to pace and speed. Early work somewhere in the 20th century, on fugacity, demonstrated that chemical equilibrium is established by the free energies of reacting material. Since then, various approaches and concepts on fugacity have been provided. The gas fugacity of noble gasses has been studied, and models have been proposed for calculating the solubility of noble gasses. The development of various models has considered pressure effects, differential equilibrium between components and temperature changes. The paper discusses the evolution of various multimedia fugacity models and the fugacity of pure ...

The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria

The use of chemical weapons in Syria can be traced back in the 1970s before the start of the Arab-Israeli war. According to a report done by a research service in the United States, Syria began piling their chemical weapons in 1973 after they were issued with small quantities of chemicals and deliveries by Egypt. Since early 1970s, Syria has been in the news headlines with a recent lethal chemical attack on 21st august 2013. As a result of continued use of lethal chemical weapons on citizens, protests and group activists have ardently demonstrated for a stop of chemical weapon on human beings (Commins, ...

In this paper I will argue that keeping good chemical industry partnership with Sweden will benefit the world for years to come. Therefore further analyses and estimation of Intra-industry trade (IIT) share will be carried out from this perspective. Swedish trade flows for “Miscellaneous chemical products” group have a code of 598 according to SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) given on www.scb.se and 38 according to Harmonized System Codes Classification (Appendix A). In order to see how big the share of Swedish intra-industry trade is and what is the impact of it on the major world partners, we will use ...

Chemical engineering, which gained popularity after 1890, is a branch of mainstream engineering that applies experimental/ natural sciences (physics and chemistry) and life sciences (biology and biochemistry) together with economics and mathematics to produce, transform, transport and properly use materials, chemicals and energy. Much of chemical engineer’s work involves modeling processes and analyzing how they take place in the preliminary report or on the computer (Zydney, Matsoukas, and Bainbridge 22-23; The Princeton Review n. pag). Some of the career options that somebody with a chemical engineering masters or bachelors’ degree can get are chemical plant engineer, an aerospace engineer, computer ...

World War I started in 1914 and ended in 1914. It was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia. The conflict between the Allies and the Central Powers resulted in deaths of about 15 million combined military and civilian personnel (Gerd, 1977). The Allies consist of countries such as France, United Kingdom, and Russia. On the other hand, the Central Powers composed primarily of Austria-Hungary and Germany. In this war, mankind came to know and use chemical warfare. Initial chemicals used in warfare include gases such as tear gas, chlorine, phosgene, and mustard ...

Introduction

Recently Syria has been on global TVs for all wrong reasons. It is almost nicknamed land of fate following the extensive peace provocations in the country. It has been the point of comparison for nations renowned for insecurity through terrorism and tribal wars. Children with bear terrorism knowledge closely identifies with Syria as they consistently hear about the country in TVs and radios. It is a bad example of nation that children would wish to grow up in. In fact, not many people can tell about the origin of war in Syria. However, people have consistently thought of how the ...

Introduction to Engineering Technology

The career that one takes in life is a very crucial thing in life. It is important to choose a career that you were comfortable with since it determines what you will do for the rest of your life. The career that one takes is mostly determined by the passion that you have for a particular kind of work. The job market also determined your career that one takes. For instance, course like engineering and medicine are considered more lucrative. Biotechnology is basically a science based course that deals with the microorganism. The microorganism is used to perform different process to yield a product. ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

1. Introduction

During early days people do physical work to complete a job. The physical work made by the people made them tired and people time gets wasted. Let us take a construction work. The construction works involves major labors to construct a building, in early days people spends major time to construct a building. The labors have to give more energy to construct the building. Some of the labors even sacrificed their life by accident case inside the building. But today’s technology makes sure that the construction of any type of building can be modeled and executed within a year. Labor also ...

Section 1, Identification

Product identifier: 1750-x Manufacturer: Statlab Medical Products Inc Manufacturer address: 23654 Telephone number: 256235 Emergency phone number: 5895622 Recommended use - use within the controlled environment of a laboratory. Restrictions on use - for laboratory use only Section 2, Hazard(s) identification The chemical contains formaldehyde that is a suspected carcinogenic. If an individual is exposed to the chemical, it may lead to eye, skin, and the respiratory system irritation. If there is contact with the chemical, one should use plenty of water to wash it off the region of contact and then ...

Interactions with hazardous materials

Chemical reactions or interactions are key to the production of various useful chemical products including polymers, fuels, paints, adhesives etc. When the reactants, catalysts, mechanism of reaction, reactor operation, temperature, pressure and other parameters are known, as well as kept under control, the products or outcome are as expected. On the other hand when chemical interactions are unexpected and lead to unknown products, consequences could be disastrous leading to severe loss. Such hazardous material interactions are more common in chemical manufacture, processing, refining and storage facilities. Reactive hazards are a serious concern since the magnitude of loss could be ...

The Arab Spring which began in Tunisia snowballed and among the countries that were affected is Syria. However, the events in Syria hardly followed the same course as the events in other countries affected by the Arab Spring. This was because, in most of these countries, the clamor for regime change by the citizens resulted in the removal from power of their then leaders. This was the case in Egypt with the ouster of the then President Hosni Mubarak and in Libya with the ouster of the then President Muammar Gaddafi after an approximately six months civil war in ...

Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) agents and incidents mean the uncontrolled release of chemical, biological and nuclear agents into the environment or various explosions including the same that cause widespread damage to the environment. They can be used as weapons of mass destruction and can cause severe injury to people’s lives. Chemical, Biological and Nuclear agents are classified as hazardous material. A hazardous material is a substance that because of its physical, chemical or biological nature, they may lead to health, safety and environmental concerns that may require elevated efforts to manage (Auguste, 2003). Chemical, Biological or Nuclear ...

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Abstract

In industrial processes, the generation of waste waters is unavoidable sometimes. It is therefore important to develop process for decontaminating this water. The treatment of toxic effluent that contains pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals cannot be satisfactorily attained through the use of conventional processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been very vital and successful in their application to degrade these toxic compounds found in water. The high generation of extremely powerful oxidizing agent like the hydroxyl radical forms the back bone of the AOPs. This method is capable of destroying organic compounds until ...

Introduction

Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances whose main aim is to destroy, repel, prevent or inhibit the action of any pest. A pest is any form of an insect, plant pathogens, weeds, birds, mollusks, nematodes (worms), and microbes that destroy human foods while in the field, during transportation or in stores. In addition, a pest can destroy other human properties apart from food or help spread harmful diseases. Pesticides are classified into five categories: a chemical substance, a biological agent, disinfectant, antimicrobial and a device. Since pesticides find use in both our homes and in farms, they have the potential of causing ...

The Syrian crisis also known as the Syrian civil war (formally a “non-international (internal) armed conflict occurring in Syria opposing Government Forces and a number of organized armed opposition groups operating in several parts of the country” as declared by the International Committee of the Red Cross on July 17, 2012 (IRCR.com)) started back in March 2011 as a natural part of the Arab Spring. With Middle East region being a home to many ongoing ethnical, religious, economic and political conflicts, Syria is not a lucky exception, but a country that arouses heightened interest among the world powers due to several reasons which will be ...

Introduction

Many materials that are used in the production industry are hazardous and it is therefore necessary for production plants dealing with such materials to take the necessary precautionary measures (Ohl & Moser, 2007). In this scenario, the plant is in a mess after a fork lift punctured a drum of 55 gallon containing dangerous materials that are believed to be either strong acid, base or oxidizer raw materials. This paper analyses how the situation can be handled to restore normality in the plant.

Scenario

This type of chemical spill can be categorized as complicated since it not just a simple chemical spill on the floor that ...

The problem of chemical waste disposal has for a long time been a dilemma for the industrial sector. In ancient times, small industries, such as smelting and cloth making, had some wastes to dispose, and this was also a problem (Martin and Schinzinger 54). In modern industries, chemical engineering is a vital sector of each and every industry dealing with any chemical, either as a raw material, a byproduct, a product, or another item used in the production process.

Although several advances have been reached to improve chemical engineering in all industries, and laws are established to guide the processes of waste disposal, it is debatable ...

Developing nations are dependent on chemical pesticides to preserve their natural resources and to prevent insects from destroying valuable food crops. Each nation has to produce enough food to feed their population and also to rely on export that provide them with much need cash to sustain their economy. Some of these larger nations also are being depended on to provide other countries with food and sadly some are unable to keep up with such demands. The burden of providing enough food has become increasingly difficult for these nations over the past years because farmers who used to plant ...

is Communicated

Introduction

As human kind progress and improve their way of living, the use of chemicals has been a great factor of that progress. But alongside the benefits of these chemicals, there is a great threat or effect to people and the environment. With this, the countries around the world have developed a way of protecting the lives of the people through laws or regulations that require information to be prepared to those using chemicals, through labels or safety data sheets (United Nations, UN, 2011). In the past, different countries have their own way of classifying and labeling of chemicals but the ...

Chemical Abstract Number: 242-646-8

Common Uses Streptozotocin The chemical Streptozotocin (STZ) is identified to be useful for the treatment of “metastasizing pancreatic islet cell tumors, malignant carcinoid tumors, and as an investigational drug for diabetes research” (Virginia Commonwealth University ñ Office of Environmental Health & Safety, 2009, p. 1).

A determination if your chemical is a carcinogen, reproductive toxicant and/or highly toxic chemical.

The chemical is classified as possible carcinogen and mutagen . It was clearly identified as “’reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen’ based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals (IARC, 1978, 1982)” (cited in . As a carcinogen, the chemical is found to have strong potentials for causing cancer or tumor in various parts of the body. ...

Abstract

The Bhopal disaster is the most damaging industrial disaster in the global history. The event that led to the death of about 7,000 and 10,000 people within a few days and subsequent deaths of about 25,000 people has raised ethical debates of the person who should assume the responsibilities of cleaning up the toxins from the environment and compensating the victims, who continue to experience devastating effects of the tragic event. Union Carbide was the Indian company responsible for the disaster when it occurred and has since compensated a few victims. However, Dow Company acquired the Union Carbide ...

The article ‘A Rising Tide of Contaminants’ is about the alarming increase of chemicals and substances in the water bodies. The author, Deborah Blum, discusses the major reasons for the increase in the contaminants in the lakes and how the government should act for this issue. The two main reason for the increasing contaminants in the lakes is the unregulated increase of pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals and the lack of federal government actions regarding chemical exposures. Scientists are suspecting that the production of the new pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals are contaminating the water bodies through water sewage system. The ...

Syrian Chemical Attack August

Introduction Social Judgment Theory (SJT) is a persuasive theory that was proposed by Muzafer sheriff, Carolyn sheriff and Carl Hovland. Epistemologically this theory states that there exists a single universal interpretation (of one truth) on how people judge received messages. Ontologically, the SJT theory is deterministic since individual behavior is predictable (Connolly et al. 2000). Axiologically, SJT is value-neutral since the theoretical propositions remain objective and free from biasness. The theory of SJT explains how individuals judge the messages get. The theory also predicts that people accept or reject particular attitudes and messages (Connolly et al. 2000). Weekley and Ployhart ( ...

Research Paper: Chemical, Biological, Radiological

XXXXXXXXXXXX Other

Introduction

Background/Literature Review - Description of the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) weapons - Identification of basic threats associated with CBRN weapons

Discussion

- Summary of past terrorist use of CBRN weapons based on case studies - Comparison and contrast of various CBRN weapons that could be used in a terrorist attack - Examination of critical knowledge of the current CBRN threat.

Conclusion

Recommendations Abstract This research paper explores chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats (CBRN) to United States of America within the last decade. The exploration encompasses a description of the chemical, biological, radiological, ...

Engineering that is applied to chemical industry is known as Chemical Engineering. Chemical engineering can be applied to physics, biology, microbiology, chemistry and biochemistry. The chemical engineers play an important role in designing and inventing new processes, planning and operating amenities. Mechanical Engineering applies the laws of motion, material science and physics and mostly deals with the machines. The mechanical engineers create machines, new technologies to make the life easier for everyone. The large industries that employ mechanical engineering are the manufacturing industries, automotive, aerospace, fabricated metal products any industries that involved machinery, sheet metal and molds. Chemical engineers ...

The dynamic growth of the economy leads to accelerated consumption of all types of resources (material, energy, financial, etc.). This paper will focus only on the problems of the use of raw materials and energy resources, as it is one of the most topical problems nowadays. Over the decade, global consumption of oil, gas and coal increased by almost half, while the demand for energy is doubling every 12-14 years. About 70% of oil and 50% of coal extracted from the subsoil were mined over the last 15-20 years. Naturally, all this has led to the depletion of ...

Introduction

The acts of terrorism have for a long time been imminent in various parts of the world and especially the US affiliated regions. In the US Joint Task Force on Terrorism, we have received many cases involving various kinds of terrorism actions. The most recent case involves a suicide bomber at Floola. The bombing was carried out by a terrorist driving the vehicle, full of explosives, into a community building in a residential neighborhood housing service members on a U.S military base in the country. This act of terrorism was observed motivated by retaliatory actions because of frequents activities of U.S against terrorism especially in ...

Latent Fingerprinting and its Reliability as Forensic Evidence

Introduction The discovery and subsequent improvement in forensic science has been a road marred with many challenges. However, despite these challenges, its acceptance as a rudimentary source of evidence in the judicial system is fascinating. Nonetheless, there are copious number of skeptics who argue that the science is based on probability; thus does not fit to be termed as an actual science. (1) Among the source of their skepticism is in evidence collection. In this work, there is an exploration of fingerprint collection on diverse surfaces.

Ways of Collecting Fingerprint Evidence from different Surfaces

Fingerprints can be identified from several surfaces, which include the porous, non-porous, and semi-porous ...

Introduction

Panter-Brake (202) asserts that most people use beauty products with the assumption that these products have undergone thorough testing to ensure their safety before they reach the consumers. The assumption comes because the government is known to regulate most consumer products such as food, water, among others. Therefore, people expect that FDA ensures the health and safety in the cosmetic industry so as to protect consumers. Unfortunately, little power has been given to FDA in regulating cosmetics’ ingredients. The people who govern cosmetic industry are responsible for ensuring safety of the beauty products. Several studies reveal that consumer safety ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Question 1: environmental health

- What were the main themes that first emerged after the spill? The first themes from the newspapers that were covered touched on the chemical spill from Kooragang Island Orica Plant. They all touched on the chemicals that were spilt at the plant and the area in which the chemical covered. The carcinogenic chemical exposure was communicated to the residents of the area three days after the event took place (Johnson 2011, p. 1). According to all the articles, the chemical that glided on seventy homes in the area for half an hour was hexavalent chromium (Fairfax Media ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes that are ...

Impact of Triclosan on Health

Introduction Antimicrobial or antibacterial agents are commonly used as ingredients in many of the household products. This trend has increased the concern of growing level of chemicals in the environment that ultimately bring negative impact on human as well as animal health. Triclosan is one among them. It is a synthetic, and an antibacterial agent having broad spectrum that has exploded in the consumer market in last few years. There has been tremendous debate on the safety, regulation of its use and effectiveness of triclosan (The European Consumer Organization, (2012). Triclosan contains antibacterial properties along with antiviral and ...

Introduction

One of the byproducts of urban growth and development is the waste production. As per the report of the World Bank (2013), OECD countries produce almost half of the world's waste, while South Asia and Africa are listed as the regions producing the least amount of waste. The Basel Convention defines 'wastes' as substances or objects that need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of national law. European Waste Catalogue shows 850 types of wastes out of which 420 types of wastes have been classified as hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are those wastes considered to be ...

When it comes to fire protection, it is important to know and understand the advantages and disadvantages of the many different types of fire protection agents. Dry chemical fire extinguishers are a very popular fire protection agent used in personal, professional, and commercial settings. Dry chemical fire protection agents have both advantages and disadvantages. These types of extinguishers work by “coating a burning surface, separating the fuel of the fire from its oxygen supply” which then puts out the fire (Ace Fire Equipment). By spraying this chemical agent on the fire, it can quickly and efficiently put out the fire. The ...

EMPLOYEE DILEMMA ON EITHER TO USE BUSINESS ETHICS OR MORALS

Lisa Klein is an employee who is loyal to her company but feels it is morally wrong to let the consumers of the company’s product to continue suffering in her silence. It is also wrong from business ethics to expose you company to the customers or the authorities without first informing the company of the mistake committed. Also, it is the moral responsibility of the company to protect its consumers from using harmful products. Lisa Klein’s dilemma lies in the fact that she understands the lethal effects posed by the chemical used as an ingredient by ...

CHAPTER 1

1.0 Introduction The purpose of this study will be to investigate the impact of teamwork in Chemical Engineering Department in the Federal University of Technology, Niger State, Nigeria. In order to be sure of getting assistance in the course of the study, I contacted the Head of this department who gave me an assurance of help of any kind of information as well as resource that I may need during the study. In this particular study, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used. Debatably, overall performance of an organization depends on various factors which include; employee ...

Abstract

The three sources look into how Ordinary exposure to a spestist affects human health. It is illustrated that Ordinary exposure to particular hazardous materials has a very low probability of affecting the human life. However, chronic exposure to some chemicals can threaten the health of a human and environment if they are not managed appropriately. The sources argues how Ordinary exposure to hazardous material impact on the health of individuals.

Abkowitz, M. and Cheng, P. (1989). “Hazardous materials Transport Risk Estimation under Conditions of Limited Data Availability”, Transportation Research Record, 1245, pp. 14-22 The book looks into how the transportation ...

Abstract

Water is one of the fundamental requirements for any form of living thing on earth. It is known for the many vital roles that it plays in the continued survival of animals and growth of plants. In animals, water plays an essential role in maintaining many processes that take place both in the system of the animal and the outside world as well. Water acts as a medium through which most chemical reactions take place within the body system of all animals. In plants, it plays several roles, mainly by allowing the absorption of dissolved nutrients and mineral salts present ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the large biological molecules that play the role of metabolic processes responsible for maintaining the human life. They have the ability of high selectivity, as natural catalysts. They accelerate both the specifity and rate of metabolic processes, from food digestion and DNA synthesis. Most scientific enzymes are proteins in nature, even though some RNA molecules which are catalytic have been studied. The structures of enzymes normally adopt a three dimensional structure, and in order to assists in catalysis, it may employ the organic and inorganic forms. This experiment is meant to describe the properties and characteristics of enzymes ...

Fritz Haber, born in 1868, was a world-renowned German chemist whose multifaceted works in the field of chemistry earned him a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1918. His most notable work involves the chemical process of synthesizing ammonia, which is used as one of the core ingredients in fertilizers and explosives (Stoltzenberg 84). The entire food industry is arguably dependent on his ingenious method, as most of the food is produced using fertilizers and other elemental components produced using his premier method. Perhaps the most unsettling role he played as one of the world’s most notable genius chemists was in ...

Stars begin their lives from molecular clouds or nebula of gases and dust. These gases and dusts exert forces to each other that make them want to move farther away from each other while at the same time there is gravity that attracts them together into a small space within the nebula. The chemistry which starts the star’s life begins when gravity starts winning in the war between the two aforementioned opposing forces. As gravity pulls the dust and clouds together it begins to accumulate mass and a swirling motion typical to a spinning disc. At its center are dusts (NH3, ...

The Current State of Research on New Methods and Technologies for the Safety and Reliability of Assessment of Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics1

Abstract

Materials with high energy have in the past and are still in use for both intensive military and civil purposes. Research and studies have been conducted recently to try establishing and inventing new materials likely to have enhanced high performance and that are less sensitive to heat and shock as compared to existing materials. In future military applications have a threshold to be adjusted to. This paper is mainly focusing on the on the advancements, possible formulations of ...

PART B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (20%)

11. (a) What have employees given up for their rights under the present injury compensation system ( Workers Compensation Legislation)? Answer: The NB Workers Compensation Act is made to benefit the employees in workplace injury. In the case of workplace injury, the provisions under the compensation act, entitles an injured, on duty employee, to get compensation from his/her company. The compensation scheme benefits the employee in one way, and on the other way, seizes their right to take legal actions against their company. For such an occurrence of the mishap, with a third party company, the employees company will bear ...

AFFIDAVIT OF [NAME] [DATE]

[on separate page] I [#say on oath #affirm]: I am currently employed as an Environmental Forensic Scientist with the New South Wales Government. I have held this position since 2002. I obtained a Bachelor of Science (Forensic Science) degree from the University of Western Sydney in 2001. I have read, understand and will abide by the Expert Witness Code of Conduct. I was requested by [requester] to determine the composition of the material present in the environment, the source of this material and the level of environmental harm associated with this material.

Sample submission

On the ...

The Arab Spring has been going on for the last two years. While the peaceful protest that started in Tunisia was over in the country after about 3 months, it took Libya about 6 months to finally stampede over the authoritative regime of Kaddafi. Kaddafi’s fall however, did not actualize the desires of a liberal and progressive democracy. Libya’s revolution backfired as the absence of a central authority led to civil unrest and the rise of extremists’ movements. In Egypt, the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 was seen as the culmination of freedom and the triumph of democracy ...

In the healthcare perspective, according to Gennaro et al. (2000), biochemical reactions are the chemical reactions involved in biochemical and cellular processes and particular actions of substances that affect these processes. Understanding biochemical reactions lead to the “understanding of the molecular bases of diseases”. The knowledge of receptor sites and metabolism (among other things) direct healthcare measures in efficient therapy management. Knowing normal cellular communication and metabolic pattern chemical reactions determine conditions that are abnormal in disease states. To Giese (2013), the scope of pharmaceutical reactions involve those of pharmaceutical biomolecules and biomolecule analogues and the chemical reactions involving ...

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

NEPA was created due to the increased concern and appreciation about wildlife and ecological system during the 1969. It is an environmental law that sought to promote environmental care through the establishment of a national policy. The Act seeks to lay done specific environmental goals and policies (Bass, Bogdan & Bass 2001). Secondly it provided for the formation of implementation and enforcement for the provided policies through relevant federal agencies. Finally, the Act, provided for the creation of Council on Environmental Quality attached to the President’s Office. The CEQ role is to advise the President on national status on ...

Chemical Weapon Disposal

According to NRCCRECSDP (2000), chemical weapon disposal has been done in the past through sea disposal, land burial, explosion and open pit burning/incineration. However the decomposition of such chemicals has been founded to pose a significant environmental, public health threats resulting to land and water contamination. Thus, as much as the government has made the decision on disposing the chemical weapons there are some unanswered questions like how should the government dispose off the chemicals in a way that is safe for the environment and the surrounding population. Many citizen groups like Sierra club and Greenpeace have seriously opposed the ...

Until today, over 2000 minerals have been discovered, and constantly on a daily basis, new minerals are discovered. Minerals just like matter is made up of atoms of elements arranged in a particular way together with a definite chemical composition. Notably, minerals are aggregates of nearly all rocks found on the earth’s crust. Geologists define minerals as inorganic materials on and in the earth’s crust with a specific chemical composition. Most minerals are always naturally occurring and it is worth noting that nearly all the minerals contain crystals. This is attributed to the fact that mineral particles are usually arranged in a ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule. There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Abstract

Collision theory refers to a theory that was proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis independently. The theory qualitatively offers an explanation on the way chemical reactions take place and the reason behind differences in reaction rates in different reactions. The rate equation for a given chemical reaction refers to the equation that provides a link between the pressure or concentrations of the reactants and the parameters that are constant partial reaction orders and the rate coefficients. This experiment aimed to determine the rate of reaction of reaction between iodide and hydrogen peroxide and determine the order ...

Introduction

As defined by the Brundtland Commission, sustainability is a "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (EPA 2014). Food production and consumption patterns and trends are one of the main contributing factors to environment pollution today. In the event of a growing global population and demographic change, the sustainability issues arising out of the food system are likely to turn more serious in the near future. It is expected that the economic prosperity and the growth of population will increase the demand for food beyond the natural capacity, ...

Introduction

In recent years, the lithium-ion battery safety issues have been the subject of interest in the field of battery technology. This is because the development of projects in the industry of automobile focuses mostly on the vehicles that utilize an alternative power such as hybrid vehicles; and lithium battery technology is employed in hybrid cars. Hybrid and battery electric automobiles are currently accessible. Corporations are doing the final measurements for every vehicle types (Hollmotz and Hackmann, 1). Moreover, the technology of lithium battery has been searching fresh markets associated with the development of cordless communication equipment such as portable ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium hydroxide ( ...

The process of weathering deals with the breaking down of minerals, soils and rocks as well as synthetic materials as a result of contact with the atmosphere, biological entities and water. Weathering is slightly different from erosion, because it does not involve movement. Erosion involves the movement of water, wind, snow or other agents across minerals or rocks. Weathering simply takes place “in situ.” There are two significant types of weathering, chemical and physical. Each can involve a biological component, but the difference is that physical weathering has to do with soils and rocks breaking down as a result of directly contacting ...

According to the chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) classification of hazards, each of the individual types of agents can result in various types of injuries at different periods depending on the time they have been released (CBRNE Task Force Statement, 2008). Both chemical and biological agents result in injuries that fundamentally affect human beings via internal cellular pathways (CBRNE Task Force Statement, 2008). Unlike biological agents, which are transmitted through infection, chemical agents do not have any infectious attributes (CBRNE Task Force Statement, 2008). However, usually, the consequences of noxious chemical agents, especially pulmonary toxins such as nerve ...