Essays on Combustion

Introduction

The purpose of this project is to outline a framework to ensure the sustainability of UK aircraft carrier. It outlines some of the challenges that face the industry. Additionally, it presents a framework which can be used to address these challenges. The project also highlights a measurement regime which can be used to assess the proposed framework. Mainstream media have repetitively documented the impact of seaway transport and their eco-efficiency concerning a sustainable future. By minimizing operation and manufacturing impacts, airbus aims at optimizing their services and product towards an eco-efficient technology to minimize their environmental impact. Throughout the ...

Abstract

This paper tends to highlight the history of automobiles and their impact on society today. This paper will discuss how what motivated the development of automobiles while also stating down the history of automobiles from the traditional and mechanical automotive used years back to the more modern electronic automobiles in use today. The impact of automobiles on society today cannot be understated with the rapid advancements in technology leading to the production of the brilliant machines. But with every advancement brings both negative and positive impacts on society and this paper will discuss these factors in a broader way. ...

Abstract

The study of tiny particles and their applications have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties that make the particles useful in numerous applications. Accordingly, the present review investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The introduction section examines recent advances in nanotechnology and explains the significance of magnetic nanoparticles in scientific research. The section on results and discussion presents the findings of various researchers with a focus on the magnetic properties, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. ...

(Tutor’s Name) (Assignment)

Summary Report 1

What factors contributed to the problem? Volcanic activity is a major contributing factor to the issue of climate change. The eruption of volcanoes leads to the release of large quantities of water vapor, ash, dust, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, these sulfur dioxide molecules will react with water vapor leading to the formation of sulfuric acid, which is then spread all over the world through winds. The sulfuric acid formed in the atmosphere can significantly affect the amount of solar radiation entering the Earth’s surface and thereby the ...

Introduction

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is a group of technologies that received recognition in 21 century. CCS process consists of collection and concentration of CO2 emitted from combustion of fossil fuels with further transportation to special storage locations. The reason for storing carbon dioxide away is related Greenhouse effect and its influence on global warming process. The main goal of carbon capture technologies is to stabilize the levels of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. It is expected that implementation of CCS technologies will make it possible to reduce the total emission of CO2 up to 54% (to 450 ppmv). ( ...

as Environment Policy

Effectiveness of Carbon Tax as Environment Policy

Climate change has emerged as a global challenge because unrestrained rising of global temperature would cause melting of glaciers and rise of sea level that would submerge land masses, change weather patterns with frequent incidence of hurricanes and floods and droughts. As an effective response to the challenge, global leaders have agreed to cut back emission of Green House Gases (GTG) to contain the global rise in temperature below 2 degree Celsius (Symon, 2013). Carbon dioxide, a major constituent of GTG, is released to the atmosphere on combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and ...

Abstract

Carbon capture is an essential approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Different plants utilize various technologies in reducing carbon dioxide emission. Some of the conventional techniques employed include oxy-fuel, pre, and post-combustion carbon capture. These approaches have a high potential for capturing carbon dioxide. However, their massive initial and implementation costs have been a challenge to plants globally. Additionally, most of them are yet to experience large scale applications. Therefore, it is essential for research and development activities to be conducted. This can ensure a reduction in the cost of production. The carbon capture technologies differ in costs. This ...

Introduction

Coal is a very cheap and abundant provision of energ. In fact, it is the most abundant fuel in the United States; U.S. has the highest coal reserve in the world, with up to 25% of the known world coal present in America and being mined in 26 out of the U.S. 50 states (fe.doe.gov, 2013). However, this abundant energy is seldom used because it is a very dirty energy. According to Hong & Slatick (1994), up to 204.3 pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu is emitted when coal having 78% carbon content is completely burned to attain a ...

Abstract

The concentration of carbon dioxide has been abnormally increasing over the years. In the year 2016, its concentration exceeded the limitations, and has been considered as a dangerous situation. As a response to the increasing carbon dioxide content in the Earth’s atmosphere, different processes are being suggested in order to lower the concentration. Carbon Capture and Storage, or CCS, is one of these processes. Generally, there are three different phases of this process: the pre-combustion, the oxyfuel, and the post-combustion. These three phases have different processes in which the carbon dioxide content is being separated from the other ...

I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment as a continuous assessment project in Heat and Mass Transfer on the course 4th year in BEng (Hons) Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted in whole or in part for assessment for any academic purpose other than in fulfilment for that stated above.

Abstract

Energy is a depleting resource, making it crucial for people to be knowledgeable in implementing conservation measures at the domestic dwelling level. Scientific advances had made effective energy conservation technology increasingly more accessible due to innovative ...

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction This study evaluates the operating principles of vehicle fuel systems, vehicle ignition systems and pressure charging of engines. The report attempts to evaluate the operating features of actuators and sensors used in the ignition systems and engine management system of vehicles. It also analyzes the types of pressure charging systems, its shortfalls and how it affects the enhanced power of the engine. The secondary sources which form the bulk of this report are primarily research from various sources. The paragraphs below look into the sensors and actuators and the pressure charging systems.

Sensors and Actuators

Types of Sensors and function The ...

Introduction

Waste is generated as a result of a lot of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Dumping it at some appropriate place is one option. However, ecological effects of throwing away waste products are becoming a serious concern these days. In order to minimize waste, the best strategy is to transform it into valuable products . Plenty of research studies have been carried out to utilize waste effectively. The aim of this report is analysis of the proposed methods for the utilization of common forms of wastes for useful purposes. We also recommend better alternatives to help create a lesser negative ...

Introduction

Globally, clean air is a critical resource for the general public health while a clean environment is one of the essential elements required for the establishment of sustainable societies. Human beings breathe the air around them and thus air pollution or any pollution manifested in any other form to the environment directly affects their overall health and wellbeing. This has the implication that public authorities at international, national and local levels have the responsibility of protecting the quality of the air through development of regulations that regulate the use of products and materials that have the potential of causing ...

Executive summary

Tesla is an example of a company that is able to disrupt an industry. Before Tesla, the fully electric car was an idea in the research and development laboratories of gasoline-powered cars. After Tesla, the fully electric car is almost synonymous with the name of the company. The technologies behind the car are still expensive and this means that it is still a niche product. However, Tesla is working towards making it a more mainstream car. This paper looks at the efforts of Tesla to get its Model S into the Singaporean market. This paper begins with an introduction ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

If a fuel mixture can be represented by the general formula CxH2x, prove that the stoichiometric gravimetric air/fuel ratio is 14.8:1.

The combustion reaction for a given fuel mixture will look as follows:

CxH2x + 1.5x(O2 + 3.76N2) → xCO2 + xH2O + 1.5x*3.76N2 The molar ratio is 1.5x:1, to find the gravimetric ratio, the masses of the air and fuel should be found. This can be done by multiplying molar ratio with molar weights of the fuel and air. m(fuel) = 12*x + 2x*1 = 14x m(air) = 1.5x(16*2 + 3.76*14*2) = 1.5x*137.28 = 205.92x The gravimetric stoichiometric air/fuel ratio then is 205.92x:14x = 14.71:1 The dry exhaust gas analysis from an ...

The issue of the pollution of the environment has been an issue that has always been addressed in different forums. This is mainly due to the fact that the continuous pollution makes the world less inhabitable for man. Pollution may be on different components of the earth; from water, to air to the ground itself. Various mechanisms have been developed as a way of ensuring that we are able to conserve the environment (Shaw 14). These may include measures like ensuring that the citizens use biodegradable products in order to prevent the instances of soil pollution, or ensuring that ...

Tesla Motors is one of the most promising companies in automotive industry regardless of its business struggles in the past. In fact, despite the costly prices of its unique cars, the company has gained strong based of consumers and followers of the brand. With this impressive performance in the market, a study concerning its business strategy through SWOT analysis and Value Chain analysis is worth setting. It is interesting to note the fact that the company has reportedly reconfigured its system and has taken full charge and ownership of its value chain concerning strategy. This is with a determined ...

Air pollution can be defined as the act of introducing mixtures of solid particles as well as gases into the environment. Examples of solid molecules or gases entail chemicals, biological materials, as well as particulates. This paper discusses air pollution as an environmental problem within my community. Air pollution affects animals, humans, as well as the environment. Additionally, it affects the health of the environment or that of animals or humans, as well as causes climate change. The paper is set to discuss some mechanisms that can be employed to foster positive environmental actions in curbing air pollution. It ...

Background

The past several years have been graced with an increase in the production and use of hybrid cars. Numerous automobile companies are exploring and introducing hybrid electric vehicles to the market, with several other companies to follows soon given the demand. It is imperative to outline that the introduction and the fast embrace and use of hybrid electric cars over the past few decades have been stimulated by several factors. Apart from the increasing demand for hybrid cars based on their advantages, the increase in production of these vehicles has been stimulated by the declining fuel reserves and concerns ...

1. The dimensions are converted from cm to m: 10 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.1 m 5 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.05 m

The volume of the water in the tank is:

V=0.1×0.1×0.05=0.0005 m3

The mass of the water is:

m=ρV=1000kgm3×0.0005 m3=0.5 kg 2. g=9.81ms2 a. The force F exerted by the water is: F=mg=0.5 kg9.81ms2=4.905kg∙ms2=4.905 N b. The force F is exerted downwards, towards the centre of the Earth. c. The water would want to move downwards because of gravity. d. The height h is converted to meters:5 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.05 m

The potential energy U is:

U=Fh=4.905 N0.05 m=0.2453 N∙m=0.2453 J 3. The volume of the olive oil is assumed to be ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

Question 2: Energy and Risks

Energy is fundamental to life. Without the resource, billions of individuals would remain hungry and cold. The prominent source of energy emanates from fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, and oil in the developing and industrialized nations. Despite providing numerous benefits that sustain human, plant, and animal life, the fossil fuels also present disadvantages that have resulted in ecological damage, political disruption, and production failures. This paper attempts to compare the political and environmental challenges introduced by natural gasses, coal, and oil as well as possible remedies that can alleviate the problems. The greenhouse emissions that arise from ...

As a large automobile manufacturer, our core mission is to develop into internationally competitive automobile company. Firstly, to approach the situation, we need to know what impact the economic development has on the environment. Our company cannot successfully pursue pecuniary interest, if its production causes harmful environmental pollution. Every person on the earth, and specifically large automobile manufacturers should have a responsibility to improve the environment. We are aware that, the earth's resources are limited, and due to our overexploitation of energy, it makes the environmental damage incredibly serious. With a more rapid economic development over the past couple ...

Literature Review

Abstract Innovations and modifications that produce cost reductions and enhance performance have driven the evolution of the classic solid rocket and the liquid bipropellant rocket into hybrid models that integrate the predominant solid and liquid model features into more sensical, more economical fabrications of design. The commercial spacecraft demands for aerospace propulsion have also evolved to include a market for environmentally sustainable hybrid rocket engines that has yet to fully mature to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Numerical modeling has been used as a tool to test the feasibility of new solid fuel types. ABS has been considered as ...

Smoking is one of the most harmful habits dangerous to the health of not only smokers but also others. Currently, smoking has become a massive "epidemic" common among men, women and even children. The fact that smoking is harmful to health know everyone, but not all realize the true extent of its impact. Damage to health damage is delayed in time and not immediate, but gradual, usually after 10-20 years after the onset of smoking. Therefore, many smokers at first do not notice changes in their health status and believe that nothing will happen to them in the future, ...

ENGL 303-005: Technical Writing

Feasibility Study on Solutions to efficiently power an electrical vehicle Abstract “Feasibility Study on Solutions to Efficiently Power and Charge Electrical Vehicles” The future of electric vehicles needs to shift toward the use of solar charging stations which can increase the feasibility of electric vehicles outside of urban areas. The solar powered charging stations can revolutionize the way the world views vehicles powered by renewable energy sources. These solar stations can be placed in rural areas which can allow the drivers to store and charge their vehicle, which will minimize the prevalence of vehicles being stranded without access to ...

Climatic Design Houses in Halls Creek, WA

Climatic design housing in Western Australia remains extremely hot and mostly dry, even though torrential rain may fall with less warning and leads to destructive, localized flooding. During the relatively short winter, days could be pleasurably warm, or cold and cloudy with consistent cold winds. Night temperatures can fall well below zero.

Influence of Climate Conditions to Building Designs in Halls Creek, WA

Western Australia has numerous climate zones dues to its big size. There is summer, winter, autumn, and spring patterns within the temperate zone, likewise affecting Grassland and Desert climatic areas and, wet and dry patterns. The Southwest features mild, wet winters as well as hot, dry summer. ...

My Name

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Lab Report Objectives Introduction A heat exchanger refers to a gadget that aids the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. The fluids involved can either be in direct contact or separated to avoid mixing (Ramesh & Sekulic, 2003). They are in common use in sewage treatment, natural gas processing, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, power stations, air conditioning, refrigeration, and space heating. A perfect example of a heat exchanger is in the internal combustion engine (ICE) (Hiereth & Prenninger, 2010). In such a situation, a circulating fluid called engine cooler flows over the ...

Abstract

A rotary engine is one of the ancient internal-combustion engines ever used. These type of engines were designed with an odd number of cylinder per row in a radial configuration. The crack shaft remained stationary throughout the operation. One advantage of this kind of engine is that it is a simple engine that utilizes less moving components. On the other hand, a piston engine or a reciprocating engine is a heat engine that uses one or several reciprocating pistons. The piston engine converts pressure into a rotating motion. A piston engine has the capability to seal the gap in ...

Electricity still remains the most important energy source in the present world driven by information and communications. There are quite a number of energy sources but under two broad categories - renewable and non-renewable energy source. The non-renewable energy sources include coal, gas, crude oil etc. The renewable energy sources include solar energy, wind energy etc. Non-renewable energy sources are burnt and cannot be replenished but renewable sources are not diminished when they are used. One down side of non-renewable energy sources which have been widely used in the past centuries up till now is the air pollution they ...

Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures. The rise in global temperatures is occasioned by the emission of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides. The gases are released from industrial process that combust fossil fuels such as diesel, coal, and petrol. Such processes include generation of electrical energy in thermal power stations, burning of coal in industrial boilers, and combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines. When these greenhouse gases are emitted, they rise to upper levels of the atmosphere and form a layer that blankets the earth. This layer ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

07th of April 2016

Air pollution impacts the human health and the environment in various ways - by direct and immediate threat (smog, etc.) to the slow and gradual destruction of the body's various life-support systems. In many cases, air pollution negatively affects the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that the regulatory processes are not able to return to their original state and thus the homeostasis mechanism fails. The atmosphere is the air shell of the Earth. Air quality involves the totality of its properties, reflecting the level of exposure to physical, chemical and biological factors on humans, plant ...

Introduction

Air pollution involves the introduction of particulates and other biological molecules in the atmosphere, resulting in the death of humans, other living things and damage to other resources such as crops. It involves the interaction of different pollutants which eventually affect the environment, health, and even the climate. These pollutants are emitted almost from all economic and social activities. The most cases of air pollutants are; Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Ammonia, Non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, lead, heterocyclic, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenol and Methane amongst others. Emission of many air pollutants has decreased across Europe as ...

SUMMARY

Global warming is a serious issue that threatens the survival of future generations. Various methods are being devised to reverse the effects of global warming such as the use of green energy. Motor vehicles running on fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases which are a major cause of global warming. Therefore, it’s almost impossible to address the issue of global warming without considering emissions from the transport industry. Electric vehicles are a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles that combust fossil fuels. The vehicles are powered by a rechargeable battery that drives an electromagnetic motor. ...

After gaining permission from the property owner, a fire investigation was launched concerning the context of this situation. The objectives of the probe included an establishment of the origin of the fire and a determination of the most probable ignition sources. An understanding of the circumstances involved in this case was important as an initial step towards the prevention of future fire incidents. The significance of identifying the ignition sources was to enable the property owner to sensitize the occupants on the same.

Description of the Incident

Regarding this case, a fire occurred near a disposed container of flammable liquid. Next to this ...

Report

A successful application by homeowner to have the cause of fire investigated and determined has led to this inquiry to unravel the cause of the fire with a future anticipation how homeowners can avoid fire accidents. This report will also identify some of the potential common causes of fire accidents at home to enable the owner inform relevant people who can help seal loopholes that are likely to contribute to devastating effects of fire accidents.

Description of the Incident

The main door leading to the kitchen reveals how the fire stated. In the cooking area, there are two relatively heavy wooded cupboard position ...

Introduction

Energy is a key driver of any nation’s economy. The extent to which it contributes to the performance of all activities surrounding the human life is beyond measure. This is because energy contributes almost fully to the economic development of the economy. In its physical form, energy is classified either as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable energy forms the green energy that can be reused again and is less toxic to the environment. On the other hand, non-renewable energy is exploited once it’s used and mostly pollutes the environment. All this energy forms can be either used directly ...

Introduction

Industries in West Virginia have violated the state-issued permit of pollution by releasing toxic substances such as coal ash and selenium into the local water supply. In addition to the threat toxic substances like coal ash and selenium pose to the health of the community, toxic water destroys the environment and destabilizes the local ecosystem of the areas impacted by such pollution. West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (WVDEP) was formed as a guidance tool to aid persons to know when it is environmentally secure to withdraw water from the stream. This judgment is built on percentages of yearly ...

Introduction

Quoting Marchetti, Ausubel states, “Successful societies are learning systems” (Ausubel, 1995). Organized social learning and the development of our society caused increased technological progress. Since 1400, the number of technological and scientific discoveries has dramatically increased (Appendix A). In the twentieth century, it continued its growth. It was the time of scientific and technological advances that significantly improved our living but at the same time caused environmental problems, as the creation of the internal combustion engine became one of the major reasons of the outpouring of greenhouse gases. In the twenty-first century, we have something to do with them. ...

A clean energy vehicle, popularly known as green vehicle, is a motor vehicle that makes minimum harmful effects to the surrounding environment in comparison to conventional vehicles, which use either gasoline or diesel as fuel for their internal combustion engines. Clean energy vehicle technology focuses on bringing spectacular improvements in vehicle technologies with the intention of reducing the dependence of running vehicles on nonrenewable energy sources like oil and improving the fuel efficiency. The areas in which the technology concentrates are: bio-fuels, energy conversion, clean combustion, electrification of vehicles, advanced batteries, lightweight materials integration of vehicle grid and analysis ...

Introduction

Concerns with avoiding the adverse consequences of Global Warming and the effects of Climate Change has increased significantly over the past decades (Deutch et al.). The leading economies such as the United States are still reluctant to adopt comprehensive climate change policies despite pledging to do so. Nor has there been an agreement with the emerging rapidly-growing economies such as India, South Korea, China, Indonesia, and Mexico on the mechanisms to adopt Greenhouse Gas (GHGs) emission constraints (US Energy Information Administration [EIA]). With Global emissions of GHGs projected to continue to increase, there is the added urgency to not ...

0. Introduction Moto-cars are made from metals. This very common opinion was almost entirely true during almost all the previous century though opposite solitary examples (displayed at images below) are very well known for car likers: wooden bulks, a rubber car, a fiberglass sport car, a car with plastic bulk facias based on soybeans, a concept of a ceramic car, a glass car, and so on. All those examples are just very rare exceptions. Moreover, the probably refer rather to arts than to industry. However, in the current century, metals lost their monopoly. In the present essay, several material ...

The purpose of this essay is to discuss, the pros and cons of the non-renewable energy sources usage; coal and natural gas to be more specific. How does it affect the society and the economy? What are the alternatives? What are the strategies to implement such transition? The most significant reason behind the non-renewable energy sources is its low cost. Coal is relatively cheap to other energy sources and it produces a large amount of relative energy. Moreover, it is easy to combust; therefore its processing procedures are not as complicated as other sources of energy. Natural Gas maybe ...

Energy is one of the most important components of our day to day activities. Gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane and other products are extracted from fossil fuels through a number of systematic processes and are used to drive automobiles, aircrafts, ships and trains. Despite their importance, these fuels lead to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and results in global warming, which has been on a steady rise for quite some time. A few Economic Crises have occurred in the recent past due to depletion of oil reserves. The latest brands of hybrid and electric cars are the ...

Introduction:

Occupational exposure to silica crystals has long been identified and recognized in most of the industries. There are various industries that involved the silica dusts, where some are highly exposed beyond the threshold limits for the substances. The problem with the occupational exposure of workers to silica crystals are often not taken seriously be employer and employee alike. Exposure to silica in the occupational environment results to health effects such as silicosis and other related diseases. People who are working with these crystals are prone to respiratory effects as well. There is a problem in the safety and health ...

Introduction

The fundamental process of thermal power plants is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and, subsequently, into electric power, using steam as the working fluid. According to the U.S. Energy Information System, over 67% of the electrical energy in the United States is generated through thermoelectric power plants, which use the combustion of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and petroleum to generate the steam necessary for the process; moreover, thermoelectric power generation accounts for an approximate 80% of all the power generation worldwide. Thus, the electricity consumed in most homes and industries is ...

Introduction

Air pollution is defined as the introduction of biological molecules, particulates, and other harmful substances into the air in sufficient quantities such that they cause damage to the health of living organisms including human beings, plants, and animals and may sometimes cause death. These pollutants may also cause harm to property resulting in corrosion of buildings and causing them to crumble or destroy the environment by introducing foul odors and reducing visibility. Two different types of air pollution exist: natural or artificial, depending on the causative factors. Air pollutants are also classified into primary and secondary sources. Primary sources ...

An automotive engine is a propulsion system responsible for moving automobiles from one place to another. An engine converts energy from a fuel or a battery to the mechanical energy used to spin the wheels, thus setting a vehicle in motion. There are different types of engines used in the automotive industry today. These include internal combustion engines and electricity driven vehicles. The internal combustion engines burn fuels such as petrol, diesel, natural gas or propane. Electric engines are fitted with electromagnetic motors that are powered by electric currents from storage batteries on the vehicle. The sole purpose of ...

INTRODUCTION

The electric car was introduced to the market over a hundred years ago. The car used a battery to power most of its applications during operation. There are two varieties of the electric vehicle in the market. First, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has a battery and a system of the electric drive but has no capacity to plug in. The second type is a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) which obtains its energy from liquid fuel or the battery and has a plugin. Over the years, the performance capacities of these cars have been improved up to 300 hp ...

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Introduction The invention and eventual development of internal combustion engines marked a significant stage in the evolution of engines since it provided a way for industrialists and engineers to build an engine that would suit various applications. Unlike the bulky and messy steam engines, internal combustion engines opened the possibilities of creating smaller, but more efficient engines that can be mounted on different types of machineries. The most common applications of which are in transport vehicles such as the engines used in automobiles, trucks, vessels and planes. Moreover, internal combustion engines are also used in non-mobile applications such as ...

Abstract

This article is about two types of engines; the rotary engine and the piston engine. It examines the differences between the two types of engines and their different areas of application. This refers to the specific cars where the two types are used, as well as the market response with reference to the cars in question. Furthermore, the disadvantages and advantages of the two are closely looked into, where it is determined why the piston engine is most preferred by the auto manufacturers and car enthusiasts. Besides, the article concludes with which engine type is suitable depending on the ...

Introduction

All the actions and activities involved in managing the waste from its generation to its final disposal is called the waste management. It is the precise name given to the monitoring, collection, transportation and disposal of waste. Human activities are responsible for the production of so much waste every year, so, the management of waste is necessary to avoid its adverse effect on the environment and human health. Waste can also be managed to get resources from it. All kinds of waste like solid, liquid, gaseous and radioactive matter needs to be managed. Developed and Developing countries may have ...

Introduction

Air pollution involves the introduction of particulates and other biological molecules into the atmosphere thereby resulting in the death of humans, other living things and damage to other resources like crops. It involves the interaction of different pollutants which eventually affect the environment, health and even the climate. These pollutants are emitted almost from all economic and social activities. The most cases of air pollutants are; Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Ammonia, Non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, lead, heterocyclic, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenol and Methane amongst others. Emission of many air pollutants has decreased across Europe as ...

Combustion chambers comprise igniter, fuel injectors, and igniter pugs. It was developed to burn a fuel-air combination and convey gases a temperature not surpassing the allowable limitation at turbine inlet. Hypothetically, the compressor conveys 100% of its air through volume to the combustion chamber. Nevertheless, the fuel-air combination has a ratio of 5 parts of air to 1 part of fuel by density. An estimated 25% of this air is utilized to meet the required fuel-air ratio. The other 75% is utilized to create an air blanket about the burning gases to weaken the temperature that can reach as ...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based fuels. The other ...

Incineration is a modern combustion technology where harmful wastes are transformed into gases and incombustible solid waste (Hester & Harrison, 1994). It is commonly used in burning municipal and industrial wastes. During incineration, there are factors that affect the quantities and composition of gases emitted. In considering the incinerator design, operation, and waster properties, the factors are (Rand et al., 2000): physical and chemical properties of waste; Combustion efficiency; and residency time. Physical and chemical properties of waste determine the composition of gases emitted in the sense that if sulphur was a constituent in the waste, then the expected ...

The earth’s atmosphere can be defined as a series of progressively arranged “shells” or “spheres” held to its position by the force of gravity. Just to mention, the earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure to the earth’s surface which is referred to as the atmospheric pressure. In addition, the earth’s atmosphere covers a region of about 480 kilo meters around the earth’s surface after which exists the exosphere. Also, the earth’s atmosphere is further divided into heterosphere and homospere. Homospere is the layer 80 kilo meters just above the earth’s surface that has a uniform chemical composition ...

Every commercial aircraft is fundamentally designed for safety, passenger acceptance, fuel efficiency and airport compatibility among other important features. Numerous challenges face all current passenger aircrafts, for instance the conventional wing consists of a number of moving parts which increase the weight of the plane and are difficult to adjust and maintain. The current control surfaces also increase turbulence and drag since the smooth flow of air is disrupted, and the aircraft cannot adapt to different flight stages and conditions. Design architectures such as the vertical and horizontal stabilizer surfaces increase the overall drag of the plane, for example, the ...