Essays on Smoking

Term Paper

Our respiratory system is composed of the air passages provided by 1) nose, 2) pharynx, 3) larynx and 4) the respiratory surfaces of the lungs. The primary function of this system is ventilation and gas exchange. However, there are certain secondary roles played by this system viz. olfaction, phonation, and stabilization of the thorax during the mechanical exertion and certain other biochemical functions.
Anatomy and physiology of the larynx: Larynx (commonly known as Voice Box) is a part of lower respiratory tract and is the organ for phonation (generation of sounds). Basically, Larynx is an air passage and has Continue reading...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring instrument (digital) Continue reading...

Heated hose pipes are the pipes that offer constant water supply in freezing temperatures. Mostly, they are built and designed to fit personal equipment, structure and requirements. Mainly, they are made up of thermostat switches. As temperature approaches freezing zones, the heat from the heaters keeps the water flowing if need arises. Mainly, the heating element used is copper wire. It’s mainly inside the hose pipeline. It mainly regulates the water flow by turning on and off the heater. The element is usually 50 feet long as it runs with the hose pipe. The length and diameter plays Continue reading...

Article name: Lead levels in drinking water spike when copper and lead pipes are joined

http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/23098.aspx
In this article written by Diana Lutz talks about the harmful effects of lead if present in drinking water and how the replacement of the lead pipes to copper pipes can increase the lead content in water. Lead pipes when mixed with copper pipes, this leads to the increased concentration of lead contamination due to galvanic corrosion which is the process of corrosion wherein the zinc coating of the pipes is oxidised. According to the US environmental protection agency, the lead concentration in drinking water could be to a maximum of 15 parts per million. But the level Continue reading...

Abstract

Customer request that this page be left blank.
If tobacco remains legal, all other drugs should be made legal. The one difference between tobacco and other drugs is, it takes longer to manifest its harms; therefore it should be made illegal just like all the other drugs.
Less than half century ago for the rich, smoking was the fashionable thing to do and it was the proclamation of adulthood for the poor. It was a time when one could not look into a magazine or drive two miles without finding a very handsome man with a lit cigarette, or Continue reading...

(Candidate’s Full Name)

Effects of Hookah Smoking
A hookah is a water pipe used to smoke (usually) flavored tobacco which is specifically made for this purpose. It has various names in various languages, such as water pipe, narghile, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble, goza and etc. The origin of the device dates back to the 16th century in Persia. Today, hookah bars and cafes are gaining popularity around the world, including Britain, France, Middle East, Russia and the United States. Hookah smoking has now become a trend and Hookah itself has been classified as a socially-acceptable drug, with countries all Continue reading...

English

The article in question is titled china and the toll of smoking and was done by the editorial board of the New York Times on the 17th of April 2014. The article is quite informative as to the vast nature of smoking in china. The article also contains startling statistics to that effect. According to the article one million people die in china due to cigar rete related complications. The article further adds that this number could rise to three million people a year if measures are not taken to curb cigarette smoking in china. The article thus urges Continue reading...

Introduction

Smoking occurs as one of the widely discussed topics across various settings all over the world. This can be attributed to the effects that smoking has on the overall health of smokers and those who live with smokers. Smoking mainly refers to the act of smoking cigarette and other tobacco containing substances. In addition, smoking can occur in cases where someone smokes certain substances such as marijuana. As previously mentioned, smoking has a negative effect on the smokers as well as those who live with the smokers. For people who live with smokers, they are affected because they inhale Continue reading...

Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What are the two functions of the larynx?
Larynx is a cartilaginous and a muscular structure while holds vocal cords together. It is used by human beings to talk, swallow and breathe. It is lined by the mucous membrane hence forming part of the respiratory system. Larynx protects the airways by closing quickly after mechanical simulation hence stopping respiratory and curbing the entry of foreign substances into the airways. The larynx also produces sound, controls ventilation and acts as a sensory organ.

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs and for it to take place; there is the need for Continue reading...

Texas should have 100% smoke-free laws. This is not a debate that should be carried out on the basis of rights but the health of people (American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation, 2009). This is because rights can only be enjoyed in a healthy and free environment. Moreover the fact that smoking is such an open thing makes it a violation of the rights of the people who do not smoke but have to live with the impact of secondary smoke. A map by the American Cancer Society cancer action network indicates that currently, only 14 states have non-smoking laws in Continue reading...

Mercy Cancer Centre is a premier community cancer treatment centre located in the ghetto of a major city. It caters for treatment and management of cancer cases for the members of the public at no cost. Hundreds of underprivileged members of the community and others from outside the locality are undergoing treatment at the centre. A number of these patients visit the centre on appointment with doctors while 30 terminally-ill people are admitted at the facility.
Mercy Cancer Centre depends entirely on well-wishers for all its financial needs. Samantha Peters, the founder, also doubles up as the executive director. Continue reading...

Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or group. It is also a study of morality. Ethics is the discipline that examines the moral standards of a person or the moral standards of the community. Ethics asks whether those standards are applied to our life and whether they are reasonable or unreasonable. Business ethics is the specialized study of moral right or wrong that focuses on business institutions, activities and organizations. Business ethics is the study of moral standards and how they apply to social systems and organization through which modern societies are supplied with goods and Continue reading...

Ethical dilemma

Since the United States is arguably the most natural disaster prone area in the whole world, it occurred to me that working at the center for Preparedness and Recovery might be wise career choice for me. Besides, helping people in times of need has always been a calling of mine. This work was also very well suited for me since I grew up in a morally strong background. Everyone in my family was involved in one way, or another in giving back to the community. Therefore, this job is much as a duty for my country as much as Continue reading...

We use Minitab 16 Software to solve the problems.

Question #1.
- Find the range, variance and standard deviation of this data set

Descriptive Statistics: NICOTINE

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Variance Minimum Q1 Median
NICOTINE 500 0 0,8425 0,0155 0,3455 0,1194 0,0500 0,7000 0,9000
Variable Q3 Maximum Range
NICOTINE 1,1000 1,9000 1,8500
- Create the relative frequency histogram for the nicotine level.

Graph -> Histogram -> With Fit

- Compute the interval y ± 2s
y =0.8425s=0.3455y +2s=0.8425+2*0.3455=1.5335
y -2s=0.8425-2*0.3455=0.1515
Hence, the interval has the following form: (0.1515; 1.5335)
- Estimate the percentage of brands with nicotine levels less than 0.5 mg

There are 62 observations with nicotine levels less than 0.5 mg out of 500 total observations

Continue reading...

Abstract

All cells in a living organism require energy to drive various cellular activities such as transport of molecules and movement among others. The rate of cellular respiration may be affected by the substrate concentration, pH level and enzyme concentration among other factors. This experiment aimed to study the rate of cellular respiration in isolated mitochondria under different conditions. It was hypothesized that if the concentration of the substrate is increased then there will be an increase in the rate of cellular respiration. Mitochondrial suspension was used as the source of succinate that was used as the substrate. The level Continue reading...

Introduction

Smoking among college students is a modality of interacting, of sharing a specific habit and behavior, which represents desired outcomes for fulfilling the need of belonging. The college students are usually teenagers who need to feel accepted, even admired by their peers (Walton, Cohem, Vwir & Spencer, 2011). Like this, smoking is considered a tool that enhances the social connections by college students and this is a social problem, because it changes their behavior, attitudes, personalities and it affects their health, while they pursue their goal of being accepted by a group.
Sociology is the discipline that studies society, describing Continue reading...

Assignment 10 Questions & Answers

Assignment 10 Questions & Answers.
- Guangzhou has one of the poorest air quality ratings of major Chinese cities. With high levels of nitrogen oxide, its air quality is rated as III 1, which means slightly polluted according to china.org.cn
- The following cities are ranked as per their sulphuric acid concentration levels, with the highest level on number 1:
- Calcutta, India.
- Kiev, Ukraine.
- Athens, Greece.
- Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Montreal, Canada.
- Vancouver, Canada.
- Oslo, Norway.
- About Carbon Monoxide (CO):
a. CO is an air pollutant because it is a poisonous when released Continue reading...

Introduction

A turbulent jet is a source of energy and momentum in a fluid tank. A jet is considered fully turbulent at a jet laminar for Rej below about 100 and Reynolds number Rej above about 1’000 – 2’000. Therefore, the limit between a turbulent jet and laminar is around the Reynolds number of 3’000 and the significant characteristics of the jet are its discharge and momentum flux.

Eq. 2; Qj = vjAj – jet volume flux
Rej = vjdjv = jet Reynolds number
Frj = vj√g'dj = densimetric jet Froude number

Where;

Vj is the jet velocity at entry point
Aj is the Continue reading...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam Continue reading...

Introduction

Before passing any law, the congress as well as the senate should undertake careful consultations from the public as well as special interest groups. In this context, issues regarding health policies are very critical. For instance, it might have been deemed that the legalization of Marijuana to the young adults is to the benefit of the society. According to the new amendment to Article XVIII of the Colorado constitution, the use of marijuana has been deemed legal to people who are above twenty one years of age. However, there are some things that should be considered optimally before the Continue reading...

Inmate Rights

Inmate Rights and Prisons
Part 1: Supreme Court decisions
Helling v. McKinney (91-1958), 509 U.S. 25 (1993).
A Nevada state prisoner McKinney filled a suit against prison officials claiming that his uncontrolled exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from his cellmates violated the Eighth Amendment. He argued that the second hand smoke from some of his cellmates especially one who smoked five packs a day presented unreasonable risk to his health, therefore subjecting him to cruel punishment (Supreme Court Media 2014). At the time, the Eighth Amendment “deliberate indifference” only applied to current medical conditions and not future as Continue reading...

The project was to test the salinity of the water in the hotwell. On checking the salinity meter, the readings were unexpectedly high at 500ppm from the normal 0.5 to 2ppm. One possible explanation would be the failure of the meter. The problem that the team faced is that the engineer that had left did not leave any indication of the meter being faulty. This led to the team having to inspect the hotwell to find out what could have caused the problem.
On inspecting the hotwell, there was thick formation of dark sludge, which showed that the water Continue reading...

Factors such as race, sex and age may be significant benchmarks in the analysis or understanding of epidemiological details such as incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer.1 For instance, the incidence and mortality rates in men are twice more than in women.1 Based on race, African American males have a higher incidence rate than White males.1 This also applies between a comparison between African American females and White females respectively.
Despite the occurrence of new cases of oral cancer, the overall incidence rate trend over the last 30 years has been declining.2 The incidence rate of oral cancer Continue reading...

Introduction

Smoking ban refers to the prohibition of smoking as part of public policies for occupational safety and health regulations in office buildings and public places like bars, restaurants, city parks, college campuses and even public beaches. The rationale used for introducing smoking ban was to prevent second hand smoking. It has been estimated that the number of deaths caused by second hand smoking in USA is more than 42,000 people every year including infants (CDC #1, 2014). Since the implementation of this ban has made it a troublesome for smokers to smoke freely in places of their choice, Continue reading...

Questions to Answers

- What is the difference between Active and passive sampling?
Active sampling is different from passive sampling in that it employs an air sampling pump that serves to actively pull air and pass it through a collection device, for instance a filter. On the other hand, passive sampling does not need active air movement, like the one generated by a pump. Instead, vapors and airborne gases are collected through a physical process including permeating via a membrane or diffusion through a layer of static air.
- What is the difference between Instantaneous (real-time) and integrated (continuous) monitoring?
Instantaneous monitoring Continue reading...

(I) Introduction
A. Motivation of writing a paper on Roman aqueduct and sewage system.

B. Organizational overview of paper

C. Thesis Statement
(II) Why Sewage and Aqueduct System was required
- Why Sewage system was required.
- Why Aqueduct System was required.
(III) Sewage and Aqueduct Construction
- How Roman sewage system was built.
- How Roman aqueduct System was built.
(IV) Engineer Aspects of the System
- Water level segregation and Filtration System.
- Water Transport System.
- Water Arches and Underground water system.
- Central Sewage System
(V) Possible problems
- Lead Pollution
- Sudden degradation of water quality.
(VI) Conclusion

Roman Aqueducts and the Sewer System

Introduction
Continue reading...

English 103

Tobacco has a long history in the America since 600 to 900 A.D. It was used predominantly in medical purposes and the people on that time did not smoke every day (Healthliteracy.worlded.org). Today, smoking has become the major problem in the world since 1950s. According to the cross-section data obtained from 187 countries, nowadays there are more than 967 million of people, who smoke every day compared to 721 million in 1980s (BBC.com). It comprises about 1/10 population in the world and there are more than 480,000 deaths per year that are caused by smoking cigarettes in the Continue reading...

Tobacco is a plant that is mainly used in bio-engineering, as ornamentals as a component in pesticides and medications. However, chronic use of tobacco can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Smoking mainly consumes tobacco in the form of cigars, cigarettes, snuff and pipe tobacco.
There are numerous deleterious health complications that are caused by the consumption of tobacco. Tobacco smoking is solely responsible for 90% of lung cancer in the world. It also causes cancer in parts of the body such as the throat and the voice, esophagus, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach and the pancreas. Smoking of tobacco Continue reading...

Introduction

Efficient energy utilization is an important aspect of human life. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can never be created nor destroyed. Thus, it is essential to utilize the energy available for us effectively and efficiently. Energy can be transformed from one form to another by use of appropriate transducers. When designing a house, it is essential to do it with the greatest regard to efficient energy use as well as safety to the environment. House designers should always come up with designs that promote efficient energy use. For instance, utilization of renewable energy should be Continue reading...

A better understanding of thermodynamics may be achieved by understanding the general molecular structure of matter as it exists in water and steam. Molecules are the smallest amount of the compound material that has complete chemical traits of that element, which can exist. Molecules consist of smaller particles that define basic elements called atoms. Most minerals constituents can exist in solid, liquid and vapor states called phases. The three phases of a substance can only coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. In the liquid state, the molecules can move, but they are still one molecular diameter Continue reading...

Oxygen therapy refers to administration of oxygen to a patient as a medical intervention. The purposes can vary in care for both chronic and acute patients. It is normally used when a patient is hypoxic and is unable to supply his or her cells with enough oxygen through normal respiratory processes. The delivery system chosen depends on the age of the patient, humidification needs, oxygen requirements or the therapeutic goals, and, the patient’s tolerance to the selected interface.
(Roca, Riera, Torres, & Masclans, 2010). (Pauwels, Buist, Calverley, Jenkins, & Hurd, 2012).
The nursing actions needed to assist Mr. Jerrison’s Continue reading...

Meteorology

- Frozen dew differs from frost in the manner it is formed. The frost is formed when temperature is deposited in saturated air and is below the freezing point, whereas dew will only be formed through the condensation process.
- Dew point temperature refers to the temperature where liquid is formed only when the water vapor in air condenses and it gets evaporate simultaneously. Dew point depression is the difference between temperature and the dew point at a particular altitude.
- Dry Adiabatic lapse rate is far greater than Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate because of decrease in temperature drop Continue reading...

Introduction

The filmmaker of this film used the story of Emir to bring out the various energy agents and analysts involved in the oil business and petroleum politics. The energy analyst attended a party with the rich operators of the oil business. The aspects relating to high shareholders of oil in this film are well brought out in the party that Emir attended. The filmmaker used the death of Woodman helps to bring out the impact of the business meeting and the amount of money they own in the oil company. The economic advisors in relation to the oil companies Continue reading...

In most nations of the world, the act of smoking is mostly an individual decision. Though there are social circumstances that push an individual to smoke, it is in essence of a personal decision. Cigarette smoking has adverse health effects both on individuals and the social health indicators, as well. As it will be argued below, most of these negative health indicators can be eliminated by minimizing smoking. Most governments under the advice from the World Health Organization have imposed excise duty on cigarette smoking. From an economic perspective, the governments will end up making massive profits, and as Continue reading...

Introduction

The two advertisements are based on the use of women as figures or means of advertising products in the market in order to attract the attention of both women and men in buying the product. In the both advertisements, it is shown clearly that the women are used as the main channel of advertising cigarettes in the US. The potential and women who are renowned are used in the adverts in order to attract most buyers or customers in order to purchase the product being advertised in the advertisements. These advertisements portray the women using cigarette, and how it Continue reading...

Legalization of Marijuana is a controversial topic, and like any other contentious subject, it faces a great number of support and opposition. According to Gerber, the drug was termed illegal from the early 1990s, but after the passing of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 possession of marijuana was termed as a crime, as it was even used in the industries (Gerber14). With time, the American Medical Association (AMA) championed against the claims that marijuana causes insanity, and was not of the same level as opium and cocaine. Gerber argues that by 1969, the Marijuana Tax Act was declared Continue reading...

Introduction

This paper discusses the differences that have shaped the economies of northern, middle and southern English colonies. The major factors that account for the differences between northern, middle and southern English colonies are those things that have helped shape the economies of the colonies. They are those factors that have helped shape their lifestyles. The financial position of each colony was determined by what these colonies produced. Their differences in politics, religion, economics and social values make them distinct from each other .

Northern Colony

Religious aspect:
The history of northern colony shapes when the Puritans founded the northern colony. Northern colony Continue reading...

Freudenheim, Van den Brandt, Colditz, Goldbohm, Harnack et al. (2005) hypothesized that alcohol consumption increases the risk of lung cancer. Smoking is known widely as the primary cause of cancer of the lungs but a lot remains unknown on the etiology of lung cancer. The study involved a pooled analysis of standardized covariate and exposure data from 7 different prospective studies comprising 3137 lung cancer cases and 399,767 participants. In terms of collection of information, the authors collected information by pooling cohorts, which were arrived at using the criteria of incident lung cancer cases, dietary assessment, a validation Continue reading...

Lung cancer (also called – carcinoma of lungs) is a type of malignant tumor. It emerges from cells paving lungs and bronchi. Usually it takes years for this type of cancer to develop. But if a person gets this type of disease most likely other organs will be affected as well. Lung cancer is a really dangerous for a human, as it is hard to diagnose it and it might be too late to treat it. This disease contributes to the major part of deaths throughout the developed countries. Annually there are about 1 million cases of lung cancer around Continue reading...

Inmate Rights

Inmate Rights and Prisons
Part 1: Supreme Court decisions
Helling v. McKinney (91-1958), 509 U.S. 25 (1993).
A Nevada state prisoner McKinney filled a suit against prison officials claiming that his uncontrolled exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from his cellmates violated the Eighth Amendment. He argued that the second hand smoke from some of his cellmates especially one who smoked five packs a day presented unreasonable risk to his health, therefore subjecting him to cruel punishment (Supreme Court Media 2014). At the time, the Eighth Amendment “deliberate indifference” only applied to current medical conditions and not future as Continue reading...