Essays on Smoking

The Women’s Health Initiative is a long-term national health study that started in April 1991. WHI is a result of a growing scientific interest and an urgent need for better understanding of the nature of women’s diseases. The entire project employed 161, 808 women of 50-79 years of age, and therefore, became one of the most far reaching women’s health experiments that have ever been taken in the U.S. The clinical trial consisted of three parts such as hormone therapy, dietary modification and calcium/vitamin D supplements. They were dedicated to the issue of preventing cancer, osteoporosis ...

The contemporary world has seen the exponential rise of cancer prevalence in the aging population to somewhat alarming levels. This segment consists of individuals aged 65 years and above and is the fastest growing age group in the United States. Recent statistics indicate that one in every eight people in America aged 65 years, and above develops cancer, with women accounting for 58% of all cancer cases (Browner, n.d.). Since cancer risk increases with advancing age, the elderly account for 56% and 70% of all new cancer diagnoses and mortalities in the country (Browner, n.d.). The cancer burden in ...

Application of Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change (ITHBC) in Health Promotion Challenges

Application of Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change (ITHBC) in Health Promotion Challenges

Introduction

Theoretical models of Nursing encompass a broad scope when it comes to applying such theories into a certain issue or concern. A nurse practitioner would be able to achieve his or her professional goals when applying the theories involved towards a better outcome of the patient. Thus, these theories may also be used to address various issues and concerns within the Nursing practice based which category the theory belongs to. However, outside the categorical scope of nursing theories, there is one theory that can be used ...

In juvenile criminal justice, “bootstrapping” refers to the law enforcement practice of detaining juveniles in jail for contempt of court or failure to obey a court order. The practice of bootstrapping is linked to the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) by Congress in 1974 (Simones & Stone, 2012). According to one provision of the JJDPA, law enforcement and courts were prohibited from incarcerating status offenders in jail unless it was for a few hours before or after a hearing. A status offender is a juvenile that has not committed a crime but has violated a “ ...

Diabetes is a common disease brought about by blood sugar level usage and the ability of the body to produce the requisite regulating mechanisms (hormones). The disease manifest in two types: 1 & 2. Type 2 is widely spread occurring when the body is unable to use insulin produced properly. In most research instances, this is referred to as insulin resistance (Fotiadis, 2016). The prevalence of this type of diabetes has been much prevalent among the black women population in the United States. This study does the PICOT outline for this disease among the black American women. PICOT analysis is ...

Pregnancy is one of the most important periods in the woman's life. Her future and the future of her family directly depend on how these nine months will pass. Each woman has general knowledge about damages that cause smoking and alcohol during pregnancy, however because of alcohol and tobacco dependence, a lot of them are not able to say enough and stop intake these harmful substances. Smoking is very dangerous during pregnancy. It could affect babies not only during but after this period as well. Carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine and other poisons cause inevitable damages to fetus. These substances ...

Data analysis project

Research is an investigative process that is meant to discover new knowledge or arrives at a better understanding of a particular subject (Kulakowski & Chronister, 2008). The scientific research process starts with the identification of a topic: the broad subject matter area to be investigated. This is followed by identification of a research problem within the research topic. After identifying the research problem, the researcher identifies the research purpose (objective of the study), the research question (a sentence that asks a question about the relationship between two or more variables), and finally the research hypotheses (a guess about the relationship ...

The art of smoking hookah is a part of rich cultural heritage of the Eastern world. Gradually it becomes more and more popular in the West, but there are still a lot of people, who did not have a chance to experience this traditional Eastern ritual. I have always wanted to try smoking hookah, so I came up with the decision to visit hookah lounge shortly. As a person that has never smoked hookah before, I was trying to take the most out of the experience, so I spent a long time choosing the right place to visit. Visiting ...

In the article “Myofibroblast Expression In Airways And Alveoli Is Affected By Smoking And COPD", the authors, Henna M Karvonen, Siri T Lehtonen, Terttu Harju, Raija T Sormunen, Elisa Lappi-Blanco, Johanna M Mäkinen, Kirsi Laitakari, Shirley Johnson and Riitta L Kaarteenaho discussed about the role of myofibroblasts in the development of COPD. The main features of COPD are the destruction of the walls of alveoli and fibrosis of the airways. As a result, the air spaces enlarge and there is a subsequent decrease in the ability of the lungs to function normally. Myofibroblasts present in the alveoli and ...

Deviance in the society

A deviant condition is a situation where one or a group in a given society adopts some behavior that the community does accept or either deem unacceptable. It is also the violation of a norm in given societies. The scenario concentrates on many undertakings such that the realization of this character in the individual or group can be tamed or changed to better the society (Attridge and Rosenquist, 2013).

Introduction

Various reasons explain why the nature of human beings can be deviant at all or change in a way that depicts deviance. It can come from a youthful experience, for ...

Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Article

Overview of a Quantitative Article

Sarna et al. (2014) article titled “Impact of a Smoking Cessation Educational Program on Nurses’ Interventions” aims to evaluate the effects of a short education program on smoking cessation on nursing interventions used with a smoker. The study also explored the effect of the behavior of smoking nurses on the outcomes of the education program. Sarna et al. (2014) research question explored the effects of nurses who smoke on the outcomes of educational programs that teach on issues of treatment of tobacco dependency. The research question was identified by noting a gap in the ...

Cost-effective Innovations to Prevent and Manage CVD

India has developed an image-free device to detect premature vascular abnormalities that are not invasive and affordable to millions of Indians. The device is called the ARTSENS that detects blockages in arteries and could be useful in saving up to 2.5 million lives a year. (Krishnan, 2014). Another innovation developed in Cameroon is the Cardiopad that uses the 3G phone network to transmit a heart examination from rural areas where people cannot access a few hospitals. (Zang, 2014).

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and Medicine Recommendations

The recommendations included imposing heavy taxes on cigarettes to make them relatively unaffordable to people, regulating and reducing the contents of ...

ABSTRACT

This study was mainly focused on repeating what other studies have done in the past; to understand the relationship between marijuana and schizophrenia. The literature suggested that there was not enough research on the topic in terms of finding out the root cause of patients taking marijuana, even if they had medication. What was discovered in the literature was also the theory that there were other contributing outside factors such as genetics and family history. Patients that were also mentally healthy were having the same effects when taking marijuana. What the literature also spoke about was distinguishing between actual ...

Visual Text with a Harmful Message to Society

Description of the Advertisement The advertisement is one among a series of 1950s print advertisements for Marlboro . The specific advertisement contains the following message: “Before you scold me Mom maybe you’d better light up a Marlboro” . The focal point is a photograph of a male baby, wearing a hat (supposedly his mother’s hat since it contains fragments of a ribbon), with no shirt on, and his first seems to be imploring. The photo just captured the face up to the baby’s bare chest (without showing the nipples). Below the photo of the baby, specifically on the ...

With the emergence of multiculturalism as well as healthcare diversity, cultural competence is a crucial element in healthcare. Essentially, cultural competence enables the care providers to effectively understand the needs of a specific cultural group and provide care that is congruent to these needs (Purnell, 2012). As such, “Purnell Model for Cultural Competence” is an important tool that helps the care providers to assess and understand the beliefs, behaviors, attitudes and values of a specific cultural group and provide care that aligns to their beliefs, behaviors, attitudes and values. In addition, the model helps the care provides a framework ...

The leading cause of preventable death globally is caused by cigarette smoking (Effects of Aromatherapy on Nicotine Craving, 2013). This topic is important while considering the promotion of health because although statistics show the horrible side effects of smoking, over five million people die each day due to cigarette smoke (Parenting Practices and Tobacco Use, 2012). The targeted population in this study is teenagers and adolescent groups. Tobacco use usually begins in adolescence, and the use of tobacco is also associated with an increased use of drugs and alcohol among teenagers which can also lead to serious complications later ...

Introduction

The only proven strategy to fight any form of cancer is early detection based on evidence and researchers. Based on current evidence, low-dose computed tomography (CT) is highly recommended for patients with high risk for lung cancer. Many researchers state the potential advantages of CT screening in such patients over conventional screening methods. The American Cancer Society and American Lung Cancer Association, early detection and CT screening is one of the best and only proven methods to fight lung cancer across all age groups. In the US, Lung Cancer is the lead cause of cancer-associated death with an alarming ...

[Institution Title] Clinical Case: Patient W.R.

The priorities of care

The first priority in relation to provision of care in the case of patient W.R is relieving him of the discomfort brought about by perceived unrelieved indigestion. The second priority is to address the elevated blood pressure of the patient. Finally, the third concern would be to transfer W.R to the Regional Medical Center so that he could be subjected to cardiac catheterization and given proper medical attention.

The Admission VS

For a man his age, the vital signs of W.R., in particular of his blood pressure recorded at 200/124 is not normal. The blood pressure ...

Ms. Smith is a 34-year-old Caucasian female who presented at the office for her first prenatal appointment. Ms. Smith lives in Palm Beach County and maintains a full-time accounting position. She complains of nausea that occurs particularly in the morning and subsides by 10 am for the past two (2) weeks. However, this nausea has not subsided for three (3) days. Ms. Smith is usually active but has noticed experiencing greater fatigue at the end of the day. She has reported no vaginal bleeding or fetal movement. Her last menstruation was on October 25, 2015. The patient believes she ...

Definition and description of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a complex chronic disease, characterized by the reduction of bone mass, increasing the likelihood of bone fractures. There are two types of osteoporosis. The first type is common among the women who have the lack of estrogen during postmenopausal period. The deficit of estrogen leads to the increasing rate of bone loss. Osteoporosis type 2 is common among the male and female who are older than 70 years (Peña & Perez, 2012, p. 37). As Unnanuntana and Kleimeyer indicate, scientists predict that the incidence of hip fractures increased from 1.26 million in 1990 to 4, 5-million by ...

Legislation Title: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act) 2009

Agency Responsible for Implementation The main federal body charged with the responsibility of implementing this piece of legislation on tobacco control is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Implementation here involves the types of sanctions and procedures that are inserted in legislation to aid in the enforcement process. According to Healthy People (2010), tobacco use or dependency prevention and control among Americans is important given that tobacco has been proven to cause illnesses such as cancer, lung and heart diseases, premature birth, asthma attacks, ear infection, respiratory infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and eventually death. All these, according ...

In this paper we will describe and discuss how Chi-square test is applied to the problems of statistics and probability theory. Pearson's Chi-square test is the simplest test of the significance of the relationship between two categorical variables. One variable is considered as dependent variable and another one as independent variable (Ats.ucla.edu). Pearson criterion is based on the null hypothesis that "there is no dependence between the variables". The alternative hypothesis for this test is that “there is a significant relationship between the factors”. This test is based on the assumption that the expected frequencies can be calculated directly. ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: ABC Age: 65 Sex: Female Subjective Data: HPI: Dry cough for last two weeks Low-grade fever from last two days, 101 degrees orally Decreased appetite without nausea Intense coughing makes uncomfortable during night Needs to sit up to ease the breath She had been prescribed inhalers in the past but not a regular user Had taken antibiotics in the past on acute conditions Mild activities trigger shortness of breath, due to a dry cough

Condition remained same for the past two weeks with a slight sore throat

Patient doubts that it is a heart problem or she has ...

Abstract

In constant search for additional pleasure or expansion of consciousness, people were chewing random leaves and cooking magical brews that made them more powerful and invulnerable. From coffee to cocaine, today we are opened to a vast variety of temptations. Some are harmless, others – deadly. However, what unites them is that once tasted, they are hard or impossible to live without. In this paper, I would like to research impact of marijuana on people from different perspectives and understand whether it is a threat or a vital relief. At first, let’s understand what is marijuana, from medical and ...

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Abstract

This paper reviews the effects of effects of breast cancer at a later stage among women living in the United States of America and its relation to factors such as ethnicity, race, geographic location, and availability of insurance, access to medical test facilities, and course of treatments, lifestyle and socio-economic factors and so on. A special focus has been laid on the racial and ethnic discrimination among women affected with breast cancer in regards to the surgical treatments being offered in health facilities in the United States of America. Many authors ...

What are the main features of your evaluation design?

Monitoring would be a main feature of the program evaluation. Continuous monitoring of real time data regarding smoking habits would help the research design to stay on track as well as provide an important source of insight as to how funds should be allocated. The factors for success that the program will be evaluated upon include the impact of the campaign, the awareness that it raised concerning the issue of smoking, the knowledge that it helped people to attain, the attitudes regarding smoking that were changed, and, most importantly, the number of people who were actually able to quit ...

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia

Introduction

Patients diagnosed with hyperlipidemia have inherited or developed elevated fat or lipid levels in their blood. The condition increases the patient’s risk of blood vessel disease leading to stroke as well as heart disease. Patient Lori is a 44-year-old Caucasian female and during her well-woman-exam voiced no medical complaints. Lori is a telephone operator for a busy law firm. Her Vital signs: BP 128/84; wt; 133 lbs; Ht 64 inches; eyes have yellow-orange raised lesions on eyelids; remainder of exam is unremarkable.

Literature Review

According to Rosenson (2015), Nelson (2012), Chanoine (2008), Jones et al (2013), Bays et al ( ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: XYZ Age: 52 Sex: Male Subjective Data: HPI: Stent placement with four days hospitalization. The patient was also showing angina symptoms thus admitted to emergency. He was feeling severe chest pain for four hours along with shortness of breath with exertion and diaphoretic. The symptoms existed for four days and on being a severe condition he needed intense care and visited to the hospital. The symptoms were six months old and after some rest it used to be normal. He received urgent care in emergency ...

Management of a sports facility is often meant to help in precautious handling and preparedness for disasters that can arise during the football games. The World over, many notable disasters have hit football stadia that acted as an eye opener to the football governing body to enact appropriate legislation that will prevent any element of risk to the fans (Percio 2015, p.223–235). In the UK, there are infamous disasters that hit the game of football leading to loss of lives and numerous injuries to the victims. One of such incidences was the Hillsborough disaster that struck on 15th ...

Health Problem

People are at the epicenter of sustainable development. They deserve a productive and healthy life in correspondence with nature. The ultimate directives of sustainable development cannot be attained if there is a high rate of debilitating diseases. Amongst the key challenging areas that affect the American population and prevent sustainable development is tobacco dependency. One-fourth of the productive individuals, that is, the adults and youth smoke and use tobacco. The rates have been increasing even since the 90s. The health issue is currently the leading contributor to preventable death and diseases in the nation. The overall attempt to improve ...

Background

Nursing is an impressive career since it mainly aims at changing the lives of various groups in the society. This particular course is designed to provide better health services and prevent the mortality rates in the community. By gradually reducing the number of deaths and ensuring a healthy society, the public health fraternity would have achieved its Millennium goal. The ability to avert diseases, maintain well-being and promote health through joined efforts is derived from the practice of public health strategy (Braun-Fahrlander et al., 2002). Moreover, the course recognizes the community as the clients with services availed to individuals, ...

Public Health has resulted in longer and more fulfilling lives for many people all over the world. The profession has now developed at both the local and international level. Ancient societies were aware of public health issues and attempted to prevent disease through religious practice however historical phenomena such as Black Death caused the very early formation of modern public health in the 15th century. This has continued beyond the industrial revolution. Disease has been one of the most significant issues that has shaped the profession of public health. The profession has now grown into one that includes many ...

Part 1 Introduction

The paper provides reflection on four chapters from the book “Business and Society: Stakeholder, Ethics, Public Policy.” In the discussion, the terminologies provided at the end of the chapters will be defined through this book and an external source. The application of the terminologies is also addressed in the paper. In addition to it, the case studies in the chapters are discussed in this reflective paper, by providing brief about the case, the issue, and the decision of the case. One of the questions from the case study is also answered. Moreover, online survey will be conducted to find ...

Program

Abstract The following pages will discuss the reasons for the great migration of the black population to the northern United States, discussing the reasons, risks involved, long-term social and cultural impacts, and the impact on different aspects of American life. Although the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, the majority of the African-American population in the United States continued to reside in the South through the early 1900s. The difficulty and the expense of travel left most of the population with little choice but to remain in the region that had just years before sought to keep them enslaved. ...

The article “The FDA Should Have the Authority to Regulate Tobacco Products” provides the arguments that support the idea of tighter control of the tobacco industry. According to the text, the tobacco industry misleads the customers and often targets the children. Therefore, the FDA should have the authority over the tobacco industry.

Nevertheless, the FDA will not be able to make “the tragic toll of tobacco use disappear overnight” (Kennedy, 2007).

Approximately 40 million people are addicted to smoking in the USA, and the FDA can influence the change. The FDA will focus on regulating sales, distribution and advertising of tobacco products. Nowadays, the tobacco industry spends approximately 14 billion dollars a year to advertise cigarettes. As the ...

Introduction

An intense debate usually revolves around the legality of Cannabis within the United States as well as other countries of the world. Numerous arguments are utilized to legalize or ban the trade of Cannabis under law and constitution of every country. It has been widely believed that Marijuana has undesired effects on users and society for promoting the use or more harmful drugs such as Methamphetamine and Heroin. However, recent arguments have caused disruption in this argument as many supporters of the drug argue that Cannabis does not promote the consumption of more harmful substances. The paper argues the ...

Some people claim that smoking is a personal choice that adults make and hence whether it affects them or not, it is up to them. Although this is true, smoking has many adverse effects on the smokers, the community, and the government. There is no doubt that cigarettes smoke contains harmful chemicals that affect the body. According to Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) (2013), smoking is the primary cause of many preventable illnesses and death. Ash noted that in the UK, about one hundred thousand people die annually as a result of diseases related to smoking. In the ...

George Washington University

Joon Young Jung Electronic cigarettes are amongst many products that are meant to promote a smoker to be able to quit. E-cigarettes are similar to ordinary cigarettes in appearance; however, they lack the tobacco ingredients that compose the traditional cigarettes. The e-cigarettes are made up from a metal tube and a battery-like structure that produces a lot of heat to cause vaporization of liquid nicotine. The propylene glycol fluid contains other chemicals that produce the vapor (smoke) that people inhale or exhale (Kaplan, 2015). While the e-cigarettes may appear to have certain short-term or intangible benefits such as lack ...

Abstract

In this paper, the aim was to highlight the roles that the media play in the expectations around physical health by race and gender. A comparative content analysis was conducted on advertisements featured in online T.V ads. Results from this study are pointing to the notion that in order for an ad to make a solid appeal with respect to physical health to the targeted audience, two parameters are critical: race and culture. However, other scholars have a contrary opinion. They think that advertisements ought to be presented in a manner that shows gender equity and not gender segregation.

Introduction

...

The public does not view all industries as equal in the free trade market. I believe it is ethical to consider industries as unequal parties in trade. I base my argument on the fact that some industries produce products that are harmful to the consumers. The harm is caused if there is excessive usage of these products. The tobacco industry is an example of an industry that produces products that are harmful to human beings. Companies in the tobacco industry focus on the production and sale of tobacco cigarettes. There are many people who smoke tobacco cigarettes all over ...

For the aim of the following research paper, a comparison between the Google Scholar database and PubMed was conducted. Herein, it is integral to note that the chosen topic for researching reliable and credible reference remained ischemic stroke. The rationale for selecting the subject is my personal experience and concern about the category of stroke. I have had the experience of undergoing the ischemic stroke, and hence, I had already read and assessed it.

During the activity of comparing the database, I had first searched for the subject, ischemic stroke, using the PubMed database. The topic was narrowed down using ...

Question One

The Social Cognitive Theory incurs to play a significant role associated with behavior change in sport and exercise. The theory holds that portions of a person's acquired knowledge can be directly related to the observation of other people through social interactions, influences from the media, and experiences. The concept efficacy belief in the social cognitive theory is used to determine individuals' behaviors on who to engage in sports. The sources of efficacy beliefs in sports and physical activities incur to reflect as similar include experience and mastery, goals achievement, social support, mental and physical preparation, imagery, and vicarious ...

- Should taxes on alcohol and tobacco be increased to help pay for rising medical costs?

Thesis statement

In this topic, we are going to analyse the reasons why alcohol and tobacco should be taxed. I am in full support of the taxation of alcohol and tobacco. I am targeting the policy makers who govern budget making and the general public as well.

Alcohol and tobacco related deaths have been on the rise with the improved levels of lifestyles in America. More people are earning more so they have more income to use and sometimes it leads to drug abuse such ...

Question 1

Currently, alcoholism represents one of the widespread addictions. The long-term physiological effects of addiction to alcohol are characterized by the phenomena of tolerance and dependence. Tolerance occurs when a set of liver enzymes is produced after a prolonged drinking, which assist in metabolizing alcohol. As a result, alcohol is broken down faster and the person has to increase alcohol amounts in order to attain the same amount of intoxication. Tolerance is the most critical long-term physiological effects of addiction to alcohol. This is so because it produces a false sense of security in the people addicted to alcohol. This can lead to ...

The article “Tobacco Ties That Bind” was written by Peter Bach, in the New York Times on 10th April 2014. Bach is a pulmonary medical doctor who works at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center as the Director in charge of the Center for Health Policy and Outcomes. This article is for general readership considering it is in the New York Times and also because of the non-technical and accessible language it utilizes. He also employs the first person pronoun as a way of drawing the audience closer. Moreover, Bach makes this piece interactive by using rhetorical questions ...

Slide 2:

Asthma is considered as a chronic lung inflammatory disease that is exemplified by persistent complications in breathing, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and impediment of the airflow. These characteristics of asthma determine the clinical symptoms and severity of asthma and also the degree of response to asthma (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009).

Slide 3:

Looking at the current statistics, about 22 million persons in the United States are affected by asthma; putting it on a note of being the most common chronic diseases that is affecting many people. While trailing the existing trends that are associated with the occurrence ...

Introduction

Cancer affects the body’s most basic unit, the cell. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells. When cells grow old, they die to make room for new ones and new cells grow only when the body needs them. However sometimes the old cells do not die or new cells are produced when not needed by the body they form tumors. Tumors can be either benign or malignant (National Cancer Institute, 2011). and organs.

Slide 2

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and when removed they do not grow back. Malignant tumors are cancerous and most instances life threatening. When malignant ...

Source One:

http://uofmhealthblogs.org/womens/pregnancy-childbirth/oh-body-will-change-pregnancy/8463/

Posted by Helen Kang Morgan, MD on September 24, 2013 In addition to the obvious physical changes as your belly grows during pregnancy, what other surprises may your body have in store for you? Pregnancy is an exciting time, but often one filled with many questions — is my baby healthy, can I do this/eat that, and what the heck is happening to my body?

During your first trimester, you’ll probably feel tired, perhaps more tired than you’ve ever felt before. Get as much rest as you can. About 70 percent of women will also ...

The Great smog of 1952 was a rigorous air pollution which affected the city of London in England during December 1952. According to Kottke Jason, The smog was caused by cold weather that combined with windless conditions and an anticyclone which collected airborne pollutants from coal use that led to the formation of the smog with a thick layer. It endured from 5th Friday to 9th Tuesday in the year of 1952 and later dispersed immediately after the change of weather. This paper explores the cause of the smog, its effects, and the actions taken by the government as well as ...

- Introduction Jackson plumbing is a sole trader business that provides high quality plumbing services to newly construct residential and commercial buildings in the area at some of the most affordable rates. The business also offers high quality repair plumbing services to both commercial and residential buildings in the area. The location of the business, a low number of competitors and a growing metropolis makes the business a potentially highly profitable undertaking that is bound to experience impressive growth rate in ...

Smylie, Janet et al. “Socioeconomic Position and Factors Associated with Use of a Nonsupine Infant Sleep Position: Findings from the Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey.” American journal of public health 104.3 (2014): 539–47. Web. 8 Mar. 2014. SIDS is the surprising loss of life of a baby younger than one year of age. SIDS continues to be mysterious after a thorough case research, such as efficiency of a complete autopsy, evaluation of the loss of life field and evaluation of medical records. Unexpected Child, Loss of life Issue has always been a challenge to scientists. So far, no concepts or details are ...

Background

There is a growing debate on whether the government should make it illegal to smoke in public places. Those proposing for its ban argue that smoking has harmful effects on both the smoker and non-smokers as well as to the environment. However, those opposing the ban maintain that smoking helps relax and making smoking in public places illegal would amount to infringement of personal rights. A smoking ban refers to a public policy prohibiting smoking in public places. Cigarettes contain more than 4,000 different chemicals and at least 50 of these contain poisonous carcinogens (Hudson 24). The first reports of ...

Introduction

The respiratory system can be termed as a biological system comprising of specific structures and organs that are used, by an organism, in the respiration process. It participates in the exchange together with intake of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment (Seeley, Stephens and Tate).

In vertebrates that breathe air, respiration occurs in the organs of respiration, lungs. The air passage to the lungs for supply of oxygen to the body is called inhalation, while the air passage away from the lungs to release carbon dioxide is called exhalation. In human beings, the anatomical characteristics ...

This article on premised on gaining an understanding on nicotine addiction on cigarette smokers. The author posits that nicotine in the cigarettes when injected in rats increases the need for an immediate reward instead of a delayed reward. It is from this observation that the author concludes that cigarette smokers exhibit impulsivity when they prefer immediate rewards instead of larger delayed rewards given at delayed intervals when compared to non-smokers.

- Goal/Question Tested

The objectives of the study determine whether acute and sub-chronic nicotine increased impulsivity when the subjective reward values were manipulated through changes in probability as ...

In a modern world people are drowning in the large volumes of data. Thousands of papers and researches are being published every day to support or refute some kind of statement. Is smoking associated with lung cancer? Did educational reform increase the efficiency of education system? Is the new medicine a better way of illness treatment? All these kinds of questions are trying to be answered by statistical analysis which often includes flaws and fallacies. Some institutions manipulate the statistics intentionally, while others fail to provide society with a reliable result because of a poor knowledge of statistical techniques.

According to Andrew ...

A Venturi meter is a flow measurement instrument with a constricted throat that increases velocity and decreases pressure (Voigt et al. 1991). Flow meters are usually used to measure the volumetric flow rate of liquids. A Venturi meter measures the flow rate of both compressible and incompressible fluids in the pipeline (Davis, 1952). The Venturi meter has a converging throat, a cylindrical throat and a diverging recovering cone. It possesses no projections into the fluid; it has no sharp corners and no sudden changes in its contour. The converging section decreases the area of the fluid stream thereby causing ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

Abstract

There are different research designs that we have. Different people prefer to use the different designs for different reasons. There are threats to validity for each of the designs. There are factors that can affect the research design that an individual or a group of people carrying out the research will prefer to use:

A researcher must first find out the best research design for the particular type of research they are undertaking. Different research works work different with the research designs. The individual will have to look at the available designs and see the advantages and disadvantages of ...

The selected exam reading for this critique is Cribs for Kids: Risk and Reduction of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Accidental Suffocation. The study research has been conducted by Eileen M. Carlins and Kathryn S.Collins. The study paper is in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Pennsylvania. The study explores the campaign efforts under ‘The Cribs for Kids’ and the effectiveness. Other factors such as progress and effect of the disease campaign have also been focused on. The critique paper within will seek to interrogate the research design and unravel what steps have been carried out well and correctly. ...

Introduction.

Marijuana is amongst the most used drugs in the globe and has always been criticized with its effects to human health. The benefits of Marijuana have for a long time been ignored until recently when doctors and health professionals advocated for its use in maintenance of health, in human bodies. Marijuana is a contributor to economic growth as in some economies it is considered as a cash crop. Scientifically, Marijuana is safer than alcohol intake in consideration of its toxicity. Scientists argue that intake of marijuana is not as addictive as that of alcohol or tobacco; hence it has fewer consequences than ...